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RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS

Article · July 2021

DOI: 10.2444/182

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Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021 1

RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS

Ahmed Mohamed Ali *, Ahmed Mohamed Fawzy **, Ahmed Mohamed Abo Dawood**

*
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of Shebin Elkom
**
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of Shebin Elkom
***
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of Shebin Elkom

Abstract – This research is a summary of previous researchers work done in this area .
This paper gives us an insight about the various work carried on strengthening of structural elements like slab and beam. Retrofitting of
structural elements by fibre reinforced polymers have been extensively used in the civil engineering field by the present industry. Fibres
like glass, carbon, basalt and polypropylene have been used in the study.[23]

In existing buildings, it is common to create openings in slabs due to service supplies. In this case, the mechanical properties of slabs
remarkably reduce, and strengthening must be applied. Therefore, this investigation proposed four methods to retrieve the lost
mechanical characteristics of slabs owing to openings. Six reinforced concrete slabs were prepared with similar dimensions, 1300 _
1300 _ 120 mm .[24]

Keywords - FRP, Wrapping, Strengthening, Retrofitting

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Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021 2

I. INTRODUCTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Strengthening of reinforced concrete structures is an important Ayman S. Mosallam, Khalid M. Mosalam gave an experimental
and analytical research for comparing the ultimate response of
subject in the present time. It is used because of the improper
unreinforced and reinforced concrete slabs repaired and
maintenance, heavy loading, bad practice of code and improper
retrofitted with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite strips.
environmental condition. Numerous strengthening techniques A uniformly dispensed pressure was put on the several two-way
were advanced within the past and used with some popularity large scale slab specimens which utilize excessive-pressure water
such as steel plate bonding, outside prestressing, and reinforced bag. Both carbon/epoxy and Glass/epoxy composite systems
were used on this examine. It is concluded that, for repair
concrete jacketing. Even though those techniques can
programs, outcomes indicated that each FRP systems had been
successfully increase the element’s load carrying capability, they
powerful in substantially increasing the energy of the repaired
may be frequently susceptible to corrosion harm which leads to slabs to about 5 times that of the as constructed slabs. For
failure of the strengthening machine. Consequently, non- retrofitting programs, use of FRP structures ended in
corrosive revolutionary strengthening material i.e. fibre considerable upgrade of the structural capability of the as-built
slabs up to 500% for unreinforced specimens and 200 % for
reinforced polymers (FRPs) which have the capacity for extending
metallic strengthened specimens.
working life of RC structures. Strengthening by FRP gives an edge
over economy as it leads to low maintenance costs [1]
Lelli Van Den Einde et al reviewed-on use of FRP composites in
civil structural packages. Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP)
composites or superior composite substances are very appealing
Growing interest has been located at the packages of the for use in civil engineering packages due to their high energyto-
advanced composite substances especially Fibre reinforced weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios, corrosion resistance, light-
weight and potentially excessive durability. Their application is of
Polymer (FRP) laminates and strips in the area of structural
maximum importance in the renewal of constructed facilities
engineering. Huge programs of FRP composites as production infrastructure together with homes, bridges, pipelines, and many
materials had been performed these days. FRP composites are others. Recently, their use has elevated within the rehabilitation
lightweight, high electricity, non-corrosive and nonmagnetic of concrete structures, specifically due to their tolerable
substances. There is a huge variety of new, modern-day and performance characteristics, ease of application. Those traits and
the fulfillment of structural rehabilitation measures have brought
capacity applications of these materials that cover each new and
about the improvement of latest lightweight structural ideas
current structures. The new field of renewal engineering explains using all FRP structures or new FRP/concrete composite
the importance of the FRP composites in structural structures. This paper provides an overview of the studies and
engineering.[25] improvement of packages of superior composites to civil
infrastructure renewal on the college of California, San Diego
(united states).

