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    ACID Removal

    Uploaded by

    Jose Okh
    The document discusses acid gas removal processes and selection. It describes the main acid gas constituents as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. Removal is needed to meet pipeline specifications, avoid corrosion, and reduce emissions. Common processes include amine absorption using ethanolamines like MEA and MDEA, carbonate processes, physical solvents like Selexol, and solid beds. The Claus process is commonly used for sulfur recovery from acid gases. Process selection depends on factors such as acid gas concentrations, volumes, pressures, and product purity requirements. Amine processes are typically used for low volumes below 50 MMcfd while physical solvents are considered for higher volumes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ACID Removal

    Uploaded by

    Jose Okh
    95 views28 pages
    The document discusses acid gas removal processes and selection. It describes the main acid gas constituents as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. Removal is needed to meet pipeline specifications, avoid corrosion, and reduce emissions. Common processes include amine absorption using ethanolamines like MEA and MDEA, carbonate processes, physical solvents like Selexol, and solid beds. The Claus process is commonly used for sulfur recovery from acid gases. Process selection depends on factors such as acid gas concentrations, volumes, pressures, and product purity requirements. Amine processes are typically used for low volumes below 50 MMcfd while physical solvents are considered for higher volumes.

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    Acid gas remover

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    ACID removal

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    The document discusses acid gas removal processes and selection. It describes the main acid gas constituents as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. Removal is needed to meet pipeline specifications, avoid corrosion, and reduce emissions. Common processes include amine absorption using ethanolamines like MEA and MDEA, carbonate processes, physical solvents like Selexol, and solid beds. The Claus process is commonly used for sulfur recovery from acid gases. Process selection depends on factors such as acid gas concentrations, volumes, pressures, and product purity requirements. Amine processes are typically used for low volumes below 50 MMcfd while physical solvents are considered for higher volumes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    95 views28 pages

    ACID Removal

    Uploaded by

    Jose Okh
    The document discusses acid gas removal processes and selection. It describes the main acid gas constituents as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. Removal is needed to meet pipeline specifications, avoid corrosion, and reduce emissions. Common processes include amine absorption using ethanolamines like MEA and MDEA, carbonate processes, physical solvents like Selexol, and solid beds. The Claus process is commonly used for sulfur recovery from acid gases. Process selection depends on factors such as acid gas concentrations, volumes, pressures, and product purity requirements. Amine processes are typically used for low volumes below 50 MMcfd while physical solvents are considered for higher volumes.

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    of 28

    ACID GAS REMOVAL

    PROCESSES AND SELECTION


    CONTENTS

    1. Acid Gas Constituents


    2. Why Acid Gas Removal
    3. Processes
    4. Process Selection
    ACID GAS CONSTITUENTS IN
    NATURAL GAS

    • Hydrogen Sulphide H2S


    • Carbon Dioxide CO2
    WHY ACID GAS REMOVAL ?
    • Meet Pipeline / Sales gas
    specification
    • Avoid corrosion
    • Environmental issues (Reduce
    SOx emission)
    • Meeting Heating Value
    SALES GAS
    SPECIFICATION - Typical
    • 5-10 ppmv H2S
    • < 5% CO2
    TOXICITY OF H2S

    ppmv Period of exposure

    10 Threshold Limit value for Prolonged Exposure


    10-100 Slight symptoms after several hours
    200-300 Maximum concentration for 1 hr.
    without serious consequences
    500-700 Dangerous after 30 min-1 hr
    700-900 Fatal for 30 min or less
    >1000 Death in minutes
    ACID GAS REMOVAL
    PROCESSES
    • Solvent Absorption Processes
    • Scavengers and Solid Beds
    • Membranes
    • Direct Oxidation

    Acid Gas Clean Up


    • Claus Process
    • Liquid Redox Process
    SOLVENT ABSORPTION PROCESSES
    Amine Based Processes
    AMINE BASED PROCESSES (CONT.)
    • Regenerative Process
    • Removes H2S, CO2, some COS and Mercaptans
    • Includes MEA, DEA, MDEA (ETHANOLAMINES)
    • Ethanolamines are clear, colorless, slightly pungent
    odor, reactive and available at low cost.
    MEA DEA MDEA

    Mol. Wt. 61 105 119

    Acid gas pickup, 0.33 - 0.35 - 0.2 –


    mols/mol amine 0.4 0.65 0.55
    Solution Conc. (wt.%) 10-20 25-35 30-50

    • MDEA gives selectivity.


