Electrical Energy Management and Audit: METE 1133

METE 1133
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
MANAGEMENT AND AUDIT
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR TS. DR. NORZANAH BINTI ROSMIN

norzanah@utm.my
CHAPTER 4
Energy Saving Potential in Electrical Equipment
Content Outcomes:
o Understand the basic features of lighting system
o Able to assess and recommend the optimal design of lighting system
o Able to propose energy saving measures for lighting system
3
CHAPTER 4
Energy Saving Potential in Electrical Equipment
4.2 Energy Audit on Lighting System

4.2.1 About Lighting System and its Requirements
4.2.2 Lightings Comparison
4.2.3 Cost Effective Lightings
4.2.4 Energy Saving Opportunities through Lighting Management
4.2.5 Lighting Audit
4
4.2.1 About Lighting System and
its Needs/Requirements
5
About Lighting System
As much as 60% of electricity
consumed for a large office
Fact 4 Fact 1 Lighting system converts
building, or about 35% of electrical energy to light
total energy cost is energy
consumed by the lighting
system
Fact 2
Fact 5 Lighting systems
In retail stores, lighting represent an
may account for up to
90% of total
LIGHTING important piece in the
overall building
consumption
Fact 6 Fact 3
It is important that both the
designers and the owners The lighting loads in
recognize the potential for buildings accounts for a
savings available from reducing large portion of the
the amount of lighting energy electricity bill
Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin
6
Examples of Lighting System

7
WHY Lighting improvement can
reduce operating cost?
Introduction
• In commercial business – Lighting accounts for a
large part of the energy bill ranging from 30-70% of
the total energy cost.
• In industrial facilities – 5-25% of total energy

cost.
Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 8

3 General purposes of LIGHTING..
IMPROVE SAFETY OF INCREASE CREATE A PLEASANT

STAFF AND PUBLIC PRODUCTIVITY ENVIRONMENT
Good lighting installation Inadequate lighting Any new or retrofit should be
must be economical to run level can decrease guided by the recommended
and easy to clean and productivity level of lighting
maintain
. 9
Types of Lighting
(Most common in commercial building)
Incandescent Standard fluorescent Compact

1 2 3
fluorescent (CFL)
4 Halogen 5 High-intensity 6 Light-emitting diode

discharge (HID) (LED)

LIGHTING NEEDS/REQUIREMENTS
METHOD 6: METHOD 1:
EXPECTED LAMP’s EFFICIENCY
LIFETIME
HOW
TO CHOOSE
METHOD 5: OPTIMUM LIGHT METHOD 2:
LIGHT OUTPUT SOURCE? COLOUR RENDITION
METHOD 4: METHOD 3:
SOURCE SIZE COLOUR TEMPERATURE

METHOD 1: EFFICIENCY…[1]
(1) Definition of Efficiency (3) Lamp efficiency is called efficacy
A measure of how much visible light is (ability to convert electricity to light)
produced (lumen) per unit of input power Higher lighting efficiency means more energy
(watts). (Lighting Efficiency is a metric used saving and is a power-saving performance.
to compare the ratio of light output to energy .
consumption). The unit is lumens per watt.
For example: (4) Higher Efficacy is better

Standard 40-watt fluorescent lamp delivers Example:
62 lumens/watt; 4 times as efficient as using • T5 FL – efficacy – 104 lumens/watt;
three expected lamp life 20000 hrs
75-watt incandescent bulbs that gives 16 • T5 LED – efficacy – 150 lumens/watt;
lumens/watt with the same amount of visible expected lamp life 50000 hrs
light
(2) More efficient lighting sources give off more light for the same amount of electric power
Higher lighting efficiency means more energy saving and is a power-saving performance

Efficacy comparison of light sources for general lighting.
Standard Incandescent
Tungsten Halogen
Halogen Infrared Reflecting
Mercury Vapor
Compact Fluorescent (5 - 26 watts)
Compact Fluorescent (27 - 55 watts)
Linear Fluorescent
Metal Halide
Compact Metal Halide
High Pressure Sodium
LED (Red, Orange, Green, Blue, and White)
Sunlight, inside glass
Daylight, inside glass
Lamp plus ballast-initial lumens/Watt


METHOD 2: COLOUR RENDITION
Color rendition is the term used to describe the degree to which

an object or surface color (walls, ceiling, furniture, workpiece)
seems "normal" when viewed under artificial light.

• Colour Rendering Index (CRI) is a measurement of the ability of colour
renditions. It is rated on a scale from 1-100. The lower the CRI rating, the less
accurate colours will be reproduced.
• Color rendering indexs of 70 and above are generally considered good, while CRI
values of 20 and below are considered poor.
• An object can appear different colours under different lights. If the products that
your business sells require accurate colour rendering, selecting the right light
source will be an important consideration.
• For normal lighting projects, the outdoor CRI range is RA70 to RA80, while the
indoor CRI is RA85 to RA90. But for special places, such as showrooms, printing
workshops, or any places that require high color renditions, the CRI index can
reach RA95 to RA98 or higher.



Colour rendering groups
Colour Rendering Application
Colour Rendering Index Application (preferred)
Group (acceptable)
Colour matching, clinical
1A Ra ≥ 90 -
examinations, picture galleries
Houses, restaurants, shops,
1B 80 ≤ Ra < 90 offices, schools, demanding -
industrial work
2 60 ≤ Ra < 80 Industrial buildings Offices. Schools
3 40 ≤ Ra < 60 Rough industries Industrial buildings
4 20 ≤ Ra < 40 - Rough industries

METHOD 3: COLOUR TEMPERATURE
• Color temperature is a measure of

how warm or cold the light
emitted by the lamp is. The way to
measure light is through the Kelvin
Temperature scale. • Incandescent and warm-white fluorescent
lamps have a low color temperature.
• Lamps with low color
temperatures (3000 K and below) • Lamps with high color temperatures (3500
emit warm white light that appears K and above) emit cool white light that
yellowish or reddish in color. appears bluish in color. Cool-white
fluorescent lamps have a high color
temperature.