U. ebead, h. marzouk, and l. m. lye gave an experimental look at

and a finite element analysis of strengthened two-way slabs by

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Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021 3

the usage of FRP laminates and sheets. Consequences of six application of horizontal services, and reduced overall height of
specimens compare the effectiveness of the use of fibre buildings. However, flat plates are susceptible to brittle collapse
reinforced plastics as strengthening substances for two way slabs due to punching shear if built with insufficient thickness or
against flexural deficiency. An incremental elastic-plastic strength. This failure happens near columns because of high
concrete version is carried out. In compression, the concrete shear stresses produced from significant vertical forces
version is elastic until a yield factor is reached and then transferred to the supporting columns by the small slab depth.
irrecoverable plastic pressure exists. Pre-cracking and The creation of openings in the slabs after construction is typical
postcracking behaviours of concrete are taken into consideration to pass the new services that satisfy the occupants' desires, such
within the study with special emphasis at the impact of the as water or gas piping, ventilation, electricity, elevator, and
presence of FRP substances at the fracture electricity and staircase [4,5]. The possibility of punching shear failure increases
subsequently on the anxiety stiffening. Within the analysis, a full by creating openings next to the columns due to removing a
bond assumption is made among the concrete and each substantial amount of concrete from the critical section around
reinforcing steel bars and additionally among concrete and the columns, which is responsible for resisting the punching force,
strengthening FRP cloth. A parametric take a look at is also and several flexural bars are also cut. This undesirable impact of
accomplished to study the impact of the strengthening fabric openings gets more severe when they are not taken into account
kind, strengthening cloth place ratio, span of the slab, during the design, or they are installed after the construction of
reinforcement ratio, and thickness of the slabs. Strengthening slabs. The opening influence could be minimized when they are
specimens the use of cfrp strips confirmed a mean benefit in the positioned away from the columns, or the slab depth is increased.
remaining load carrying capacity of approximately forty percent Nevertheless, the decline in slabs' strength owing to openings is
over that of the control un-reinforced specimen. Further, inevitable, and therefore, an accurate evaluation of the opening
strengthening specimens the usage of GFRP laminates confirmed effect is essential. [26]
an average benefit in the ultimate load capability of
Ayman S. Mosallam, Khalid M. Mosalam gave an experimental
approximately 31% over that of the control un-strengthened
and analytical research for comparing the ultimate response of
specimen.[25]
unreinforced and reinforced concrete slabs repaired and
III. GENERAL DISCUSSIONS AND retrofitted with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite strips.
A uniformly dispensed pressure was put on the several two-way
CONCLUSION large scale slab specimens which utilize excessive pressure water
Afefy et al. (2013) studied on flexural performance of the one- bag. Both carbon/epoxy and Glass/epoxy composite systems
way RC slab strengthened with cut-out. He took six slabs with were used on this examine. The finite element method was used
cutouts and another one without cutout acting as a control. Test to study the behaviour of repaired slabs. In the experimental
were carried on these specimens and load was increased until program, 10 full-scale destructive tests were conducted on
failure. Six slabs with cut-out consists one controlled 105x105x3 inch (2670x2670x76 mm) unreinforced and
unstrengthen slab with five slab that were strengthened. The reinforced concrete slabs repaired and retrofitted with both
slabs were strengthened with near surface mounted [NSM] steel carbony epoxy and E-glassyepoxy composites. In addition, two
bars and Carbon fibre reinforced polymer [CFRP] bounded more specimens were tested to 85% of the expected ultimate
externally on the tension zone and four of them were NSM steel load for subsequent repair. All the slabs which were tested are
bars strengthened or an overlay composites of cement material simply supported on all four sides and slabs undergo two-way
on the compression zone. Conclusions drawn from this paper are action. It's concluded that, for restore programs, results indicated
that appropriately designed end anchors of cfrp composite .[25] that each frp systems have been effective in significantly growing
flat slabs that rest directly on columns are considered the most the power of the repaired slabs to about 5 times that of the as-
popular constructional system employed in reinforced concrete built slabs. For retrofitting applications, use of frp systems
buildings nowadays due to several advantages, resulting from resulted in sizeable upgrade of the structural capability of the
beams' absence, including the easy and quick formwork, flexible

