A

TECHNICAL REPORT
OF
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE
SCHEME (SIWES)
HELD AT
UNIVERSITY OF BENIN: FACULTY OF
ENGINEERING WORKSHOP, BENIN CITY, NIGERIA.
WRITTEN BY:
OSAYIMWEN ODEMWINGIE DANIEL
(MATRIC NO: ENG1604452)
SUBMITTED TO:
DEPARTMENT OF PRODUCT ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING,
UNIVERSITY OF BENIN, BENIN CITY, EDO STATE.
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG)

DURATION:- APRIL – JUNE.

 DECLARATION:
I, OSAYIMWEN ODEMWINGIE DANIEL, a student of the
department of Production engineering, University of Benin,
Benin city, with matriculation number ENG1604452,
hereby certify that this Industrial Training report was
compiled by me in accordance to the requirements of
the Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES)
as a summary of my experience during the period of my
industrial attachment which ran from April 2021 to June
2021, at the University of Benin Faculty of Engineering
workshop.
Justification cannot be done to whatever I have learnt
in these three months within a few pages but I have
tried my best to cover as much as possible in this
report. In this report, I have tried to sum up the technical
knowledge I have gained in my three months of training.
I also confirm that, the report is only prepared for my
academic requirement not for any other purpose. It
might not be used with the interest of opposite party of
the corporation. I hereby warrant that the work I have
presented do not breach any existing copyright acts.

................................. ....................
OSAYIMWEN ODEMWINGIE DANIEL.
DATE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
First, I would like to give my foremost appreciation to
the Almighty God for providing me with opportunity of
being recruited in such a prestigious organization for my
industrial attachment and giving me sound health,
strength and wisdom throughout the duration of my
internship.
I also want to express my utmost gratitude to my
parents for showing their support and encouragement
during my internship.
My appreciation also goes to the Faculty of Engineering,
University of Benin for the privilege to engage in these
three months internship training. It has gone a long way
to impact and broaden my scope of the Engineering
Profession.
I would also want to say a big thank you to all my
friends and colleagues who have also had a great impact in
my career and life at large.
 ABSTRACT/ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
This report pertains to six months industrial training
which was carried out at the University of Benin Faculty of
Engineering workshop, in partial fulfillment of the award
of the bachelor’s degree in Engineering, University of
Benin, Benin city, Edo state.
The University of Benin Faculty of Engineering workshop is
standard engineering lab is aimed at teaching students at
various levels of education different types of engineering
practices such as fabrication of metal parts, applications of
different work tools.
The sole purpose of this report is to provide a detailed
description of my activities, experience and learning
process throughout the three months of training. In all,
my three months internship was successful.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS.
DECLARATION.....................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.........................................................iii
ABSTRACT/EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................iv
TABLE OF
CONTENTS............................................................v
ABBREVIATIONS AND
KEYWORDS.......................................vi
CHAPTER ONE- INTRODUCTION...........................................1
o SIWES...................................................................1
1.1.1 SIWES(Introduction, History and Benefits
......1
1.1.2 Objectives of SIWES
......................................1
1.1.3 Benefits of SIWES
.........................................2
1.2 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
WORKSHOP.................3
 1.2.1 Organisation History
.....................................3
1.2.2 Products and Services
...................................4
1.3 SUMMARY OF DAILY
DUTIES...................................5
CHAPTER TWO- DETAILED INTERN’S ROLES AND DAILY
ACTIVITIES...........................................................................6
2.1 THE LATHE MACHINE............................................14
2.2 INTRODUCTION TO WELDING OPERATIONS..........25
CHAPTER THREE- CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................39
 ABBREVIATIONS AND KEYWORDS.
SIWES ........ STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME.
ITF.............. INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND.
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION.
1.1 SIWES
1.1.1 SIWES (Introduction, History and Benefits).
In the earlier days of science and technology in Nigeria,
students were graduating from their respective institutions
without any technical knowledge or work experience. Training is
a key factor in enhancing the efficiency and expertise of the
workforce. The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme
(abbreviated as SIWES) was established by the Industrial
Training Fund (ITF) in 1973 to resolve the problem of
inadequate practical skills necessary for employment in industries
by the graduates of tertiary institutions in Nigeria. It has
become an innovative phenomenon in human resources
development and training in our country today.
 SIWES is a skill development program designed to prepare
students of universities, polytechnics and colleges of education
for transition from the college environment to work (Akerejola
2008). Oyedele (1990) state that work experience is an
educational program in which students participate in work
activities while attending school.
This work experience program gives student the opportunity to
be part of an actual work situation outside the lecture room.
SIWES is a cooperative industrial internship program that
involves institutions of higher learning, industries, and the
federal government of Nigeria, Industrial Training Fund (ITF),
Nigeria Universities Commission (NUC) and NBTE/NCCE in Nigeria.
Students that participate in this work experience program
include those studying Computer Science, Information technology,
Engineering, Vocational, technological and related courses in
institutions of higher learning. SIWES forms part of the
approved minimum academic standards in these institutions.
Objectives Of SIWES.
1. To provide students with relevant practical experience.
2. To satisfy accreditation requirements set by the Nigerian
Universities Commission (NUC).
3. To familiarize students with typical environments in which
they are likely to function professionally after graduation.
4. To provide students with an opportunity to see the real world
of their discipline.
5. To help students access their area of interest.
6. To promote and encourage the acquisition of skills in
industry and commerce, with a view of generating a pool
of indigenous trained manpower sufficient to meet the
needs of the economy.
 7. To solve, the problem of inadequate practical skills,
preparatory for employment in industries by Nigerian
graduates of tertiary institution.
8. To provide access to equipment and other facilities that
would not normally be available in the University workshop.
9. Summarily the objective of the Student Industrial Work
Experience Scheme.