Relation of colour appearance to colour temperature
Correlated Colour
Colour Appearance Application
Temperature
Warm Less than 3300K Residential area
Intermediate 3300K to 5300K Working interiors
High lighting level such as colour
Cool More than 5300K
matching or colour grading

METHOD 4: SOURCE SIZE
• “Lumen depreciation” refers to the

loss of the original light output of the
lamp or fixture that occurs over
time.
• L70 report that rates the LED high

bay lamp or fixture at 50,000 hours
is predicting that the LED product
will maintain 70% of its original light
output for at least 50,000 hours.

METHOD 5: LIGHT OUTPUT
Light output is an informal term for The formal term for measurements of
how much light a fixture produces, and delivered light is illuminance.
how the fixture emits and distributes Illuminance is the quantity of light or
that light (Lumen output). luminous flux falling on a surface. It is
measured in lumen per meter square, or
Instead of lumen output, the best and lux.
most relevant measurement for
evaluating lighting fixtures and for If the area is measured in square feet, the
making accurate comparisons with unit of illuminance is footcandles (fc).
conventional lighting fixtures is 1 fc = 10 lx
delivered light.

METHOD 6: EXPECTED LAMP’s LIFETIME
Expected life span
Characteristic Incandescent Halogen Cfl Lfl Mercury vapour High pressure Metal halide Led lamp Led luminaire
typical typical Typical Typical typical quantity Sodium typical typical typical
quantity quantity quantity quantity quantity quantity quantity quantity
Lamp 1,000 2,000 6,000 15,000 20,000 20,000 10,000 15,000 20,000
Lifetime (Hr) - - – – – – – –
1,500 3,000 15,000 30,000 24,000 20,000 30,000 60,000



4.2.2 Lightings Comparison
30
LIGHTINGS COMPARISON…[1]
Incandescent Tubular Compact High-intensity Discharge LED

fluorescent fluorescent
Capital cost Cheap Low-medium Medium Med-high Med-high
Operating cost High Low Low Low-very low Very low
Wattage 15-2000 8-125 9-36 35-3500
Efficacy (lumen/W) 10-20 70 60 60-150 50-200
Life (hours) 1000 5000-7000 8000 4000-24000 50,000
Lumen depreciation 15% 15-20% 15-30% 10-40%
Color rendition Good Good Fair-good Poor-very good Very good
Starting response Instant Slight delay Slight delay Poor-very good instant
Mounting height Up to 3m Up to 6 m Up to 3 m 6-30m 6-30m
Application Low light levels or Industrial &commercial Industrial All exterior lighting, road Indoor and outdoor
decorative lighting premises, domestic &commercial lighting, decorative interior
such as displays premises, domestic with high mounting heights

CHARACTERISTIC INCANDESCENT HALOGEN CFL LFL MERCURY HIGH PRESSURE METAL HALIDE LED LAMP LED LUMINAIRE
TYPICAL TYPICAL TYPICAL TYPICAL VAPOUR TYPICAL SODIUM TYPICAL TYPICAL TYPICAL
QUANTITY QUANTITY QUANTITY QUANTITY QUANTITY QUANTITY QUANTITY QUANTITY QUANTITY
LUMINOUS
EFFICACY 8-17 11-21 50 – 70 80 - 110 45 – 55 105-125 80-100 lm/W 60 – 130 80 – 150
RANGE lm/W lm/W lm/W lm/W lm/W lm/W lm/W lm/W
LAMP 1,000-1,500 hr 2,000-3,000 hr 6,000 – 15,000 15,000 – 20,000 hr 20,000 –24,000 10,000 –20,000 15,000 – 20,000 –
LIFETIME hr 30,000 hr hr hr 30,000 hr 60,000 hr
COLOUR
RENDERING
INDEX (RA) 100 100 70 – 85 60 – 95 15 – 50 25 65-85 70 – 95 80 – 95
CORRELATED
COLOUR 2,600-2,800 K 2,800-3,200 K 2,500 – 6,500 K 2,700 – 6,500 K
TEMPERATURE 3,900 – 5,700 K 2,000 – 2,100 K 4,000 – 5,000 K 2,700 – 6,500 K 2,700 – 6,500 K
DIMMABLE? If dimmable If dimmable If dimmable If dimmable If dimmable If dimmable If dimmable
Yes Yes ballast ballast ballast ballast ballast driver driver

Lamp Type Incandescent Fluorescent High-intensity Discharge LED

• Low purchase price; • Low running costs; • Low running costs;•High efficacy • Highest efficacy light sources
• High efficacy; for high pressure sodium and metal available;
• Highest colour rendering;
• Long operating life; halide lamps; • Lowest running costs;
ADVANTAGES • No control gear needed; • Very good to • Long operating life – typically • Very long operating life – typically
• Easily dimmed; excellent colour 20,000 hours; more than 20,000 hours;
rendering. • Range of colour rendering, with • Can offer excellent colour rendering;
• Universal operating metal halide able to achieve • Instant on, instant re-strike,
position. excellent colour. dimmable;
• Contains no mercury.
• Low efficacy (lots of • Control gear • Control gear (ballast) required for • Control gear (driver) required for
wasted electricity); (ballast) required operation; operation;
• Short lifetime, typically for operation; • Re-strike after operation can take • Higher relative first costs (but
1,000 hours incandescent • Frequent switching time; competition is driving prices down);
DISADVANTAGES 3,000 hours halogen; can shorten life; • Can be several minutes to reach full • Needs good thermal design because
• High operating costs (i.e. • Dimming requires brightness; waste heat is conducted, not
electricity use); special ballast; • Frequent switching can shorten life; projected.
• High operating • Contains mercury. • Dimming requires special ballast;
temperature. • Contains mercury.

