WINTER INTERNSHIP REPORT

ON
TRANSMISSION TOWERS

By:- SUMIT NAGAR (5TH SEM.)

2020BCIV122(CIVIL ENGINEERING)
N.I.T.SRINAGAR

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The internship opportunity I had with PowerGrid Corporation of India limited
was a great chance for learning and professional development. Therefore, I
consider myself as a very lucky individual as I was provided with an opportunity to
be a part of it. I am also grateful for having a chance to meet so many wonderful
people and professionals who led me though this internship period.

I express my deepest thanks to Mr.Pankaj Kumar Dwivedi,

Ch.Mgr,POWERGRID for taking part in useful decision & giving necessary
advices and guidance and arranged all facilities to make life easier. I choose this
moment to acknowledge his/her contribution gratefully.

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 CONTENT
1. Tower types and shapes 3-4
2. Tower geometry 5-6
3. Design parameters 7-9
4. Loadings 10-13

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 TOWER TYPES AND SHAPES
 TYPES OF TOWER:-
• Self-Supporting power transmission tower
Self supporting towers are some what narrow based steel tower and these type of power
transmission tower are common in power transmission line industry. From the beginning of
electrical power transmission line industry, these types of towers are used.

Self supporting towers are fabricated using mid steel materials which combination of high
quality mid steel and high tensile steel materials.

These type of self-supporting power transmission tower are use for heavy deviation angles
towers and also for long span crossing towers.

Footing of self supporting towers is normally square or rectangular based separated for
tower footings. In compact tower line designing these self supporting towers is use widely.

• Conventional Guyed Towers

Conventional Guyed Towers are consist portal type structures which is fabricated different
shapes such as Y shapes and V Shapes. Normally These types of transmission line towers
can use up to higher voltage levels also.

Guy can be installing in internal or external ways. Compare with Self – Supporting towers,
conventional guyed towers takes larger area of land. Compact type guyed towers are
also use for compact lines also.

The electrical phases can be placed in different configurations and are insulated from the
supports.

• Chainette guyed towers

Chainette guyed towers are also famous as cross rope suspensions towers in electrical
power line industry. This tower also consist two mast of each which are use to support two
guys and ropes which connected to the tops of two masts and supports of the insulator
string and conductor bundles in horizontal formations.
For angle types of towers, there are three separate and narrow base towers are used. To
carry one set of bundle conductor or can use self supporting towers.
Each narrow base masts are use to supported with support of two main guys at Chainette
guyed towers. Chainette guyed towers use for suspension and angle type locations in Power
Transmission Line Industry.

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 TOWER SHAPES:-
1. Vertical/Barrel Type
2. Horizontal/Wasp Waist Type
3. Delta/Cat Head
4. H-Structure Type
5. Danube configuration

In India mainly 1,2and 3 tower shapes are used for single circuit lines.

 TOWER DESIGNATION:-
1. Suspension Tower (used for straight run and small angle deviation lines )
2. Tension Tower
3. Transposition Tower (allows sections to be connected together, while maintaining
adequate clearance for the conductors )
4. Special Tower

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 TOWER GEOMETRY
 TOWER ANATOMY:-
A tower is constituted of the following components:-
• Peak
• Cross Arm
• Boom
• K-Frame
• Cage
• Tower Body
• Body Extension
• Leg Extension
• Stub/Anchor Bolts and Base Plate Assembly

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 BRACING SYSTEM:-
• Single Web System
• Double Web or Warren System
• Pratt System
• Portal System
• Diamond Bracing System • Multiple Bracing System

 TOWER EXTENSIONS:-
• Body Extension
• Leg Extension
• Stubs/Anchor Bolts and Base Plate Assembly

 TOWER OUTLINE:-
• Tower Height
 Minimum Ground Clearance
 Maximum Sag and Conductor Creep
 Maximum Sag of Ground Wire/Minimum Mid-Span Clearances/Angle of Shield
 Length of Insulator String Assembly
 Vertical Spacing between Power Conductors/Minimum Vertical Phase to
Phase Clearances/Minimum Phase to Grounded Metal Clearances
 Tension Insulator Drop
• Tower Width
 Base Width
 Width at Waist Level
 Width at Cross-Arm/Boom Level

• Cross Arm Spread

 Length of Cross-Arm for Suspension Towers
 Length of Cross-Arm for Tension Towers

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 DESIGN PARAMETERS

 TRANSMISSION VOLTAGE

• Configurations of DC Transmission Bipolar ( In bipolar transmission, a pair of

bundle conductor is used, each at a high potential w.r.t. ground, in opposite
polarity. Since these conductors must be insulated for the full voltage,
transmission line cost is higher than a monopole with a return conductor.)