1.1.3 Benefits of SIWES.

The benefits of the SIWES program in which participating
students can accrue are numerous. Some of the several benefits
of industrial training are the following below:
1. Exposure of students to the work environment. This will
enable the students to view how their future professions are
organized in practice.
2. Preparing students to contribute to the productivity of their
employers and national development immediately after
graduation. 3. Enhancing students’ contacts with potential
employers while on training.
4. Enabling students bridge the gap between the knowledge
acquired in institutions and the relevant production skills required
in work organizations.
5. Provision of an enabling environment where students can
develop and enhance personal attributes such as critical thinking,
creativity, initiative, resourcefulness and interpersonal skills,
amongst others.

1.2 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING WORKSHOP.

1.2.1 Organisation History.
The Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin took off formally as
one of the three foundation Faculties with the establishment of the
Midwest Institute of Technology in November 1970. The university’s
original name as Institute of Technology was a misnomer as
Engineering was the raison d’ etre for the establishment of the
University.
The Faculty started with a total intake of about 70 students and 5
members of academic staff at Ekenwan campus of the university in
1971.
The Faculty was structured into the following five departments
during the 1973/74 session:
  Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
 Civil Engineering
 Electrical/Electronic Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
 Production Technology and Industrial Engineering.
Engineering laboratories were moved from Ekenwan campus to the
functional block. The main workshop consists of the Machine shop
section,. Hot shop section, Automobile section, Wood work section.
My Industrial Training was centred around the Hot shop and machine
shop.

1.2.2 Products and Services.

1. Production/Fabrication of different metal parts for different
purposes.
2. Teaching students and expanding their knowledge on what
they have been taught in school.
3. Performing repairs on school’s equipment.
1.3 SUMMARY OF DAILY DUTIES.
 Introduction to lathe operations.
 Understanding how the lathe works.
 Performing facing operation on a lathe
 Introduction to the angle grinder
 How to Use the angle grinder.
 How to use the bench grinder.
 Safety precautions to take when using machines in the machine
shop.
 Introduction to welding operations.
 Introduction to the oxy-acetylene welder.
 Types of Oxy-acetylene welder flames.
 Introduction to the arc welder.
 How to weld using the arc welder.
  Safety precautions to take when using the arc welder.