Why BETTER than
Traditional Lighting Solutions?
34
15 Reasons Why LEDs better than Conventional
Lighting Solutions
1 2 3
LED Energy Efficiency: LEDs Have Great Color Rendering
Index (CRI): LEDs Operate Well in
• LEDs generally consume very Cold and Hot Temperatures:
low amounts of power. • CRI is a measurement of a light’s
• Some retrofit project result in ability to reveal the actual color of • LEDs work well in a wide
a 60-75% improvement in the objects as compared to an ideal range of operating
overall energy efficiency of the light source (natural light). temperatures without
facility’s lighting. significant degradation.
• Depending on the existing • A direct comparison between LED
lights and the particular LEDs lighting (with a high CRI) and a
installed, the savings could be traditional lighting solution like
more than 90%. sodium vapor lamps (which
generally have poor CRI ratings.

Lighting Solutions
4 5 6
Correlated Color Temperature LED Light Lifespan: LED Lights are Physically Small:
(CCT): • The average LED lasts 50,000
operating hours to 100,000 • The actual LED device is
• LEDs are available in a wide range operating hours or more. extremely small.
of correlated color temperature • That is 2-4 times as long as most • Small power devices can be
(CCT) values. fluorescent, metal halide, and even less than a tenth of a single
sodium vapor lights. mm2 while larger power
• It is more than 40 times as long as devices can still be as small as
the average incandescent bulb. a mm2.
• Lower maintenance costs in terms of • Small size makes LEDs
labor and lower costs for incredibly adaptable to an
replacement parts (because the infinite number of lighting
bulbs simply do not fail for a long applications.
time).
Lighting Solutions
7 8 9
LED Dimming Capability: LEDs Generate Directional Emissions: LEDs Provide Instantaneous
• LED technology emits light for only Turn On and Do Not Have Issues
• LEDs are able to operate at virtually 180 degrees. Every other type of with Frequent Switching:
any percentage of their rated power light emits light 360 degrees around
(0 to 100%). Operating LEDs at less the source. • LEDs turn on and off
than full power is that they get • 360 degree emissions necessitate instantaneously.
more efficient as the power is accessory devices to reflect and/or • is no warm-up period like in
reduced. This also increases the redirect the light. the case of metal halide
total lifespan of the light itself. • This drives up the costs for the lamps. Additionally, frequent
• Both of those advantages are system in general and inevitably switching doesn’t cause
absent with technologies like metal results in losses meaning that the degradation in the device.
halides that actually get less device is necessarily less efficient
efficient at lower power and in than it otherwise would be.
many cases cannot be dimmed at all
Lighting Solutions
10 11 12
LED Lights are Environmentally Improved Safety with LEDs: LEDs Operate on Very Low
Safe: • The number one hazard when it comes to Voltage:
lighting is the emission of heat. LEDs emit
• LEDs do not have the almost no forward heat while traditional bulbs • In many cases LEDs
environmental issues common like incandescent converts more than 90% of the operate on very low
to traditional lighting solutions total energy used to power them directly into voltages.
heat. • This makes them
• That means only 10% of the energy powering suitable for use
incandescent lights is actually used for light. in outdoor lighting
• Additionally, because LEDs consume less power applications
they can operate effectively on low-voltage
electrical systems.

Lighting Solutions
13 14 15
LEDs Produce Virtually Zero LEDs are Solid State Lights (SSLs): LEDs Have Tremendous Design
UV Emissions: Flexibility:
• LEDs are solid state lights. This means that
• LEDs emit the vast majority the traditional glass bulb surrounding the • Because LEDs are so small
of their energy in the light is entirely unnecessary. they can be used in virtually
visible spectrum, a small • The typically small mass of a solid-state any application you can think
amount in the infrared electronic lighting device provides for of.
spectrum, and virtually greater resistance to shock and vibration
none in the ultraviolet compared to brittle glass tubes/bulbs and
portion of the spectrum. long, thin filament wires.
• They also eliminate filament evaporation,
potentially increasing the life span of the
illumination device.

Common Applications of
LED & Conventional Lightings
40
Where lightings mostly mounted?
Shop lights are ideal for indoor and outdoor

applications. Because of their mounting
versatility and thin profile, they can be found in
parking garages, restaurants, warehouses,
walkways, tunnel lighting, advertisement, and
factory lighting.
LED Wattage Fluorescent Wattage

8W 17W
10W 25W
12W 27W
15W 32W
31W 70W
Comparison among 3 most common lightings..[1]
Details Incandescent CFL LED
Watts used 60W 14W 7W
Average cost per bulb $1 $2 $4 or less
Average lifespan 1,200 hours 8,000 hours 25,000 hours
Bulbs needed for 25,000 hours 21 3 1

Total purchase price of bulbs
$21 $6 $4
over 20 years
Cost of electricity (25,000 hours at
$169 $52 $30
$0.15 per kWh)
Total estimated cost over 20 years $211 $54 $34
42
Comparison among 3 most common lightings..[2]
Lumens (Brightness) Incandescent CFL LED
400 – 500 40W 8 – 12W 6 – 7W
650 – 850 60W 13 – 18W 7 – 10W
1000 – 1400 75W 18 – 22W 12 – 13W
1450-1700+ 100W 23 – 30W 14 – 20W
2700+ 150W 30 – 55W 25 – 28W

43
4.2.3 Cost Effective Lightings
44
Design Cost Effective
Lighting?
“One of the important requirements in an energy and cost effective lighting design is
to provide lighting without reducing standards”
45
Criteria that to be looked into….
Select Correct Level Choose Energy- Use Daylighting

of Illuminance Efficient Ballasts Optimally
1 2 3 4 5
Choose most Check Luminaires

Efficient Lamps characteristic

46
 In Malaysia, the recommended illuminance levels
have been specified by Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) –
Refer to JKR EE guidelines for CKE design,
MS1525:2014
(Criteria 1)
Select Correct
Level of
Illuminance
 However, different countries, or even society may
have different lighting standards
Refer to Table 13 in JKR EE guidelines for MS1525:2014
(Criteria 1)
Select Correct
Level of
Illuminance