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Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021 4

asconstructed slabs as much as 500% for unreinforced specimens engineering production demonstrate the need for new
and two hundred % for metallic reinforced specimens [25] construction materials in help of civil infrastructure renewal.
the proven benefits of frp composites have shown that they
Deric J. Oehlers explained the diverse techniques of plating which
may play a huge role in civil engineering projects. The
are now available for retrofitting. The work illustrates some of the
numerous failure mechanisms that may arise and the structural effectiveness of frps within the repair of built
improvement of their layout policies, and discusses the picks facilities, strengthening of structural walls, slabs and
between adhesive bonding and bolting, and the selection among retrofitting of concrete columns with shear, flexure and lap-
steel and fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) plating. Paper is concluded splice troubles has been established with large or complete
by saying that a very large spectrum of techniques are available scale laboratory assessments. However, the usage of fiber
for retrofitting of beams which includes cover: steel and FRP reinforced composites for the rehabilitation of structures
materials; bolting and adhesive bonding; flat plates, angles, and requires that appropriate design philosophies, pointers and
channels which are paste on the tension or compression side. detailing be installed and that the design is performed the use
Engineer has to choose the correct combination to have proper of a method that ensures suitable use of the material. With
strength ductility and environmental conditions. suitable layout standards forfrps in structural rehabilitation,
Hasim Pıhtıl, Nihat Tosun provided a look at on; wear conduct of significant blessings may be derived from the lightweight
woven three hundred and 500 glass fabrics and aramid fibre- houses of those new substances and their ease of dealing with
bolstered composite materials, that are experimentally and installation.
investigated for 500 and 710-rpm speeds and at two different Hedong Niu, Alvaro Vasquez, Vistasp M. Karbhari studied on
kinds of load for 500 and 1000g using a block-on-shaft put on the effect of material configuration on strengthening of
tester. The wear within the experiments became decided as concrete slabs by CFRP composites. This paper reviews on the
weight loss. the weight losses had been measured after strength, failure mechanisms and ductility achieved through
distinctive sliding distance situations The worn surfaces had using pultrusion and wet layup fabricated strips, both
been additionally examined through scanning electron adhesively bonded to the concrete substrate. Fourteen
microscope (SEM) As a result of this examine, it's far shown different checks are carried out on concrete slabs the use of a
that the carried out load at the specimens has more impact on variety of configurations. Variations in mechanisms of failure
the wear than the speed. Additionally the weight loss within are recognized and comparisons are made of typical response.
the woven 500 glass cloth reinforced is more than that during Initial consequences of substances efficiency are noted and
the woven three hundred glass clothreinforced composite. results are in comparison to an analytical model with
The weight reduction of aramid fibre-strengthened composite standards primarily based on fracture primarily based
is pretty low in comparison with woven glass cloth-reinforced standards This paper affords the effects of an investigation
composites. associated to specific elements of materials configuration for
Lelli Van Den Einde et al reviewed-on use of FRP composites frp strengthening of slabs. It's far proven that failure
in civil structural packages. Their application is of maximum mechanisms range based at the shape of strip used with the
importance in the renewal of constructed facilities pultruded strips showing a better propensity for debonding,
infrastructure together with homes, bridges, pipelines, and and the wet layup strips showing a mixture of full-width fiber
many others. Recently, their use has elevated within the rupture and debonding. In each instances it's far visible that
rehabilitation of concrete structures, specifically due to their among flexural cracks failure can take place in the composite
tolerable performance characteristics, ease of application. In itself in localized zones with a stepped progression suggesting
this paper he explains about the strengthening of walls and that debonding is slow in preference to catastrophic. The
slabs and also gives us an idea about the seismic retrofit of a choice of material form predominantly impacts the very last
column. Global studies and alertness of frp composites in civil mechanism of failure, ranging from a debonding dominated