CHAPTER 2- DETAILED INTERN’S

ROLES/RESPONSIBILITIES AND DAILY
ACTIVITIES.
2.1 THE LATHE MACHINE:
Lathe machine is a general-purpose machine tool, which is used for
machining different round objects. We can do different operation on
the job by lathe machine. It is commonly used in the mechanical
field. It makes the work easier and simplify. Mostly the simple jaws
we can make on lathe machine tool. It is easy to install and easy to
work on it.
 2.1.1 CONSTRUCTION OF LATHE MACHINE.
Lathe machine manufacturing is difficult, so first we make parts of
the lathe machine, then we assemble all part of the machine. Mostly
of the parts of lathe is made of cost iron and we cast one by one all
the parts of lathe machine. There are five majors’ parts of lathe
machine.
• Headstock
• Tailstock
• Bed
• Carriage
• Feed mechanism
 • Gears

2.1.2 HEADSTOCK:
Headstock is a major part of lathe machine which is on the left side
of the lathe machine. This part of lathe machine is made up of cast
iron. In this part the all mechanism of consolation of machine
available in this part.
All gears and mother which is used to start and stop to the machine
available in this part. There is some sub part of the headstock which
is important to discuss like (motor, gears, chuck, spindle, clutch) etc.
2.1.3. Tailstock
Tailstock is the one of most important part of lathe machine. It is on
the right side of the machine. It is made up of cast iron by casting. It
is also consisting of some sub part’s like (tailstock spindle, tailstock
lock lever, tailstock wheel, tailstock lock spindle lock lever) etc.
2.1.4 Bed
Bed is base of lathe machine which is consist of two or four feet. All
the structure of lathe machine is based on the bed of lathe machine.
It is made up of cost iron by the casting. Under the bed of lathe
machine there are some racks are available for the putting tool’s,
jaws, or the other parts of the lathe machine.

2.1.5. Carriage
Carriage is also a main part of the lathe machine which is in between
the headstock and the tailstock. It is also made up of the cast iron by
the casting. It slides on the bed ways which are on the bed of the
lathe machine. Its motion is too and frown between the headstock
and the tailstock on the bed ways. It is also consisting of some
subparts like (carriage wheel, carriage auto feed lever, cross slide,
compound slide, tool post, tool post lock lever) etc.
2.1.5.1 Cross slide
The Cross-slide move on the cross-slide keyways on the carriage. It
moves vertical to the jab. The purpose of the cross slide is the make
the depth of the cut of tool on the jab. We can rotate it at any angle
when we need mostly on the tapper cutting etc.
2.1.5.2. Compound slide
The compound slide offers a way to turn tapers and cut angles on a
lathe without rotating the headstock. Cutting tool can be mounted
across the front or on either side of the head.
2.1.5.3 Tool post
Tool post is used for the clamping the tool on the lathe machine. We
can clamp any tool for the operation in the tool post. There are many
types of the tool post which we use on the lathe machine.
2.1.5.4 Gears.
Gears of the lathe machine is in the headstock. It is providing the
power for the lathe machine. It can speed up and the slow down the
machine and we use them for the different process on the lathe. It
should completely cover otherwise it can damage anything like body
of man.

2.1.6. Feed Mechanism

Feed always governed by spindle speed as both should be
synchronized for a smooth and steady machining process of a
component. The speed and feed will be coarse for a conventional
machine since the spindle is driven with an induction motor and
speed is regulated with different ratio gear meshing. Whereas in a
CNC lathe the spindle speed and feed will be optimum as both
spindle speed system and feed system is controlled with servo
drives. Hence while describing feed mechanism, it should be
separately explained. In a conventional machine the drive through a
gear is given to feed box having number of gear ratio meshing
combinations give drive to output feed shaft. This rotation of feed
shaft is transmitted to a pinion in the apron mechanism fitted on the
saddle. Toothed rack throughout the length of bed but under the
longitudinal guide way is meshed with this pinion resulted to
longitudinal feed. Feed rate can be selected by three selection
control levers on feed box. A lever is fitted on the apron mechanism
engages or disengages the feed pinion gear causes feed engage or
disengage.
 In a CNC machine the feed is employed with servo drive mechanism.
A servo drive mechanism consists of a command feeder, a command
controller called servo drive, a servo motor and a feed beck
mechanism. The command given through a computer is analysed in
feed servo drive unit pass instruction to drive motor to move in steps
of 0.001 mm order as set in system parameters. The movement will
be counted with an optical instrument called encoder which give
feedback to controller how much is the speed, then how much to be
moved will be calculated by the controller to give further instruction
and which will be continued until it reaches the commanded point.
This system is called closed loop system.