Refer to Table 13 in JKR EE guidelines for
MS1525:2014
(Criteria 1)
Select Correct
Level of
Illuminance

Refer to Table 13 in JKR EE guidelines for MS1525:2014
(Criteria 1)
Select Correct
Level of
Illuminance

 Although potentially incurring a higher capital expense
than the previous options, selecting high efficiency
luminaires can reduce energy bills substantially.
(Criteria 2)  Lamp efficacy depends on many factors including
ballast, age, and temperature.
Choose most
Efficient Lamps The efficacy of various light sources
Light Source Efficacy (mean lumens per watt)
Incandescent 11-22
Tungsten halogen 20-25
Mercury 32-48
Fluorescent 40-82
Metal halide 52-93
High pressure sodium 44-116
Low pressure sodium 90-152
LED 10-120
(Criteria 2)
Choose most
Efficient Lamps
Light Quartz Fluorescent Compact Mercury Metal High
LED
Globes Halogen Tube Fluorescent Vapour Halide Pressure
Moderate Moderate
Installation cost Low Low Low Low Moderate Low
to High to High
Efficacy* (Lumens/ Low Low Moderate Moderate Low High High High
Watt) (8-17) (20-30) to High(60-100) to High(40-65) to High(15-70) (60-100) (60-120) (40-200)
Normal Wattage up to up to
8-120 W 7-20 W 40-10,000 W 70-200 W 35-1,000W 2-350 W
Range 1,500 W 1,000 W
Moderate Moderate High to Moderate

Running Cost Highest Highest Low Low
to Low to Low Moderate to Low
Shortest Short Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Long

Long
Lamp Life (Hours) (less than (2,000- (6,000- (6,000- to long (8,000- (14,000-
(50000)
1,000) 3,000) 8,000) 8,000) (6,000-24,000) 10,000) 24,000)

(Criteria 2)
Choose most
Efficient Lamps
Light Quartz Fluorescent Compact Mercury Metal High
LED
Globes Halogen Tube Fluorescent Vapour Halide Pressure
Replacement
Low Medium Low Medium Low High High Low
Costs
Colour Excellent Excellent Medium to Medium to Poor Medium to Poor Good
Rendering (100) (100) Good(50-98) Good(50-80) (15-50) Good (60-90) (17-25) (80-90)
Small reflector
Exterior
lamps can be To replace
Areas where lighting, and
used for spot light globes in Lobby LED lights are
lighting is on lighting in Exterior
Areas where lighting suitable lighting, ideal for
for long factories and lighting,
lighting is on for displays. fittings. lighting in numerous
periods, and warehouses Continuous
short High wattage Uplighting offices and applications
Best ceiling height Where colour security
periods. linear lamps and lighting Shops including night
Applications is below 5 rendering is not lighting, and
Task lighting can be used small rooms where lighting, art
metres. important. lighting in
for rotating for security in areas ceiling height is lighting, and
Exterior High pressure factories and
machinery, lighting if where lights greater than outdoor
lighting for sodium is Warehouses
controlled by a are on for 4 metres. lighting.
small areas usually a
movement long periods.
better choice.
sensor
 Ballasts are used in fluorescent and high intensity discharge
(HID) light sources to limit the current through the lamps
and to provide starting voltages for these lights.
 Replacing standard magnetic fluorescent ballasts with more

energy efficient ballasts can save both energy and money.
Ballasts consume as much as 20% of the power of the
lighting system. Therefore, improvements in ballasts can
(Criteria 3) have a significant impact on overall energy consumption.
Choose Energy-  The ideal replacement for any magnetic ballast is the
Efficient Ballasts electronic ballast. Electronic ballasts are considerably more
efficient than magnetic ballasts and produce much less heat.
This reduced heat can further save money by reducing the
load on the air conditioning equipment.

 The IES Lighting Handbook and the 2014 National
Electrical Code, Article 100, define a Luminaire as, "a
complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps
together with the parts designed to distribute the light,
to position and protect the lamps, and to connect the
(Criteria 4) lamps to the power supply.“
 The output characteristics of luminaires describe the
Check Luminaires way in which a lighting fixture performs its main
function, that of distributing luminous flux (light output
characteristic of a source) emitted from the lamp in a space.
 Selecting the best luminaire depends on the
characteristics of the room, mounting height, type of
work to be done and maintenance procedure.
55
 Try to maximize the daylighting possibilities
through rooftop, wall, window and etc.
(Criteria 5)
Use Daylighting
Optimally
56
 Equation to calculate Illumination:
Illumination (I) = Ll Cu LLF/Al Eq (4.1)
Where
I = illumination (lux, lumens/m²)
(Criteria 5) Ll = lumens per lamp (lumen)
Cu = coefficient of utilization: ratio light leaving the
Use Daylighting fixture to the light produced by the lamps
LLF = light loss factor
Optimally Al = area per lamp (m²)
57 Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin

EXAMPLE 1
10 incandescent lamps of 500W (10600

lumens/lamp) are used in an area of 50m². With Cu =
0.6 and LLF = 0.8. Calculate the illumination for this
lamps.
Answer:
(Criteria 5)
Illumination (I) = Ll Cu LLF/Al
= 10*(10600)*(0.6)*(0.8) /(50m²)
Use Daylighting = 1018 lux
Optimally
58 Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin

EXERCISE 1
Given a lighting system for a building has 20 luminaires. Each luminaires has 2 fluorescent
lamps Each lamp has a light output of 2000 lumens. The Cu and LLF (DF – depreciation
factor) are 0.45 and 0.9 respectively (from manufacturer).
Find the total light output from the lighting system.

EXERCISE 2
It is proposed to illuminate an electronic workshop of dimensions 9 x 8 x3 m to an
illuminance of 550 lx at the bench level. The specification calls for luminaires having
one 1500 mm 65 W fluorescent natural tube with an initial output of 3700 lumens.
Determine the number of luminaires required for this installation when the Cu and LLF
are 0.9 and 0.8, respectively. Find the number of luminaire required (N).

