ENDOCRINE

SYSTEM
Endocrinology
• branch of physiology
which deals with the study
of Endocrine System

• composed of hormones
and glands

https://slidetodoc.com/endocrine-system-lecture-1-characters-and-
mechanisms-of/
• Hormone – a substance or chemical mediator produced by the endocrine gland; carried
by the blood to some distant part (target organ) of the body where it exerts its effects

•Classification of Hormones
–Polypeptide
-Simple protein
–Glycoprotein
–Steroid
PROPERTIES OF HORMONES

–Regulate rather than initiate reaction

–Effective in biocatalytic amounts

–Not secreted in uniform rates

–Activated rapidly either at target organ or other

glands/organs

–Transported thru blood stream

 Hormone Functions
•» growth (anabolic steroids)
•» lactation (GH or STH)
•» birth control (Estradiol, Progesterone)
•» estrous cycle (PGF2 )
•» superovulation and embryo transplant (FSH,eCG)
•» parturition (oxytocin)
 HYPOTHALAMUS
• essential component of the Endocrine System

• General functions
• Control the Autonomic Nervous system
• Reception of the sensory impulses from the
viscera
• Intermediary between the nervous and
endocrine system
• Control of body temperature
• Regulation of food intake
• Thirst Center
• Part of the limbic system – emotions such as
rage and aggression
 ENDOCRINE GLANDS
• Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
• located at the base of the brain in a
concavity of the sphenoid bone called
sella turcica (New World Encyclopedia,
2010)
3 LOBES
-Anterior pituitary lobe or Adenohypophysis
-Posterior pituitary lobe or
Neurohypophysis
-intermediate lobe or Pars intermedia
https://slidetodoc.com/chapter-11-part-1-endocrine-glands-secretion-and/
 Anterior Pituitary Lobe or Adenohypophysis
TARGET
HORMONE ORGAN FUNCTIONS
GROWTH HORMONE BONE AND promotes growth of the long bones before the epiphyseal plates fused together in
(SOMATOTROPHIC MUSCLE CELLS adulthood
HORMONE) GIGANTISM- over secretion of STH; happens after adulthood
Acromegaly- happens after adulthood
Dwarfism- deficiency of STH during growth development
Adrenocorticotrophic Adrenal gland stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids such as cortisol, cortisone
hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone
Thyroid Stimulating Thyroid gland stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T4 and T3).
Hormone
Follicle Stimulating Ovarian stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in the female;
Hormone (FSH) Follicle; Testes - it maintains the integrity of the seminiferous tubules of the testis in the male, thus it
is important for spermatogenesis
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Ovarian -stimulates ovulation in mature follicle (graafian follicle) and the formation of corpus
Follicle luteum in ovulated follicle as well as the production of progesterone by the corpus
luteum.
-In the male, it is called ICSH and stimulates the cells of Leydig or interstitial cells to
 Pars Intermedia
Hormone Target Organ Functions
Melanocyte Stimulating Skin (Melanocytes) Skin pigmentation (melanin)
Hormone (MSH)
Posterior Lobe or Neurohypophysis
Oxytocin Mammary Gland and -Stimulates milk ejection in
Uterus lactating females
- Contraction of the uterus at
parturition for fetal expulsion
Vasopressin or Anti-diuretic Kidney - Maintenance of body through
hormone (ADH) the reabsorption of water
Thyroid Gland
T
-secretes the hormone, thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3)

-stimulates the oxygen consumption of most of the cells

in the body, helps regulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and
is necessary for normal growth and maturation.

Absence of thyroid secretion ( Bushra and Butt, 2008).

-poor resistance to cold, mental and physical slowing, and, in children,
mental retardation and dwarfism
Excess thyroid secretion (Schreiber, 2010).
-to body wasting,
-nervousness,
-tachycardia, tremor,
-and excess heat production
Hypothyroidism
-goiter
Parathyroid Gland
•Secretes Parathyroid hormone
(PTH) which increases blood Ca in
the bone
• –Failure to have normal
mineralization of blood results to
rickets ( in adult) and
osteomalacia (in young)
 ADRENAL GLAND
• CORTEX- Steroid hormones
•Aldosterone – reabsorbs sodium in the kidney tubules
•Glucocorticoids – (cortisol, cortisone and corticosterone)
mobilizes glucose and important in CHO metabolism

MEDULLA- Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Pancreas
• Alpha cells of islets of langerhans
• - secrete glucagon for increasing blood
sugar

• Beta cells
- secrete insulin for lowering blood sugar

Hypoglycemia- excess insulin

Diabetes mellitus- lack insulin
 Gonads

•Ovary secretes:
• –Estrogen (E2) : female sex hormone
• –Progesterone (P4) : maintains pregnancy
• –Relaxin : relaxes the pubic ligaments, soften and enlarge the
opening of the cervix during parturition

•Testis secretes
• –Testosterone or androgen : male sex hormone; responsible for
male secondary sex characters
 Pineal Gland
Melatonin
- hormone that plays a
major role in the regulation
of daily and seasonal
rhythms