    • Commercial Amine Processes:
    ➢ Sulfinol/ADIP (Shell)
    ➢ Flexsorb (Exxon)
    ➢ UCAR (Union Carbide)
    AMINE BASED PROCESSES - OPERATING
    PROBLEMS
    • Corrosion
    – At higher acid gas concentration
    – At higher temperature
    • Solution Degradation
    – Exposure to air
    – Reaction with COS
    – High skin temperature.
    • Foaming
    – Presence of hydrocarbon liquid, solids,
    foreign materials
    CARBONATE PROCESSES

    • Scheme similar to amine based processes


    • Typically uses aqueous solution of potassium carbonate
    • High solution temperature
    • Requires relatively high pressure of CO2
    • Removes H2S, CO2, COS and RSH
    • 2-stage / 3-stage processes are used to meet lower outlet
    CO2 specification.

    OPERATING PROBLEMS
    • Corrosion
    - Higher at reaction points
    - Requires stress relieving

    • Flashing and cavitation - Pressure reduction points


    • Erosion - Filtration minimizes erosion problem
    COMMERCIAL CARBONATE PROCESSES

    • UOP Benfield - Reduces corrosion


    • Adventica Technologies - Proprietory
    additives
    • UOP Hipure - DEA + Hot carbonate (2-
    Stage Process)
    PHYSICAL SOLVENT PROCESS
    Physical solvent process is considered when:
    • The partial pressure of the acid gas in the feed is
    greater than 50 psi
    • The heavy hydrocarbon concentration in the feed gas
    is low
    • Bulk removal of acid gas is required
    • Selective removal of H2S is required
    These processes are attractive because little or no
    energy is required for regeneration. The solvents are
    regenerated by:
    • Multi-stage flashing to low pressures
    • Regeneration at low temperatures with an inert
    stripping gas
    • Heating & stripping of solution with steam/solvent
    vapors.
    PHYSICAL SOLVENT PROCESS – FLOW
    SCHEME
    COMMERCIAL PHYSICAL SOLVENT
    PROCESSES
    SELEXOL (UOP)
    • Solvent used is Dimethyl ether of
    polyethlylene glycol
    • Chemically inert
    • Removes COS, H2S, RSH, NH3, HCN and
    metal carbonyls.

    PURISOL (LURGI)
    • Uses N-methyl-2 Pyrrolidone (NMP-Purisol)
    • Has high selectivity for H2S
    RECTISOL (LURGI)

    • Uses refrigerated solution of methanol


    • Used mainly for purification of natural gas for LNG
    production
    SCAVENGER & SOLID BED
    • Non-regenerable (for removal of small
    amounts of H2S)
    ➢ Amine based - triazines

    ➢ Fixed Bed - ZnO, iron oxide, doped


    charcoal, doped alumina
    ➢ Nitrate solutions

    ➢ Metal oxide slurries (e g. iron oxide, zinc


    oxide)
    • Contacting between sour gas and
    scavenger chemical
    ➢ Bubble Tower - single or lead/lag

    ➢ In-line injection

    ➢ Downhole injection

    ➢ Fixed beds, single or lead/lag


    CARBON BASED ADSORBENT
    • Lurgi oxorbon process - Solid bed iodine doped carbon
    • Sulphur impregnated carbon is used for Hg removal.

    AMINE BASED SCAVENGERS


    • Triazines, glyoxyls and amines

    • There are oil and water soluble versions

    • Inline injection and bubble-towers

    SULFATREAT
    • Uses iron oxide on a ceramic support

    • Acid gases adsorb on the surface of solid or


    reacts with some components on the surface
    MOLECULAR SIEVES
    • Crystalline sodium-calcium alumina silicate for
    selective removal of H2S
    • If CO2 and H2S are both present on the molecular
    sieve, they can form COS
    • Adsorption in order of retention is :
    water → methanol → RSH → H2S → CO2→
    COS
    Regeneration gas to flare
    Sour Gas
    Tower 2
    Tower 1

    Sweet Gas

    Regeneration Gas
    COMMERCIAL SOLID BED
    PROCESSES

    • UOP, Zeochem, Union Carbide


    • Axens Multibed Technology
    - Removes Hg, As, H2O, CO2, NH3
    and sulfur species.
    - Uses special aluminas and zeolite
    molecular sieve adsorbent
    installed in same or separate
    vessels.
    IRON OXIDE (SPONGE) PROCESS
    • Removes H2S and RSH suing iron oxide
    impregnated on wood chips
    Packed
    Tower

    Sweet Gas
    Sour Gas K.O. Drum

    • Iron Sulfide stays in the packed tower.