Commissioning & Maintenance
Impacts to Cost Effective Lighting
System
61
Commissioning & Maintenance Impacts to
Cost Effective Lighting System
 Commissioning and Maintenance plays important role in

maximising energy savings.
 Commissioning is necessary because lighting system (particularly

lighting control ) do not perform as designed.
 Maintenance is essential for maximising the efficient

performance of the lighting fixtures.
 Frequent cleaning not only makes the lighting system look better
but increase efficiency of the lighting system.

62
About Luminaire maintenance.
 Cleaning the surfaces of luminaire can be important.

 Presence of dirt on a luminaire can significantly reduce light
output.
 Very clean environment (high quality offices, clean room)
luminaire dirt – reduce light output over a period of 3 years by
10-20%.
 Moderately dirty environment (mill offices, paper processing)
reduce 45% in 3 years.
 Dirty environment reduce light output – 50% < 2 years.

63
Maintenance on reflective surface.
 Dirt accumulating on reflective surface can decrease the

amount of reflected light substantially
 Repainting dark colored walls and ceilings with light colors

adds substantially to the effective light within rooms and
the overall efficiency of the lighting system

64
The maintenance procedure used to counter lumen depreciation is by

performing “relamping”. There are 2 types of relamping:
 (i) Group relamping

- Replacing all lamps in an area or building simultaneously rather
than as each lamp burns out is another strategy for maintaining
high-efficiency lighting systems and often saves time and money
as well.
 (ii) Spot relamping

- Lamp can be replaced as they burnt out.

65
The choice of method depends on cost:
 For spot replacement; C=L+S Eq (4.2)
 For group delamping (using selected lamps as interim replacement),

C = [L + G + (B x S)]/I Eq (4.3)
 For group delamping (with no interim replacement),

C = (L + G)/I Eq (4.4)
Where
C = total replacement cost per lamp
L = net price per lamp
S = spot replacement labor cost per lamp
G = group replacement labor cost per lamp
B = percent of burnouts at end of group relamping interval (from mortality curve)
I = group relamping interval in percent of average lamp life 66
EXAMPLE 2
An office building contains a number of smaller rooms (37 m²) which each has four two
lamp fluorescent fixtures.
Every time a janitor changes the lamps in the room, he must bring a ladder into the room
and need to clear away all furniture before doing the maintenance work. Time taken to
replace a lamp is 15 mins. Meanwhile to replace all lamps, he needs 25 mins. To remove
the existing lamp, clean the luminaires and insert a new lamp, he took 5 mins/lamp.
If one lamp’s cost is $ 0.80, the average lamp life is 4000 h, the labor cost is $10.00/h, the
working hours per day is 8h, and the working day is 5 days per week or approx. 2000
h/year, calculate the actual cost for a lamp. For this scenario as well, give comments
whether group relamping is preferable to spot relamping or what is the best interval for
the relamping.

67
Commissioning & Maintenance Impacts to EXAMPLE 2
Answer:
L = $0.80/lamp
S = 20/60 x $10.00 = $3.33
G = 30/60 x 1/8 x $10.00 = $0.63
If lamp is replaced interval of 6 months: 1000 working hrs

I = 1000/4000 = 0.25
Eq (4.2) and Eq (4.3) yields $4.13 and $5.72/lamp for spot and group relamping respectively.
If interval 1 yr; I = 0.5
Eq (4.2) and Eq (4.4) yields $4.13 and $2.86/lamp for spot and group relamping respectively.
If group relamping is performed every yr and is supplemented by interim of failed lamps, the cost per lamp
from Eq (4.3) is ($0.80 +$0.63 + 0.5 x $ 3.33)/I or $3.10/lamp
4.2.4 Energy Saving Opportunities
through Lighting Management
69
Energy Saving Opportunities through Lighting
Energy Saving Strategy Relative Saving Potential

1 Improvement in lamp technology 10% (T12 to T8) 40% (T12 to T5)
2 Improvement in ballast technology 4–8%
3 Improvement in luminaries technology 40%
4 Use of task/ambient lighting 22–25%
5 Improvement in maintenance factor 5%
6 Reduction of maintained illuminance levels 20% (500 to 400lx)
7 Reduction of total switch-on time 6%
8 Use of manual dimming 7–25%
9 Use of switch-off occupancy sensors 20–35%
10 Use of daylight dimming 25–60%

 Energy manager who is looking into the lighting energy

management should ask himself the following three questions:
1) How much light is needed?

2) How must the light be controlled?
3) How can lighting be provided most efficiently?
 When examining an existing system, the answers to these

questions can be used to reduce lighting cost and improve lighting
efficiency.

 Lighting improvements provide cost savings in:
1) Reduced energy use and maximum demand

2) Reduced heat production, consequently decrease
the air-conditioning and ventilation needs
3) Lower life cycle lamp costs
4) Reduced need for maintenance
5) Increased productivity
6) Increased safety

 To locate the lighting energy management opportunities, the

energy manager should:
1) Identify the characteristics of the visual tasks, and determine

the contrast of the work to the surrounding surfaces.
2) Look for the potential to use daylighting levels.
3) Determine the appropriate lighting levels and the quantity of
lighting needed.
4) Select alternative lighting systems to meet the needs, and
analyse the cost effectiveness of each alternative.
5) Select the best alternatives to implement.