• Back to Back(a back to back station is a plant in which both static invertors and
rectifiers are in the same area, usually in the same building. )
 NUMBER OF CIRCUITS

• Single Circuit(the transmission line which carries only one circuit. )

• Double Circuit (the transmission line which carries two circuit.)

• Multi Circuit (the transmission line which carries more than two circuit of same

or different voltage ratings.)

 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
• Wind
• Temperature
• Isokeraunic level
• Seismic intensity
• Ice formation

 RELIABILITY CONSIDERATIONS

• Wind (the wind speeds have been worked out for fifty year return period based
on the up to date wind data of 43 dynes pressure tube (DPA) anemograph
stations and study of other related works available on the subject since 1964.
Based on the wind speed map the entire country has been divided into 6 wind

zones with max. wind speed of 55m/sec.) • Temperature (to evolve design of
tower three temperatures that is max.temp.

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 , min.temp. and everyday temp. are very important. Tower heights as well as
sag and tension calculations of conductor and earth wire /OPGW vary with the
change in the above three temp.)

• Lightining Consideration for Tower Design (as the overhead transmission lines

pass through open country these are subjected to the effects of lightening . )

• Seismic Consideration(the transmission line tower is a pin jointed light

structure comperatively flexible and free to vibrate and max. wind pressure is
the chief criterian for the design .)

• Sag-Tension Computations(a conductor suspended freely between two

adjacent towers supports take the shape known as catenary.)

 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION

• Right of Way(ROW)

• Electrical Interference()
 CONDUCTOR

 EARTHWIRE :- the earth wire to be used for transmission line has been
standardised continuously run galvanised steel earth wires are to be used for lines and
earthed at every lower point .

• Galvanised Steel Earth Wire

• OPGW
 INSULATOR STRINGS :-the type of insulator strings are generally used on
transmission lines ,depending on actual insulation requirement and mechanical
strength,other suitable insulators can also be used.

• There are different types of insulators such as 800KV,132KV,66KV,…….etc.

 SPAN

• Design span ()
• Weight span (the weight span is the horizontal distance between the lowest

point of the conductors on the two adjacent spans.)

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• Wind span (the wind span is the sum of the two halfs spans adjacent to the
support under consideration. for plain terrain this equal the normal rulling
span.)

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 LOADINGS
 REQUIREMENTS OF LOADS ON TRANSMISSION LINES

• Reliability Requirements(climatic loads under normal condition. Wind loads

with and without ice.)

• Security Requirements (fallure containment loads under broken wire

condition.it has unblanced longitudinal loads,anti-cascading loads and narrow
front wind loads.)

• Safety Requirements (loads during construction and maintainance.)

 NATURE OF LOADS

• Transverse Loads(wind load component on tower

structure ,conductor ,groundwire etc.

Component of mechanical tension of conductore

and groundwire.)

• Vertical Loads(loads due to weight of each

conductor and ground wire/OPGW based on
appropriate weight span ,weight of insulator
stringsand fittings. Self weight of structure. Loads
durings construction and maintainance. )

• Longitudnal Loads (wind load component on tower

structure and insulator strings.)

 LOADING CRITERIA
▪ Criteria 1 :- everyday temp. and design wind pressure .
▪ Criteria 2 :- everyday temp. and 75% design wind pressure.
▪ Criteria 3 :- min. temp. with 36% of design wind pressure.

 TRANSVERSE LOADS(TR) – RELIABILITY CONDITION (NORMAL

CONDITION)

• Wind load on Conductor/Ground-Wire/ OPGW (the load due to wind on each

conductor and ground wire normal to the line applied at supporting point. )

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 • Wind load on Insulator String(wind load on insulator strings shall be determine
from the attachment point to the centre line of the conductor in case of
suspension tower and upto the end of clamp in case of tension tower.)