2.1.7 LATHE OPERATIONS

Types of Lathe Machine Operations:
The lathe machine operations are classified into three main
categories and are as follows. Following are the Lathe machine
operations done either by holding the workpiece between centres or
by a chuck:
1. Turning Operation
1. Plain or Straight Turning
2. Rough Turning
3. Shoulder Turning
4. Taper TTurning
5. Eccentric Turning
2. Facing Operation
3. Chamfering Operation
4. Knurling Operation
5. Thread cutting Operation
6. Filing Operation
7. Polishing Operation
8. Grooving Operation
9. Spinning Operation
10. Spring Winding
11. Forming
Lathe machine operations which are performed by holding the
work by a chuck or a faceplate or an angle plate are:
1. Drilling
2. Reaming
3. Boring
4. Counterboring
5. Taper boring
6. Tapping
7. Undercutting
8. Internal thread cutting
9. Parting-off
2.1.7.1. Turning:
It is the most common type of operation in all lathe machine
operations. Turning is the operation of removing the excess material
from the workpiece to produce a cylindrical surface to the desired
length.
The job held between the centre or a chuck and rotating at a
required speed. The tool moves in a longitudinal direction to give the
feed towards the headstock with proper depth of cut. The surface
finish is very good.
2.1.7.2. Facing:
It is an operation of reducing the length of the workpiece by feeding
the perpendicular to the lathe axis. This operation of reducing a flat
surface on the end of the workpiece. For this operation, regular
turning tool or facing tool may use. The cutting edge of the tool
should set to the same height as the centre of the workpiece.
• Facing consist of 2 operations
• Roughing: Here the depth of cut is 1.3mm
• Finishing: Here the depth of cut is 0.2-0.1mm.
2.1.7.3 Chamfering operation:
It is the operation of getting a bevelled surface at the edge of a
cylindrical workpiece. This operation is done in case of bolt ends and
shaft ends. Chamfering helps to avoid damage to the sharp edges
and protect the operation getting hurt during other operations.
Chamfering on bolt helps to screw the nut easily.
2.1.7.4 Knurling operation:
It is an operation of obtaining a diamond shape on the workpiece for
the gripping purpose. This is done to provide a better gripping
surface when operated by hands. It is done using a knurling tool.
The tool consists of a set of hardened steel roller, and it is held rigidly
on the tool post.
Knurling is done at the lowest speed available on a lathe. It is done
on the handles and also in case of ends of gauges. The feed varies
from 1 to 2 mm per revolution. Two or three cuts may be necessary
to give the full impression.
2.1.7.5. Thread cutting:
It is the important operation in the lathe to obtain the continuous
”helical grooves” or ” threads’‘. When the threads or helical grooves
are formed on the out surface of the workpiece is called external
thread cutting. When the threads or helical grooves are formed on
the inner surface of the workpiece is called internal thread cutting.
The workpiece is rotating between the two centres i.e., live centre
and dead centre so the lathe. Here the tool is moved longitudinally
to obtain the required type of the thread. When the tool is moved
from right to the left, we get the left-hand thread. Similarly, when
the tool is moved from left to the right, we get the right-hand thread.
Here the motion of the carriage is provided by the lead screw. A pair
of change gears drives the lead screw and by rotating the handle the
depth of cut can be controlled.
2.1.7.6. Grooving:
It is the process of reducing the diameter of a workpiece over a very
narrow surface. It is done by a groove tool. A grooving tool is similar
to the parting-off tool. It is often done at the end of a thread or
adjacent to a shoulder to leave a small margin.
2.1.7.7. Forming:
It is the process of turning a convex, concave or of any irregular
shape. Form-turning may be accomplished by the following method:
• Using a forming tool.
 • Combining cross and longitudinal feed.
• Tracing or copying a template.