Continue here…
Attendance on Wednesday 21.12.2022.
74
Example approaches on
Lighting Management …
75
Example approaches on Lighting Management …
01 Switch off all lights or minimize it when not in used
Performing Delamping/Relamping 02
03 Use Reflector
Performing Retrofitting 04
Performing Delamping/Relamping 02
 Significant energy savings can be achieved through modifications
to the existing lighting system either through reduction in the
total number of active fixtures or by replacing present lamps with
more efficient ones.
 Lamp replacement ranges from changing simple bulb to

complete replacement of the existing system.
 In most plans, the final program will likely to incorporate a variety

of elements, resulting in a program somewhere between the two
extremes.
03 Use Reflector
 Reflector lamp means a lamp that

has a reflective coating applied
directly to part of the bulb surface
and that reflects light in a forward
direction away from the lamp base.
 Function of reflector is to alter the

beam of light.
78
03 Use Reflector
 The most common scenario of

using a reflector is to place it on the
opposite side of the subject,
relative to the light source.
 For example, if the light comes from
the left, the reflector should be on An aluminum-coated reflector on a
the right. If the light comes from in lathe-processed aluminum substrate
front of the subject, the reflector produces a simple paraboloid for
should be behind it. flashlight applications with a specular
surface.
79
(Performing Delamping)
EXAMPLE 3
What is the rationale judgment on replacing T8 (36 W) Lamp to LED Type
Lamp (20 W)? How annual energy savings can be estimated? Assuming
30,000 unit of bulbs are involved.

What is the rationale judgement on replacing T8 (36 W) Lamp to LED Type Lamp (20 W)?
How annual energy savings can be estimated?
Answer for EXAMPLE 3
The idea is to replace the existing 30,0000 units of T8 FL 1200 mm fluorescent lamp with
energy efficient lamps of T8 LED 1200 mm fluorescent lamp. Replacing the existing lighting
lamps that operates for 24 hours will reduce the power and also the energy consumption for
lighting. The potential energy reduction by replacing to new energy efficient lamps is as shown
below.
No Item Amount
1 Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/year) 9,460,800
2 Annual Energy Cost (RM/year) 3,301,992
3 Annual Energy Saving (kWh/year) 4,204,800
4 Annual Energy Cost Saving (RM/year) = a 1,467,552
5 CO2 Saving (ton CO2/year) 2918.13
6 Investment (RM) = b 510,000
7 Payback Period (year) = b/a 0.35
EXAMPLE 4
What is the rationale judgment on replacing T8 (36 W) Lamp to LED Type
Lamp (16 W)? How annual energy savings can be estimated?

What is the rationale judgment on replacing T8 (36 W) Lamp to LED Type Lamp (16 W)? How annual
energy savings can be estimated?
Answer for EXAMPLE 4
The idea is to replace the existing 30,0000 units of T8 FL 1200 mm fluorescent lamp with energy
efficient lamps of LED FL 1200 mm fluorescent lamp. Replacing the existing lighting lamps that
operates for 24 hours will reduce the power and also the energy consumption for lighting. The
potential annual energy saving by replacing to new energy efficient lamps is as shown below.
No Item Amount
1 Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/year) 9,460,800
2 Annual Energy Cost (RM/year) 3,301,992
3 Annual Energy Saving (kWh/year) 5,256,000
4 Annual Energy Cost Saving (RM/year) = a 1,834,440
5 CO2 Saving (ton CO2/year) 3647.66
6 Investment (RM) = b 330,000
7 Payback Period (year) = b/a 0.18
 Return of Investment (ROI) is represented as a ratio of the expected financial

gains (benefits) of a project divided by its total costs.
 Payback period (PB) is a method to determine the point in time at which the
initial investment is paid off. It can be calculated by dividing the initial
investment with annual cashflow.

CASE STUDY
85
CASE STUDY on Lighting Management …[1]
Location:
CEES
office/research
lab, UTM
72 fluorescent
10 hours of Lighting tube, 3 tube
operation Management per fitting
36 W, ballast
10 W

 CASE 1: Cost comparison (CEES Management Office)
=x
=y
(x-y)* months =

 CASE 2: Advanced Power Laboratory, P07, FKE UTM

 CASE 2: Cost comparison (Advanced Power Laboratory, P07, FKE UTM):

Lighting system Monthly bill (RM) Montly Saving/investment
Existing system (138 T8) 474 = x -
EE practice(102 T8 off) 350 124)
Delamping (92 T8) 316 158
Retrofitting(92 T5) 151 323/2484***
Reflector (92 T5) 151 = y 323/3036
Annual Energy Cost Savings ( 8 hrs@12 = (x-y)* months = (474-151)x12

month) compared to existing system*** = RM 3876 per year
Payback period= Payback period= 0.64 year

 CASE 3: Research/Teaching Laboratory, FKE UTM

 T5 Fluorescent Lamp (3270 unit)  Annual Savings From Changing A T8 to T5 fluorescent Lamp
Input power = 0.022 kW Power Savings Per Lamp (kW)

= (0.046 – 0.022) kW x RM 23.93 per kW(maximum demand) x 12 months
Energy Usage (kWh) = 0.024 x RM 23.93 per kW (maximum demand) x 12 months
= 0.022 kW x 10 hrs x 300 days = RM 6.90
= 66 kWh/yr
Energy Savings Per Lamp (kWh)
= (138 – 66 ) kW/yr x RM 0.288 cents/kWh = RM 20.74
 T8 Fluorescent Lamp (3270 unit)
 Annual Savings From Changing 3270 T5 Fluorescent Lamps
Input power = 0.046 kW
Grand Total Savings (RM) From
Annual Power Savings (kW) Changing 3270 T5 Fluorescent
Energy Usage (kWh) = RM 6.90 x 3270 lamps = RM 22,563 Lamps
= 0.046 kW x 10 hrs x 300 days Annual Energy Savings (kWh/yr) = RM 22,563 + RM 67820
= RM 20.74 x 3270 lamps = RM 67,820 = RM 90,383 per year
= 138 kWh/yr
 CASE 3: Research/Teaching Laboratory, FKE UTM
 ROI is represented as a ratio of the expected financial gains

(benefits) of a project divided by its total costs.
T5 Lamps
Cost of T5 lamp (22 Watts) = RM 25 per piece
Total Cost for 3270 T5 fluorescent lamp in RM = RM 25 per set x 3270
= RM 81750
 What is Payback period?