• Wind loads on Towers (in order to determine the wind load on tower, the

tower is divided into different panels.)

• Total Transverse load(TR) under Reliability condition (TR= Fwc +Fwi + Fwt +

Fwd)

 TRANSVERSE LOADS (TS) – SECURITY CONDITION

• Suspension Towers(transverse load due to wind action on

tower structure , conductors , groundwire/OPGW and
insulator shall be taken as corresponding 75% of full wind
pressure at everyday temp.)

• Tension and Dead end Towers(transverse loads due to wind

action on tower structure ,conductors etc. shall be
computed as per 75% of full wind pressure.)

• Narrow Front Wind Requirements (transverse loads on

account of wind on conductors , groundwire etc. shall be
taken as nil.)

 TRANSVERSE LOADS DURING CONS. AND MAINTENANCE(TM) –

SAFETY CONDITION

• Normal Condition – Suspension,Tension and Dead End Towers (transverse

loads due to wind action on tower structure , conductors etc shall be taken as
nil.)

• Broken-wire Condition - Suspension,Tension and Dead End Towers

(transverse loads due to wind action on tower structure , conductors etc shall
be taken as nil.)

 VERTICAL LOADS(VR) – RELIABILITY CONDITION

• Self Weight of structure upto Point of Tower Panel under Consideration

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 VERTICAL LOADS(VS) – SECURITY CONDITION

• Security Condition – Broken Wire Condition(self weight of structure upto point

under consideration of tower panel.)

• Narrow Front Wind Condition

 VERTICAL LOADS DURING CONS. AND MAINTENANCE(VM) –

SAFETY CONDITION :-load of 1500 N shall be consider acting at each cross arm tip
as a provision for weight of line man with tools .

 LONGITUDINAL LOADS(LR) – RELIABILITY CONDITION

• Suspension and Tension Towers(Longitudnal loads for suspension and tension

towers due to wind on conductors / earthwire / OPGW and component of wire
tension shall be taken as nil.)

• Total Longitudinal Load(LR) under Reliability Condition(LR = Fwi + Fwt)

• Dead End Towers (longitudinal loads for dead end towers shall be considered
corresponding to mechanical tension of conductors and groundwire. )
 LONGITUDNAL LOADS(LS) – SECURITY CONDITION

• Suspension Towers (the longitudnal load

corresponding to 50% of the mechanical tension

of conductor and 100% of mechanical tension of ground

wire .)

• Tension Towers(horizontal loads is longitudinal

direction due to component of mechanical tension
of conductors and ground wires.)

• Dead End Towers (horizontal loads in longitudinal

direction due to mechanical tension of conductors
and ground wire shall be considered under every
day temp. and 75% of full wind pressure . )
 LONGITUDNAL LOADS DURING CONS. AND MAINTENANCE(LM) –
SAFETY CONDITION

• Normal Condition – Suspension and Tension Towers :- this load shall be taken as
nil

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 • Normal Condition - Dead End Towers

 LOADING COMBINATIONS UNDER RELIABILITY,SECURITY AND

SAFETY CONDITIONS  ANTI-CASCADING CHECKS

• Transverse Loads (these loads shall be taken

under no wind condition for max. angle of
deviation .)

• Vertical Loads(this load shall be sum of the

weight of conductor /ground wire intact only on
one side of tower, weight of insulator strings and
accessiories)

• Longitudnal Loads(These loads shall be the pull

of conductors/ groundwire/ OPGW at everyday
temp. and no wind applied simultaneously at all
points on one side with zero degree line
deviation .)

 BROKENWIRE CONDITION
 BROKEN LIMB CONDITION FOR ‘V’ INSULATOR STRING (For V
insulator string ,in normal condition one limb broken case shall be considered in such a
case the transverse and vertical loads shall be transversed to outer limb attachment
point.)

 TENSION LIMITS(conductors / groundwire tension at everyday temp. and without

external load should not exceed the following percentage of the ultimate tensile strength
of the conductor :-

Initial unloaded tension 35% Final unloaded tension 25%.)

 ICE LOADINGS (iceing tends to occur when temp. have been below freezing ,
making conductors cold .)

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