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Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021 5

mode inside the case of the higher modulus pultruded strips R. Al-Rousan, M. Issa, H. Shabila presented an paper on the
to fiber rupture inside the fabric based opportunity placed by performance of reinforced concrete slabs strengthened with
moist layup . different types and configurations of CFRP. For an
experimental study eight slabs were used with size of
Ola Enochsson, Joakim Lundqvist, Bjo¨rn Ta¨ljsten, Piotr
2440x600x125 mm and these slabs were strengthened with
Rusinowski, Thomas Olofsson did an experimental and
different layers and configuration of CFRP sheets. They also
numerical study on strengthened openings in two-way slab by
did analytical study with the help and ANSYS. Both the results
CFRP. FRP materials are very suitable for strengthening
were compared at the end to validate the results. It became
because of strength and also it relates to the girders or lintel
concluded that cfrp strengthening of slabs will be categorised
systems. For an experimental study six slabs were used and
as powerful, cost effective, and a success best if sizable growth
they strengthened with the CFRP. Cut-outs was placed in four
inside the flexural strength capacity is completed without
slabs and two were slabs without cut-outs. Size of the slab was
changing the failure mode to a shear failure mode at the face
2.6 m by length and 100 mm in thickness. Cut-outs used here
of the helps or to a compression failure mode. Assessment
are two different sizes i.e. (0.85x0.85 )m and (1.2x1.2 )m. The
between the two cfrp kinds, for nearly equal implemented
conclusions from the test can be shown that slabs with
area of cfrp, showed that the form of cfrp has good sized have
openings may be strengthened with externally bonded cfrp
an effect on at the behaviour of the reinforced slabs. The
sheets. the overall performance is even higher than for
distinction is attributed to the distinction in the mechanical
historically metallic reinforced slabs. The numerical and
homes and the bonding fine of the cfrp cloth. Sandeep S.
analytical evaluations display good agreement with the
Pendhari, Tarun Kant, Yogesh M. Desai explained about the
experimental effects. [25]
application of polymer composites in civil construction. This
Oualid Limam, Gilles Foret, Alain Ehrlacher conducted paper deals about the different fibre composites used on the
experimental observe and a limit analysis method for different structural systems like beams, columns and beam-
strengthening of strengthened concrete (RC) two-way slabs column joints for strengthening and its structural behaviour is
using carbon fibre strengthened plastic (CFRP) strips attached discussed. Conclusions can be drawn such as externally
to the tensile face. The fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) bonded frpc reinforcement is a feasible solution towards
reinforced slab check affords a failure mode with debonding enhancing strength, stiffness and energy dissipation traits of
of the outside FRP strips from the slab. The bolstered slab is strengthened concrete beam-column joints subjected to
designed as a 3-layered plate. A simplified laminated plate regular as well as seismic forces. It additionally complements
model is used to explain the behaviour of threelayered plate shear ability and improves overall harm control. Use of frpc
supported in 4 facets, that is subjected to a load at the middle. improves load carrying capability and energy absorption
Results of the experimental work shows that externally capability of slabs strengthened with frpc. Cohesiveness,
bonded CFRP plates can be efficiently used to strengthen two- stress transfer functionality across the crack improves due to
way RC slabs. The ultimate load capacity of CFRP bonded RC strengthening, which delays crack formation and for this
slabs can be found out by limit analysis approach. This analysis reason frpc reinforcement is able to acquire its full capacity of
is checked by comparing with the test results. There are eight strengthening of slabs.[25]
possible collapse mechanisms given in the current model
Load-deflection behavior
which includes three layer mechanisms, four layer
mechanisms and one interface mechanism. Simple sufficient To highlight the edge openings' influence on flat slabs, Fig.
conditions and the ultimate load capacity has been provided 1 is plotted, where the load-deflection responses of two
for every collapse mechanism. bare specimens with and without opening, S-1, and S-2, are
compared. It is clear that the existence of an opening at the