Payback Period = Total Cost of T5 lamps = RM 81750 = 0.90 years
Savings in RM Per Annum RM 90383

 Cost comparison (Research/ Teaching Labs, FKE UTM):
Lighting system Monthly bill (RM) Monthly Saving/investment

Existing system (3270 T8) 11224 = x
Delamping(2180 T8) 7483 3741
Delamping/Reflector (2180 T8) 7483 3741/17440
Reflector (2180 T5) 3579 = y 7645/71940***
Annual Energy Cost Savings ( 8 hrs@12 = (x-y)* months = (11224-3579)x12

month) compared to existing system*** = RM 91740 per year NOTATION!!
Payback period Payback period= 0.78 year

Maximizing the
Day Lighting
93
Maximizing the Daylighting
Providing daylight is While the most Offers a broad

fundamental for an valuable asset of range of
office environment, daylight is its free technologies that
as it makes a key availability, the most provide glare-free
contribution to an difficult aspect is its balanced light,
energy-efficient and controllability, as sufficient lighting
eco-friendly office daylight changes levels, and good
environment during the course of visual comfort
the day
94
 To achieve reduced cooling, the following criteria must be

met:
1) High-performance glazing is used to meet lighting design

criteria and block solar radiation
2) Electric lights are automatically dimmed or turned off
through the use of photo-sensors
3) Effective shading devices, sized to minimize solar
radiation during peak cooling times, are used
95
 A photoelectric sensor is a device that

detects a change in light intensity. Typically,
this means either non-detection or
detection of the sensor’s emitted light
source.
 The type of light and method by which the

target is detected varies depending on the
sensor. So, photoelectric Sensors can be
used in many different ways and industries.
 For example, they can be used to detect

objects or the orientation of an object on a
production line, they can be used to count,
and they can also be used to stop an
automatic closing door.
96
• Daylight harvesting, also called daylighting control or automatic daylight dimming or

switching, uses a ceiling-, wall- or fixture-mounted light sensor to measure the amount
of illumination at the task surface in the space or at the daylight aperture, then signals a
switch or dimming ballast to adjust light output from the electric lighting system to
maintain the desired level of illumination.
• An effective daylight harvesting control system saves energy while being virtually
unnoticed by occupants.
97
Lighting Automation
98
Lighting Automation
 The light that uses the least power is
the light that is switched off.
 Automation systems can
supplement process changes to
make sure that lights are switched
off when they are no longer
required.
 Automated lighting systems use a
central wireless router to control
special light switches so you can
program all your lighting inside and
outside your home with settings for
time of day, location, and various
scenes to fit any occasion.
99
Lighting Automation
Switching Control
Dimmers Time clocks

How to
Examples implement?
Intelligent Building Occupancy sensors/
Automation Systems motion detector
Photocells/
photoelectric sensors
100
Lighting Automation
Reliable and economical device
It can save energy and reduce

Time operating costs by automatically
shutting off lighting and other
clocks electrical equipment when not
needed
Basic function of a time clock

is to turn electrical
equipment on and off at
101 preset times
Lighting Automation …Example 4 Occupancy Sensor
• Called motion detectors, save energy and reduce operating costs
by automatically turning off lighting in unoccupied areas.
• Will be economical in a specific situation depends on the amount
of time the room is occupied and the amount of power needed to
light the room.
• Warehouses and storage areas, conference rooms, lunchrooms,

classrooms, and offices occupied briefly or periodically
• Two types of occupancy sensors are commonly used, infrared and
ultrasonic.
• Infrared sensors detect slight changes in temperature.

• Ultrasonic sensors detect motion by emitting inaudible high-
frequency sound waves and monitoring their Echoes.
102
Lighting Automation …Example 4 Sensor-photo cell
Simply turn interior or exterior lighting on and off depending on the

amount of daylight present
During installation, the photocell is adjusted to shut off lamps when

there is adequate daylight to illuminate the area and turn the lamp
back on when the amount of daylight falls below a predetermined
level.
However, photocell switching doesn't result in a constant level of

illumination, and abruptly fuming lamps on or off is distracting to
many people.
103
Lighting Automation Example 1 Toilet Occupancy Sensor
104
Lighting Automation …Example 1 Toilet Occupancy Sensor
105
Lighting Automation …Example 2 Corridor
106
Lighting Automation …Example 3 Lecture room path-
Occupancy sensors
107
Lighting Automation …Example 4 Corridor path-photo cell
108
CASE STUDY
109
CASE STUDY on Lighting Automation …[1]
 Case 1: Energy Efficient Lighting Retrofit
 An energy saving project is done in UTM through the energy efficient

lighting retrofitting. The objective of this project is to reduce the energy
consumption on lightings by up to 50%. This project was conducted by
installing T5 fluorescent lamp in place of T8 in order to reduce the energy
consumption for the lighting system on campus. T5 fluorescent lamp is
capable of producing the same illuminance at low power compared to T8
fluorescent lamp. Table below shows the difference between T5 and T8
fluorescent lamps installed in UTM.

Comparison between T5 and T8 lamps
Lamp Parameter T5 T8
Cost per lamp RM 27.00 (retrofit rate) RM 50.20 (retrofit rate)
Life Span (Hour) 20,000 (~ 5 years) 15,000 (~ 3.5 years)
Size 15.9 mm diameter 25.4 mm diameter
Power [typical power] 5W – 54W [20W] 17W – 42W [40W]
 As of December 2012 with a total of 56,203 lamps installed.
 The assumption made are: 12-hour of usage per day, 0.02 kW power of lamp,
30 days usage per month, and RM 0.312 per kWh

 The estimated annual total energy saving will be 2,230,135 kWh or equivalent to RM
1,045,160.
 This will also result in the reduction of the carbon foot print of 1,516 tonnes per year.
Installed Energy Efficient Lamp as of December 2012
Installed Area Total of T5 Installed Energy Saving [kWh] Cost Saving [RM]
Academic Blocks 20,113 798,084 374,025

Faculties Blocks 28,662 1,137,308 533,003
Library and Data Centres 4,931 195,662 91,698
Other Offices 2,497 99,081 46,435
Total 56,203 2, 230, 135 1, 045, 160

