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    Effective Stress

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    Fahreza Nanda P
    Here is a plot showing the variation of total stress, effective stress, and pore water pressure with depth for the given soil profile: [PLOT SHOWING VARIATION OF TOTAL STRESS, EFFECTIVE STRESS, AND PORE WATER PRESSURE WITH DEPTH FOR THE GIVEN SOIL PROFILE] The total stress increases linearly with depth due to the overburden pressure of the soil above. The pore water pressure is equal to the hydrostatic pressure and also increases linearly with depth below the water table. The effective stress is calculated as the difference between the total stress and pore water pressure. It increases below the water table but remains constant above where pore pressure is zero.

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    Effective Stress

    Uploaded by

    Fahreza Nanda P
    36 views24 pages
    Here is a plot showing the variation of total stress, effective stress, and pore water pressure with depth for the given soil profile: [PLOT SHOWING VARIATION OF TOTAL STRESS, EFFECTIVE STRESS, AND PORE WATER PRESSURE WITH DEPTH FOR THE GIVEN SOIL PROFILE] The total stress increases linearly with depth due to the overburden pressure of the soil above. The pore water pressure is equal to the hydrostatic pressure and also increases linearly with depth below the water table. The effective stress is calculated as the difference between the total stress and pore water pressure. It increases below the water table but remains constant above where pore pressure is zero.

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    Here is a plot showing the variation of total stress, effective stress, and pore water pressure with depth for the given soil profile: [PLOT SHOWING VARIATION OF TOTAL STRESS, EFFECTIVE STRESS, AND PORE WATER PRESSURE WITH DEPTH FOR THE GIVEN SOIL PROFILE] The total stress increases linearly with depth due to the overburden pressure of the soil above. The pore water pressure is equal to the hydrostatic pressure and also increases linearly with depth below the water table. The effective stress is calculated as the difference between the total stress and pore water pressure. It increases below the water table but remains constant above where pore pressure is zero.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    36 views24 pages

    Effective Stress

    Uploaded by

    Fahreza Nanda P
    Here is a plot showing the variation of total stress, effective stress, and pore water pressure with depth for the given soil profile: [PLOT SHOWING VARIATION OF TOTAL STRESS, EFFECTIVE STRESS, AND PORE WATER PRESSURE WITH DEPTH FOR THE GIVEN SOIL PROFILE] The total stress increases linearly with depth due to the overburden pressure of the soil above. The pore water pressure is equal to the hydrostatic pressure and also increases linearly with depth below the water table. The effective stress is calculated as the difference between the total stress and pore water pressure. It increases below the water table but remains constant above where pore pressure is zero.

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    Effective Stress

    Introduction

     External load will be distributed


    within soil mass
     External load changes stress state
    within the soil
     The stress distribution is important
    to study soil stability and
    deformation
    Total stress

     Total vertical stress acting at the


    point below the ground
    Vertical Force
    σ v = Vertical Stress =
    Cross Sectional Area

    σ v = ∑γ z
    Total stress below the river or lake

     Free water at a river or lake will add


    additional force to the ground
    σ v = γ sat z + γ w z w
    Total stress for multilayer soil

     The sum of the weights of soil in


    each layer thickness above
    σ v= γ 1 d1 + γ 2 d 2 + γ 3 (z − d1 − d 2 )
    Total stress for unsaturated soil

     Above the GWT soil will remain


    saturated, but after certain distance
    it become unsaturated
    σ v= γ u z w + γ w (z − z w )
    Total stress with a
    surface surcharge load

     A surface surcharge load will


    increase total stress
     If the surcharge loading is
    extensively wide, the increase
    in vertical total stress is
    constant
    σ v = γz + q
     For narrow surcharge, the
    increase will be decrease with
    depth
    Pore pressure (u)

     Porewater: water fills the voids or


    pore among soil grains
     Pore pressure: the pressure withing
    the pore water
     Depend on:
     The depth below the water table
     Condition of seepage flow
    Pore pressure (u)

     Under hydrostatic condition: pore


    pressure at a point is hydrostatic
    pressure

    u = γ w hw
    Pore pressure (u)

     Below the water table, pore


    pressure is positive
     Above the water table, pore
    pressure is negative (suction)
    Pore pressure (u)

     The height of saturated


    soil above water table is
    called capillary rise and
    depends on the grain size
    and type of soil
     in coarse soils capillary rise
    is very small
     in silts it may be up to 2m
     in clays it can be over 20m
    Effective stress concept

     At saturated soil, voids are fully


    filled by water
     External load will be carried by both
    grains and water
     Soil behavior under loading will
    depend both of external force and
    the water pressure in the pores
    Effective stress concept

     Effective stress: normal stress


    acting on the soil grains => inter-
    granular stress
    σ v = σ '−u → σ ' = σ v − u
    The importance of effective stress

    Soil loaded by an Soil loaded by water


    applied weight W weighing W
    The importance of effective stress
    Soil loaded by water
    Soil loaded by an
    weighing W
    applied weight W

    Compression No deformation
    Definition of Total and Effective Stress
    Vertical Force
    σv = Vertical Stress = (1)
    Cross Sectional Area

    Effective vertical stress σ v ' = σ v − uw (2)

    ∆σv ∆ uw ∆σv´
    Case (a) W 0 W
    A A
    Case (b) W W 0
    A A
    Example: determining the effective stress

    Step 1: Draw ground profile showing soil stratigraphy


    and water table

    Dry γ bulk = γ dry 2m

    Saturated 3m
    γ bulk = γ sat

    Fig 5 Soil Stratigraphy


    Example
    Step 2: Calculation of relevant bulk unit weights

    Ww = Vv × γ w kN
    Vv=e Vs Ww=0 = 0.7 × 9.8 kN
    Voids = 0.7m3 = 6.86 kN

    Ws = Vs × G s × γ w Ws = Vs × G s × γ w
    = 1 × 2.7 × 9.8 kN = 1 × 2.7 × 9.8 kN
    Solid Vs= 1m3
    = 26.46 kN = 26.46 kN

    Distribution by Distribution by weight Distribution by weight


    Volume for the dry soil for the saturated soil
    26.46 kN 3 Gs γ w
    γ dry = . kN / m
    = 1556 =
    . m3
    170 1+ e

    ( 26.46 + 6.86) kN γ w (G s + e )
    γ sat = = 19.60 kN / m 3 =
    . m3
    170 1+ e
    Example

    Step 3 Calculate total stress

    . × 2 + 19.60 × 3 = 89.92 kPa ( kN / m 2 )


    σ v = 1556

    2m Step 4 Calculate pore water pressure

    3m u w = 3 × 9.8 = 29.40 kPa

    Step 5 Calculate effective stress

    σ ′v = σ v − u w = 89.92 − 29.40 = 60.52 kPa


    Vertical stress and pore pressure variation
    0 50 100 150 kPa
    0m

    2m

    4m
    Total
    Stress (5m)
    pore water
    6m pressure Effective
    Depth stress
    8m
    Example
     Plot the variation of total and effective
    vertical stresses, and pore water pressure
    with depth for the soil profile shown below

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