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Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021 6

slab edge did not affect the response remarkably, in

contrast to what was reported in the previous studies on
slabs with central openings. The comparable responses
may be assigned to shifting the opening far away from the
high-stress zone at the slabs' center. Since both specimens
failed in the punching shear, no plastic plateau was seen,
and the rates of increase in deflection with augmenting the
loads for two specimens were nearly constant up to peak
loads. After that, the bare specimens exhibited a dramatic
drop in their load-carrying capacity. However, the solid
slab, S-1, experienced a maximum deflection at failure 19 %
greater than that of the slab with opening, S-2. Fig.
2demonstrates the influence of the adopted strengthening Fig[2] [29]

techniques on load-deflection behaviors of flat slabs with

U. Meier labored at the innovations in manufacturing and new
edge openings. A close look at this figure reveals that the
technology are primarily based upon new materials and upon
use of CFRP and steel plates around openings, as in slabs S- new applications, which use materials already hired in
3 and S-5, respectively, did not significantly change the different industries. This paper suggests how high
load-deflection response compared to the control slab S-2. performance fibre reinforced composites, applied for the
These specimens also failed due to the punching shear closing 25 years by the aircraft and space industries, can be
without displacing a plastic plateau. Nevertheless, the slab employed to strengthen current structures for civil
S-5 retrofitted by plates showed the stiffest behavior engineering structures. It is concluded by within the increasing
compared to others, including the control one S-2. This range of nonmetallic tensile elements primarily based on high
observation indicated that the plates' ability to confine energy fibres, cfrp composites, the noncorrosive tensile
crack development was more efficient than the CFRP elements composed of a huge range of parallel carbon fibre
sheets.[27] filaments in an epoxy resin, may additionally be considered to
be a totally promising opportunity to metal plates for
strengthening applications while lengthy-term sturdiness is
required. The mild weight carbon fibre composites integrate
the features of a excessive tensile energy with an excellent
fatigue overall performance. The laminates are long lasting
under almost every form of environmental attack which can
also arise in or around concrete structures. U. Ebead, h.
marzouk, and l. m. lye gave an experimental look at and a
finite element analysis of strengthened two-way slabs by the
usage of FRP laminates and sheets. Consequences of six
specimens compare the effectiveness of the use of fibre
reinforced plastics as strengthening substances for two way
slabs against flexural deficiency. An incremental elastic-plastic
Fig[1] [28]
concrete version is carried out. In compression, the concrete
version is elastic until a yield factor is reached and then
irrecoverable plastic pressure exists. Pre-cracking and

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Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021 7