2.2 INTRODUCTION TO WELDING OPERATIONS:

Arc welding with coated electrodes is a manual process where
the heat source consists of the electric arc. When the arc
strikes between the coated electrode (by means of an electrode
holder) and the piece to be welded (base material), it generates
heat which causes rapid melting of both the base material and
electrode.
The welding circuit consists essentially of the following
elements: ● a power source
● an electrode holder
● coated electrodes
● an earth clamp and earth cables
as illustrated in figure 2 below.
Figure 2
2.2.1 The Power Source.
The purpose of the power source is to feed the electric arc,
which is present between the base material and the electrode,
through the output of a current sufficient in quantity to keep
the arc struck.
Electrode welding is based on the constant current principle i.e.
the current delivered by the power source should not vary
when the operator moves the electrode towards the piece. The
main construction property of the source is therefore to keep
the current unchanged in the presence of variations in arc
length as the electrode moves closer to or away from the piece:
the more constant the current, the more stable results the arc
and the simpler the operator’s work.
Inside the power source, there is usually a welding current
adjustment device, of a mechanical (e.g a magnetic shunt) or
electronic type (SCR systems or inverter systems). This
distinction can be used to classify electrode welding machines
into three families, depending on their construction technology:
electromechanical welding machines, electronic welding machines
(SCR), inverter welding machines. The polarity of the power
source output current distinguishes two further categories:
a) direct current (DC) power source
The power source output current has a continuous wave
form, which is obtained by means of a device, the rectifier,
which is situated at the base of the transformer and can
convert from alternating to direct current. This output is
typical of electronic SCR and inverter power sources. If
the welding circuit has a direct current (DC) power source,
it can be further classified according to the method of
connecting the power source poles to the material to be
welded:
b) alternating current (AC) power source
The power source output current takes the form of a sine
wave, which changes its polarity at regular intervals, with a
frequency of 50 or 60 cycles per second (Hertz). It is
obtained using a transformer, which converts the mains
current into a suitable current for welding. This is for
electromechanical welding machines.
2.2.2 Straight polarity connection:
Straight polarity connection occurs when the clamp
cable (with the electrode holder clamp) is connected to
the negative pole (-) of the power source and the earth
cable (with the earth clamp) to the positive pole (+) of
the power source. The electric arc concentrates the heat
 produced on the piece and causes its melting. In this
way, as the core of the electrode melts, it is deposited
and penetrates into the welding joint.
2.2.3 Reverse polarity connection:
Reverse polarity connection occurs when the clamp cable
(with the electrode holder clamp) is connected to the
positive pole (+) of the power source and the earth cable
(with the earth clamp) to the negative pole (-) of the
power source. The heat of the electric arc is mostly
concentrated at the tip of the electrode. Each type of
electrode requires a specific current type (AC or DC) and,
in the case of DC current, a specific polarity: the choice of
the electrode therefore depends on the type of power
source used. Incorrect use will cause arc stability problems
and hence also welding quality problems.
2.2.4 Electrode holder:
The primary function of the electrode holder is to support the
electrode, guaranteeing a good electrical contact for current
passage; it should also guarantee sufficient electrical insulation
for the welding operator.
2.2.5 Earth clamp and cables :
The earth clamp is a tool that, via the earth cable, ensures the
electrical circuit is closed between the welding power source
and the piece to be welded. The clamp and earth cables,
connected to the electrode holder and earth clamp respectively,
permit an electrical connection between the power source and
the base material to be welded. The choice of cable section and
length should be based on the maximum welding current in
amps.
2.2.6 The coated electrode:
The coated electrode consists of a core and a coating. The
core consists of a metal conductor rod whose sole purpose is to
supply welding material to the piece. The material used depends
on the base material: for carbon steels, for which electrode
welding is most widespread, the core is in mild steel. During
welding the core melts slightly before the coating does. Figure
7 The coating is the most important part of the electrode and
has many functions. It primarily serves to protect the weld from