    • Limited for use with low inlet H2S
    concentrations at pressures between 25-
    1200 psig
    PURASPEC

    • Removes H2S, COS, Hg from gas or liquid


    • Uses fixed bed of chemical adsorbents
    MEMBRANES
    • Do not produce sharp separation
    Fast Slow
    H2O H2S CO2 O2 CH2
    H2 N2
    He
    • No moving parts
    • Low operational personnel requirements
    • Small unit capacity
    • Temperature alters permeability
    – Qi = PiA (PPi,HP - PPi,LP)
    – Pi = Permeation coefficient of (P, T, Polymer
    type, gas comp.)
    ACID GAS CLEANUP / SULFUR PRODUCTION
    • Gas phase processes
    • Liquid phase processes
    GAS PHASE PROCESSES - CLAUS

    Step 1 -Oxidation of 1/3 of H2S to SO2 in a


    reaction furnace
    Step 2 - SO2 and remaining H2S form S
    Licensors:Jacobs, AMOCO, SIIRTEC NIGI,
    Parsons/BOC, Lurgi, UOP Selectox, Shell
    SRU
    CLAUS PROCESS (SCHEME)
    LIQUID REDOX PROCESSES
    • Removal of H2S from a gas stream by absorption
    into an alkaline soln. to form S -- & 2H+
    • Conversion of S–- to elemental sulfur by the action of
    redox reagent (typically iron attached to a legend).
    • Separation & recovery of solid sulfur
    • Regeneration of spent redox reagent by reacting it
    with oxygen dissolved in the solution
    LO-CAT (US filter, Gas Technology Products)
    Vent
    Sweet Gas Regen Air

    Sour Gas

    Separator
    Sulfur
    Oxidiser Filter
    Oil / Water Absorber
    Dense Slurry

    LO-CAT Solution
    PROCESS SELECTION CRITERIA
    • Type of impurities to be • Product value and
    removed purity requirements
    • Degree of removal • Energy costs
    • Concentration of acid • Solvent availability
    gases • Local environment
    • tons/day Sulfur regulations
    • Feed Pressure or • Pressure Drop
    Temperature allowable
    • Presence of heavier • Familiarity and
    hydrocarbon resistance to new
    • Feed Rate technology
    • Relative Economics • H2S/CO2 ratio
    • Weight / Size (for
    offshore)
    TYPICAL ECONOMIC RANGES
    ACID GAS CONTENT (H2S + CO2) Vol%
    Low High
    <1 <15% 5-70% 10- 15-70% 40-90%
    % 50%
    Solid Prim & Tertiary Potass. Physical Membra
    bed & Tertiary Amine Carb. Solvent nes
    Scaveng amine
    er
    REMOVAL PROCESSES
    CO2 H2 S CO2 + H2S SELECTIVE H2S
    ONLY ONLY
    Amine Amine Amine ADIP/MDEA
    Carbonate Sulfinol Sulfinol Rectisol
    Physical Selexol Potassium Selexol
    Physical Physical Direct Sulfur
    Solvent Conversion
    Selexol
    PROCESS SELECTION OVERVIEW
    100%

    Amine + Claus
    ( + SCOT)
    10%
    H2S
    Conc.
    ppm
    1%
    LO CAT
    and Sulferox

    1000 ppm

    100 ppm Disposable


    Solids and
    Liquids
    10 ppm 1
    0.01 0.1 10
    Gas Flow, 106 Nm3/d
    Is H2S Present
    No (Only High CO2)
    Yes
    No
    Must H2S be removed from CO2 Alkanolamine
    Membrane
    Yes Potash
    Combination

    Is there enough H2S for


    Claus
    Yes No

    Selective Amine LO-CAT


    Selective Physical Sulferox
    Solution Scavengers
    Selexol
    Combination Process
    THANK YOU

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