postcracking behaviours of concrete are taken into specimens considered, the common numerical-to-
consideration within the study with special emphasis at the experimental load ability ratios is 0.966, with a standard
impact of the presence of FRP substances at the fracture deviation of 0.066. Moreover, in all cases whilst frp debonding
electricity and subsequently on the anxiety stiffening. Within became observed experimentally, the analysis efficaciously
the analysis, a full bond assumption is made among the predicted the mode of failure.
concrete and each reinforcing steel bars and additionally
G. Wu et al did experiment on the seismic performance of
among concrete and the strengthening FRP cloth. A
circular concrete columns strengthened with basalt fiber
parametric take a look at is also accomplished to study the
reinforced polymer (BFRP) and carbon fiber reinforced
impact of the strengthening fabric kind, strengthening cloth
polymer (CFRP). The effect of amount of fibres and type of
place ratio, span of the slab, reinforcement ratio, and
fibre used was discussed. According to the experiment
thickness of the slabs. Complex finite element model was
conducted BFRP can be used to improve the RC circular
replaced with the face-centred central composite response
seismic performance. But columns strengthened with CFRP
surface experimental design
has identical or better performance compared to BFRP but
It is summarized as the dimensions assumed were good having an thought on the low cost of basalt fibre it can be
enough to predict the positive results. Strengthening by CFRP believed that basalt fibres shows good property under seismic
gives an increase of about 40% and GFRP gives an increasei of retrofitting of RC columns
about 31% in ultimate load carrying capacity compared to
. Marco Di Ludovico1; Andrea Prota; and Gaetano Manfredi
controlled un-strengthened sample. A finite element analysis
study confirmed that confinement primarily based on basalt
of strengthened two-way slabs by FRP laminates and sheets
fibres bonded with a cement-primarily based mortar could be
was analysed and incremental elastic-plastic concrete model
a promising answer to triumph over some obstacles of
was used. The concrete model is elastic till yield point is
epoxybased totally FRP laminates. A new magnificence of
reached thereafter which irrecoverable plastic strain is
composites based on the use of basalt fibres bonded with a
present under compression. Pre-cracking and post-cracking
cement-primarily based matrix as an modern strengthening
behaviours of concrete are taken into account for study.[25]
material for confinement of reinforced concrete members.
Walid Elsayed, Usama A. Ebead; and Kenneth W. Neale, the effectiveness of the proposed technique is classified by
M.ASCE studied the interfacial conduct among the frp means of evaluating different confinement schemes on
laminates and the concrete substrate is accounted for via concrete cylinders: 1. uni-axial glass-fibre-reinforced polymer
introducing suitable bond-slip models for the interface in a FRP laminates; 2. alkali-resistant fiberglass grids bonded with
nonlinear finite-element evaluation of FRP strengthened a cement-based mortar; 3. bidirectional basalt laminates
manner slabs. the numerical model is able to simulating slabs preimpregnated with epoxy resin or latex after which bonded
bolstered in shear or in flexure; it may be applied to arbitrary with a cement-primarily based mortar; and four. A cement-
FRP configurations, and can accommodate both passive in based totally mortar jacket.
addition to pre-stressed FRP strengthening schemes.
Results from the paper were that the basalt resin mortar
Consequences are offered in terms of loaddeflection
(brm) confining system ought to offer a huge gain both in
relationships, closing load capacities, failure modes, and
compressive power and ductility of concrete contributors,
interfacial slip and pressure distributions. Outcomes are
inducing a less brittle failure mode than that achieved in the
provided in relation of load-deflection relationships, ultimate
gfrp-wrapped contributors. Concrete confinement supplied
load capacities, failure modes, and interfacial slip and pressure
through a primed glass-fiber grid bonded with cement-based
distributions. Whilst compared to test outcomes said inside
totally mortar did not work as well as brm and almost no
the literature, the analysis is shown to lead to brilliant
influence was generated by jacketing with mortar alone and
predictions in that, for the entire set of frpreinforced

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Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021 8