contamination, and it achieves this in two ways: i) By
volatilizing, and then modifying the atmosphere surrounding the
weld pool by delay melting, the core is consequently protected
by the naturally formed crater; ii) by liquefying and floating on
top of the pool, the bead is protected as it cools. It also
contains material capable of purifying the base material and
elements that could contribute to the creation of alloys in the
melt. The choice of coating is therefore very important and
depends on the characteristics to be given to the weld. The
coating can also contain weld material as a powder, to increase
the quantity of deposited material and hence the welding rate.
In this case we refer to high performance electrodes.
2.2.7 Modern power source features: Modern inverter
welding power sources may contain special features whose
functions are to facilitate easier welding. These devices can
include ‘arc force’, ‘hot start’ and ‘anti-stick’ technology. An ‘arc
force’ device eases the transfer of drops of melted material
from the electrode to the base material, preventing the arc
from extinguishing when the drops cause contact (i.e. a short
circuit) between the electrode and the weld pool.
A ‘hot start’ device facilitates the striking of the electric arc, by
supplying an ‘over-current’ every time welding restarts.
An ‘anti-stick’ device automatically switches off the power
source if the electrode sticks to the base material, thus allowing
it to be removed manually without ruining the electrode holder
clamp.
2.2.8 General Principles
Shielded metal-arc welding with the transformer welding
machine depends upon the fundamental fact that when one side
of the welding circuit is attached to a piece of steel, a welding
electrode connected to the other side and the two brought into
contact, an arc will be established. If the arc is properly
controlled, the metal from the electrode will pass through the
arc and be deposited on the steel. When the electrode is
moved along the steel at the correct speed, the metal will
deposit in a uniform layer called a bead. The electrodes used
in welding are carefully manufactured to produce strong, sound
welds. They consist of a core of steel wire, usually called mild
since it contains a low (0.10-0.14) percentage of carbon.
Around this core is applied a special coating which assists in
creating the arc and at the same time protects the molten
steel as it transfers across the arc.
In order to utilize these principals in metal-arc welding, some
means of controlling the power is essential. The power in a
circuit is measured by the voltage and current. However, the
voltage is governed by the arc length and in turn depends on
the electrode diameter. Therefore, the practical measure of the
power, or heat, is in terms of the current, generally measured
in amperes. Obviously a small electrode requires less current
than a large one. To simplify operations the scale on the front
of the welding machine is marked off for the various current
values.
The exact current selected for a job depends upon the size of
the pieces to be welded and the position of welding. Generally
a lower current will be sufficient for welding on a small part
than would be necessary to weld on a large piece of the same
thickness. Similarly, with a given size of electrode a lower
current should be used on thin metals than on the heavier
sections.
While it is always a good policy to weld on work in the flat
position, as shown in figure 8, occasionally, when working on
machines or other large units it will be necessary to weld in a
vertical, horizontal or overhead position as shown in figures 9,
10 and 11 respectively. Generally, under these difficult
conditions it is helpful to reduce the current from the value
used on welding in the flat position. In learning to weld there
are certain fundamental steps, which must be mastered before
one can attempt to weld on actual work. Preparatory to the
actual striking of an arc, it is necessary to insert the electrode in
the holder.
2.2.9 Arc Ignition
Figure 13 illustrates what is commonly known as the “scratching
technique”. In this method the striking end of the electrode is
dragged across the work in a manner much the same as
striking a match. When the electrode touches the work, the
welding current starts. If held in this position, the electrode
would “freeze” or weld itself to the work and to overcome this,
the electrode is withdrawn from the work immediately after
contact has been made.
The amount that the electrode is withdrawn is small and
depends upon the diameter: this distance is known as the arc
length. If in striking an arc, the electrode freezes, it may be
freed by a quick twist of the wrist.
Another method of establishing the arc is available. It is known
at the “tapping method” (see figure 14) where the electrode
holder is brought straight down on the work and withdrawn
straight after contact to the proper length.