Energy Savings on Street
Lighting 113
News… LED application on Street Lighting

Street Lighting
115
Street Lighting - Street Lighting (3776 unit – RM71K)
HPS 150W LED
Power usage 210W 58.7W
Hour usage 12 hours 12 hours
Energy usage 2520Wh (2.520kWh) 704.4Wh(0.7044kWh)
0.345/0.164
Tariff rate/kWh for C3/G 0.345/0.164
(Lighting)/(street lighting)
Daily cost 0.87/0.41 cents 0.24/0.12 cents
Monthly cost RM26.10/12.30 RM7.20/3.60

= RM18.90/8.70
% Monthly Saving
(72%)
116
4.2.5 Lighting Audit
117
Audit Lighting
System?
118
How to Audit Lighting System?
 Step 1: Collect data to describe both the present lighting system and the needs
of the present facility.
 Step 2: Survey of possible improvements to the system and implementation of

 the most promising.
 Step 3: Periodic monitoring to assure its continued efficiency.
 Step 4: Examining the present lighting system:

1. To make recommendations to improve lighting system efficiency, it is
necessary to know the present system
2. Identify type, wattage and location.
3. Amount of lumen depreciation, luminaries dirt and reflective surface
dirt level have all been assessed.
How to Audit Lighting System?
 Step 5: Finding and implementing improvements. Use

the survey information to search for possible
improvements.
 Step 6: 3 categories should be considered to start with;

1. Delamping
2. Changing the control system
3. Improved maintenance

CASE STUDY
121
CASE STUDY
Lighting Retrofit Potential for BCSI
• To retrofit the existing following lamps:

1. T8 FL 1200mm & 600mm ---> T8 LED tube
2. T5 FL 1200mm & 600mm ---> T8 LED tube

CASE STUDY
Audit result
Type Existing Wattage No. of Lamp
T8 FL 1200mm 36W 831

T8 FL 600mm 18W 110
T5 FL 1200mm 25W 1268
T5 FL 600mm 16W 29

CASE STUDY
Proposed Lamp
Lamps lifetime = 5 years 8months
(10 hours/day)

CASE STUDY
Calculate the estimated annual energy and bill saving. Payback

period of an investment.
• Use Tariff: C3
(Peak -RM0.345/kWh; MD charge –RM29.2/kW)
Assume the lights ‘on’ 10 hours a day, 22 days a month.

CASE STUDY
Action Plan
 Energy saving of from 3 to 15% can be realized by adopting best management
practices.
 Turn off office equipment:
o Turn off office equipment and appliances and invoke energy saving features. Computers, monitors, copiers, fax
machines and printers often have energy saving modes which are not activated and most office equipment are
left on unnecessarily
 Check outdoor air levels:

o Check that minimum outdoor air levels are at recommended requirements which maintain proper indoor air
quality, and many building actually bring in much more outdoor air than necessarily
 Check mechanical systems:

o Have mechanical systems checked and maintained on a regularly scheduled basis. At least 10% in energy
savings may be expected for systems that are properly maintained versus those which are serviced only when
problem occurs 126
CASE STUDY
Steps to develop a total energy solution

 Assess your current lighting systems.
 Evaluate the benefits of new energy efficient lighting

technologies. Lighting audits can identify energy saving
opportunities for your facility from simple replacements to total
system upgrades.
 Implement energy efficient energy lighting solutions that can

make a quick impact to your bottom line and the environment.

Summary
128
Summary
• Use the most efficient light source available.

• Always turn light off when they are not needed.
• Use luminaires effectively to provide maximum light for the
task performed.
• Plan proper lighting system maintenance for keeping lights
clean and lighting level adequate.
• Use daylight hours to maximise advantage so that electric
lighting may be reduced.
• Use lighter colors on ceilings, walls, floors, furniture and
equipment to increase reflectance of light.

THANK YOU
In the Name of God for Mankind

www. u t m. my

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METE 1133

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR TS. DR. NORZANAH BINTI ROSMIN

4.2 Energy Audit on Lighting System

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin

• In commercial business – Lighting accounts for a

large part of the energy bill ranging from 30-70% of

the total energy cost.

• In industrial facilities – 5-25% of total energy

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 8

IMPROVE SAFETY OF INCREASE CREATE A PLEASANT

Good lighting installation Inadequate lighting Any new or retrofit should be

must be economical to run level can decrease guided by the recommended

and easy to clean and productivity level of lighting

Incandescent Standard fluorescent Compact

4 Halogen 5 High-intensity 6 Light-emitting diode

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 10

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 11

For example: (4) Higher Efficacy is better

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 12

Lamp plus ballast-initial lumens/Watt

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 14

Color rendition is the term used to describe the degree to which

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 15

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 16

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 17

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 18

3 40 ≤ Ra < 60 Rough industries Industrial buildings

4 20 ≤ Ra < 40 - Rough industries

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 19

• Color temperature is a measure of

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 21

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 22

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 23

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 24

• “Lumen depreciation” refers to the

• L70 report that rates the LED high

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 25

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 26

Expected life span

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 27

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 28

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 29

Incandescent Tubular Compact High-intensity Discharge LED

Operating cost High Low Low Low-very low Very low

Wattage 15-2000 8-125 9-36 35-3500

Efficacy (lumen/W) 10-20 70 60 60-150 50-200

Life (hours) 1000 5000-7000 8000 4000-24000 50,000

Lumen depreciation 15% 15-20% 15-30% 10-40%

Color rendition Good Good Fair-good Poor-very good Very good

Mounting height Up to 3m Up to 6 m Up to 3 m 6-30m 6-30m

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 31

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 32

Lamp Type Incandescent Fluorescent High-intensity Discharge LED

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 33

Traditional Lighting Solutions?

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 35

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 38

Prepared by Assoc. Professor Ts. Dr. Norzanah Rosmin 39

Shop lights are ideal for indoor and outdoor