maximum ultimate axial strain increases had been furnished beam and different beams have been strengthened using
by using gfrp laminate wrapping The basalt resin mortar (brm) basalt unidirectional cloth in flexure. The beam is
confining system ought to offer a huge gain both in strengthening with different quantity and configuration of
compressive power and ductility of concrete contributors, BFRP cloth. Experimental statistics on load, deflection and
inducing a less brittle failure mode than that achieved in the failure modes of every of the beams had been received. The
gfrp-wrapped contributors. detail manner and alertness of BFRP material for
strengthening of RC beams is also covered. The effect of
ouyang li-jun et al in this paper mentioned a brand new
quantity of BFRP layers and its orientation on remaining load
fibrous composite known as continuous basalt fibre
wearing potential and failure mode of the beams are
strengthened polymer/ plastic (BFRP). In comparison with
investigated.
other fibre-bolstered polymer/plastic, BFRP has many
benefits, which includes ductility, high thermal resistance, and Test results concludes that there has been increase in the
corrosion resistance. To test mechanical residences and flexure strength significantly by usage BFRP. There will be a
failure modes of flexural contributors reinforced with BFRP, brittle failure if the number of BFRP cloths is increased more
flexural experiment is conducted on four two-span t-segment than 2. BFRP leads to less brittle failure.
non-stop beams bolstered with BFRP and one un-
wu zhishen et al their paper evaluations the latest
strengthened comparative beam. This paper concludes that
achievements in advancing structural safety and sustainability
continuous beams reinforced with one to three layers of bfrp
by using BFRP composites based totally at the research
sheets at the concrete tension faces are prone to bending
performed. The primary studies includes the development of
failure. BFRP and beam coordinate properly without obvious
basalt fibres through enhancing production techniques, the
debonding failure. Cracking power at midguide will increase
fundamental study of BFRP underneath static and cyclic
with an amplitude of 10%—5%; yield strength at mid-aid will
loading, high temperature and severe surroundings and the
increase with an amplitude of sixteen%— three%, yield
commonplace application at once with the aid of bfrp
electricity at mid-span will increase with an amplitude of
products. to further pursue the advantages of BFRP and its
seven%—8%; closing energy considerably will increase with
application in secure and sustainable structures, the
the aid of 27%. Increasing the range of bfrp sheet layers will
development of BFRP composites through hybridization with
improve stiffness of reinforced beams after longitudinal bar
different substances is also addressed. Based on the
yielding at manage phase. Beams reinforced with one to a few
development in BFRP composites, the modern utility
layers of bfrp sheets show excellent ductility and display
strategies of BFRP in civil infrastructures are in addition
obvious signal in the process of loading.[25]
brought, which include structures with BFRP smart bars, long-
R singaravadivelan et al completed an experimental span bridges with hybrid BFRP cables, the pre-stressed
investigation on the cube; cylinder & flexural rc beams concrete systems with pre-tensioned BFRP sheets, harm
reinforced by basalt fibre unidirectional fabric. Basalt fibre controllable and recoverable structures with SFCB, and the
reinforced polymer (BFRP) utility may be very effective sustainable structures with BFRP profiles. Ultimately, a few
methods to restore and fortify systems that have emerge as new directions of research and future utility for the
structurally susceptible over their existence of the span. BFRP enhancement of structural safety and sustainability are
restore systems offer an economically feasible opportunity to proposed
standard repair structures and materials. Externally
This paper summarizes as the structural safety and
strengthened concrete beams with epoxy-bonded material
sustainability is increased in the civil fields and transport by
were tested to failure using a symmetrical one factor
the usage of basalt fibres and composites. Basalt fibres have
concentrated static loading system. Seven beams vulnerable
great compatibility with the matrix and steel which results in
in flexure had been casted, out of which one is controlled

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Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021 9