Practice striking the arc using both methods. Generally the
scratching method is preferred for a-c welding. Determination of
the correct arc length is difficult since there is no ready means
for measuring it. As a preliminary guide, use about 1.6mm arc
length on 1.6mm and 2.4mm electrode; for 3.2mm and 4.0mm
electrodes use about 3.2mm arc length. When skill is acquired,
the sound of the arc will be a good guide. A short arc with
correct current will give a sharp, crackling sound. Examination
of the deposited bead will give a further check.
Once the knack of starting and holding an arc has been learned,
turn next to depositing weld metal. In the beginning it is best
to run beads of weld metal on flat plates using a full electrode.
Practice moving from left to right and from right to left. The
electrode should be held more or less perpendicular to the
work, except that tilting it ahead, in the direction of travel will
prove helpful. The correct position is shown in figure 15. A
proper bead is shown in figure 16 while figure 17 illustrates a
cross section through the bead and identifies the various terms
used in describing a weld. To produce these results it is
necessary to hold a short arc, travel at a uniform speed, and
feed the electrode downward at a constant rate as it melts.
2.3.0 Weaving
When it is necessary to cover a wider area in one pass of the
electrode, a method known as weaving is employed. In this the
electrode is moved or oscillated from side to side in a set
pattern. In order to be sure of uniform deposits, it is necessary
to use a definite pattern such as those illustrated in figure 20.
While weaving is helpful, particularly when building up metal, it
should be limited to weaves not exceeding 2.5 times the
diameter of the electrode.
2.3.1 Butt Joints
figure 20 Up to this point the discussion has covered only the
deposit of beads on the flat plates. While such operations are
helpful in building up worn parts or applying hard-facing
materials, they do not help in learning to weld pieces together.
For this purpose, other types of welds are illustrated in figure
21 are necessary. In making bead welds, previously described, it
was probably noted that the depositing of weld metal on one
side of the plate caused it to “curl” up towards the weld: this
is called distortion and will almost always be found when heat
is applied locally to a metal plate. Similarly in making a butt
weld distortion will cause the edges of the plate to draw
together ahead of welding. This is caused by the contraction of
the deposited weld metal on cooling. It may be overcome by
spreading the edges apart on a long taper of about 3mm every
30cm.
CHAPTER 3- CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS.
3.1 CONCLUSIONS:-
When most people think about Production engineering, they think
about abstract things like iron and just making of engineering
materials. While these areas are still very much valid , the world of
production engineering have broadened in recent times shifting
attention to various directions.
Everyday, millions of metal parts are being fabricated for different
purposes and to meet the demand.
During my internship, I learnt the fundamentals of metal fabrication
and production. I gained new knowledge in these areas that would
help me a lot in the future.
Overall, I’m very satisfied with the results of my internship.
Throughout the period, I did not only gain a lot of knowledge
but more importantly, I also had a great chance to sharpen my
skills in a professional working environment. Not less important
than the communication technologies that I have learnt is the
communication skills that I have been trained and practiced
through giving presentations, discussing with the supervisors,
experts in the field and other staffs within and outside the
company I was able to use my knowledge and apply it a real
organization.
3.2 LIMITATIONS:
1. SHORT INTERNSHIP DURATION:- I interned at University of
Benin Faculty Of Engineering Workshop for three months as
stipulated by UBITS. However this period was quite short to
learn as I was supposed to.
2. BREACH BETWEEN THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL
KNOWLEDGE:- I experienced great difficulty in adjusting to
the new learning environment as most of the theories we
were taught in school did not fit right into the practical field.

3.3 RECOMMENDATIONS:-
1. Internship period should be extended to a year, to enable
students grasp full in-depth knowledge on the practical
aspect of their course of study. Another solution could be
to make this internship twice during the academic period.
2. The University should endeavor to expose the students to
more practical sessions and trainings to enable them fit
right into the engineering system both theoretically and
practically.
3. ITF should ensure that stipends be paid to students
early into the period of internship to enable interns cater for
their basic needs required to ensure a smooth internship.