having a good short and long term mechanical properties, Ľuba Horbanová, Anna Ujhelyiová1, Jozef Ryba1, Ján Lokaj,
fatigue resistance, high temperature performance. Basalt Peter Michlík presented a paper on the properties of the
fibres have been used in the smart structures, long-span polypropylene fibres. This paper aims on the properties of
bridges, damage controllable and recoverable structure, light- polypropylene concentrates and fibres changed by inorganic
weight and sustainable structures, and etc.[25] additive. Polypropylene staple fibres are assigned as
reinforcement of concrete to transform and to take up
Priti A. Patel, Dr. Atul K. Desai and Dr. Jatin A. Desai has
deformation energy. Change in polypropylene fibres is
studied on the performance of polypropylene fibre reinforced
important to make sure greater intense anchoring of fibres in
concrete. From the experimental studies properties such as
cement matrix. In this work the impact of inorganic additive at
compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength
the rheological properties of polypropylene and as well as on
and shear strength of polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete
thermal, thermomechanical and mechanical residences of
was studied. The fibre volume fraction Vf ranges from 0 to 2%.
composite polypropylene fibers is investigated. Results shows
Conclusions drawn are like the failure modes when fibres are
at rheological properties the index pseudoplasticity of
present in concrete are spalling of mortar or bulging in
polypropylene and polypropylene concentrates had been
transverse direction. With the increasing fibre content
comparable. Thermomechanical evaluation shows, that
compressive strength was increased. Strength increase ranges
temperature of fiber deformation became better at higher
from 8 to 16%. PFRP has better crack control. There is increase
drawing ratio of composite polypropylene fibers containing
in the shear strength by 23% to 47 %
inorganic additives. Mechanical properties of changed fibers
Gonzalo Martinez-Barrera, Fernando UrenaNunez, Osman without stabilization and stabilized at 95°c for 1 minute
Gencel, Witold Brostow did research on the mechanical performed higher values at drawing ratio 4.0. Surface
properties of polypropylene-fibre reinforced concrete. modification of fibers containing inorganic components
Properties such as gamma irradiation Compression strength, turned into important
compression modulus, impact strength and dynamic elastic
modulus were determined. One of the convenient way to I. INFERENCE
evaluate non-irradiated concretes is by Impact fatigue testing.
There was increase in the strength and elastic modulus
Fibre reinforced polymer composites for strengthening of
depending on PP fiber concentration, marble particle sizes and
structural elements like RC beam, column and slab is an
the applied dose. Increase in the strength and compressive
effective method in the present world as it brushes away the
modulus of PP-fibres reinforced concrete has been performed
problem of corrosion and its economical. It reduces the
by means of gamma irradiation. The volume of improvement
maintaining cost of the structure and it increases the service
depends on polypropylene fibre concentrations, marble
life of a structure. They have been widely used in the
particle sizes and applied irradiation dose. Gamma radiation
retrofitting technique as fibres give high flexural strength,
may be a -edged sword, either improving or worsening
increase in stiffness, better energy dissipation under seismic
mechanical parameters. In our case the primary statement
conditions, low weight, reduces the crack width, enhances
applies whilst making use of gamma irradiation doses as much
shear strength. All these advantages of FRP can be achieved
as 50 kgy. The ionizing energy generates more surface
only with proper design of FRP laminate or strip and having
contacts among the additives and the hydrated cement
suitable configuration.[25]
section. Worsening seems to occur at higher doses (100 and
one hundred fifty kgy). In our earlier study having higher doses
will have visible greater disintegrated debris on marble, more
cracks acting on silica sand and more wrinkles and scrap debris
on surfaces of pp fibres at better doses

Menoufia University- Reinforced Concrete Research Group

Research Paper on Concrete Structures, 2021 10

II. FUTURE
[6] Nabil, Ahmed & Heiza, Khalid & Meleka, Nageh & Tayel,
SCOPE Future study is primarily needed in the endurance limit
Magdy. (2014). Structural Performance of Concrete Columns
of FRPC during fire, performance of strengthened structure
Strengthened with Externally Bonded GFRP and Near Surface
under fatigue, effect of chemical and ultra-violet radiation on
Mounted Steel.
FRPC, etc. Studies on to examine effect of alkalinity,
temperature on resins and fibers. Effect of freeze-thaw cycling [7]Heiza, Khaled & Nabil, Ahmed & Meleka, Nageh & Tayel,
under sustained load is also not understood fully. Width of Magdy. (2014). State-of-the Art Review: Strengthening of
laminate is not entirely effective in resisting moments in the Reinforced Concrete Structures – Different Strengthening
end zone; behaviour of beams under different widths of Techniques. [7] Hedong Niu, Alvaro Vasquez, and Vistasp M.
laminate towards the end could be researched on. Column Karbhari, “Effect of material configuration on strengthening of
subjected to dynamic loading condition is another important concrete slabs by CFRP composites”, Composites: Part B 37
area for consideration. Different strips of FRPS on the slabs (2006) 213–226
can be further studied[25]
. [8] Lelli Van Den Einde, Lei Zhao, and Frieder Seible, “Use of
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Two-Way Slabs Using FRP Materials: A Simplified Analysis

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