EX - NO:1a Data Definition Languages (DDL) Commands of Base Tables and Views

EX.
NO:1a
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGES (DDL) COMMANDS Of Base Tables and Views
A Data Definition Language (DDL) statement is used to define the database

structure or schema.
Aim:
To study and execute the DDL commands in RDBMS.
DDL commands:
✴ CREATE
✴ ALTER
✴ DROP
✴ RENAME
✴ TRUNCATE
SYNTAX’S OF COMMANDS
CREATE TABLE:
To make a new database, table, index, or stored query. A create statement in SQL
creates an object inside of a relational database management system (RDBMS).
CREATE TABLE <table_name>

(
Column_name1 data_type ([size]),
Column_name2 data_type ([size]),
.
.
.
Column_name-n data_type ([size])
);
1
ALTER A TABLE:
To modify an existing database object. Alter the structure of the database.
To add a column in a table
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;
To delete a column in a table
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP column column_name;
DROP TABLE:
Delete Objects from the Database
DROP TABLE table_name;
TRUNCATE TABLE:
Remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the records are
removed.
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
EXERCISE:
Create Table
SQL> create table employee
2(
3 empid varchar(10) primary key,
4 empname varchar2(20) not null,
5 gender varchar2(7) not null,
6 age number(3) not null,
7 dept varchar2(15) not null,
8 dob date not null,
9 doj date not null

10);
Table created.
2
SQL> create table salary
2(
3 empid varchar(10) references employee(empid),
4 salary number(10) not null,
5 dept varchar(15) not null,
6 branch varchar2(20) not null

7 );
Table created.
SQL> create table branchtable

2(
3 branch varchar2(20) not null,
4 city varchar2(20) not null
5 );
Table created.
DESCRIBE TABLE
SQL> desc employee;
Name Null? Type
EMPID NOT NULL VARCHAR2(10)

EMPNAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)
GENDER NOT NULL VARCHAR2(7)

AGE NOT NULL NUMBER(3)
DEPT NOT NULL VARCHAR2(15)
DOB NOT NULL DATE
DOJ NOT NULL DATE
3
SQL> desc salary;
Name Null? Type
EMPID VARCHAR2 (10)
SALARY NOT NULL NUMBER (10)
DEPT NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (15)

BRANCH NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (20)
SQL> desc branchtable;

Name Null? Type
BRANCH NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (20)
CITY NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (20)
ALTER TABLE
I. ADD:
SQL> alter table employee add(designation varchar2(15));
Table altered.
SQL> alter table salary add(constraint nithi unique(empid));

Table altered.
II. MODIFY
SQL> alter table employee modify (designation varchar2(20));
Table altered.
4
RENAME TABLE
SQL> create table emp
2(
3 empid varchar2(10),
4 empname varchar2(20),
5 age number(3),
6 sex char
7 );
Table created.
SQL> rename emp to empl;

Table renamed.
SQL> desc empl;

Name Null? Type
EMPID VARCHAR2(10)
EMPNAME VARCHAR2(20)
AGE NUMBER(3)
SEX CHAR(1)
SQL> desc emp;
ERROR:
ORA-04043: object emp does not exist

Table altered.
TRUNCATE TABLE DATA

SQL> insert into emp values(&no,'&name','&dept',&age,'&sex');
Enter value for no: 1
Enter value for name: arun
5
Enter value for dept: it
Enter value for age: 22
Enter value for sex: m
old 1: insert into emp values(&no,'&name','&dept',&age,'&sex')
new 1: insert into emp values(1,'arun','it',22,'m')

1 row created.

Enter value for name: bala
Enter value for dept: service
Enter value for sex: m
new 1: insert into emp values(2,'bala','service',26,'m')
1 row created.

Enter value for name: chitra
Enter value for dept: sales
Enter value for sex: f
new 1: insert into emp values(3,'chitra','sales',25,'f')
1 row created.
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPID EMPNAME DEPT AGE SEX
1 arun it 22 m
6
2 bala service 26 m
3 chitra sales 25 f
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> truncate table emp;

Table truncated.
no rows selected
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
DROP TABLE
SQL> drop table empl;

Table dropped.
SQL> desc empl;
ERROR:
ORA-04043: object empl does not exist
RESULT:
Thus executed the DDL commands in RDBMS
7
EX.NO:1b
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML) OF BASE TABLES AND VIEWS
Data manipulation language allows the users to query and manipulate data in existing
schema in object. It allows following data to insert, delete, update and recovery data in
schema object.
Aim:
To study DML commands in RDBMS.
DML COMMANDS:
❖ INSERT
❖ UPDATE
❖ DELETE
❖ SELECT
QUERY:
Query is a statement in the DML that request the retrieval of data from database.
❖ The portion of the DML used in a Query is called Query language. The SELECT
statement is used to query a database
SYNTAX OF COMMANDS
INSERT:
Values can be inserted into table using insert commands. There are two types of insert
commands. They are multiple value insert commands (using ‘&’ symbol) single value insert
command (without using ‘&’symbol)
Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2, value3,…..);
(OR)
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,….) VALUES
(value1,value2,value3,…..);
8
UPDATE:
This allows the user to update the particular column value using the where clause
condition.
Syntax:
UPDATE <table_name> SET <col1=value> WHERE <column=value>;
DELETE:
This allows you to delete the particular column values using where clause condition.
Syntax:
DELETE FROM <table_name> WHERE <condition>;
SELECT:
The select statement is used to query a database .This statement is used to retrieve the
information from the database. The SELECT statement can be used in many ways. They are:
1. Selecting some columns :
To select specified number of columns from the table the
Following command is used.
Syntax:
SELECT column_name FROM table_name;
2. Query All Columns:
To select all columns from the table * is used instead of column names.
Syntax:
SELECT * FROM table_name;
3. Select using DISTINCT:
The DISTINCT keyword is used to return only different values (i.e. ) this
command does not select the duplicate values from the table.
Syntax:
SELECT DISTINCT column name(s) FROM table_name;
9
4. Select using IN:
If you want to get the rows which contain certain values, the best way to do it
is to use the IN conditional expression.
Syntax:
SELECT column name(s) FROM table_name WHERE

Column name IN (value1, value2,……,value-n);
5. Select using BETWEEN:
BETWEEN can be used to get those items that fall within a range.
Syntax:
SELECT column name FROM table_name WHERE
Column name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
6. Renaming:
The select statement can be used to rename either a column or the entire
table.
Syntax:
Renaming a column:
SELECT column name AS new name FROM table_name;
Renaming a table:
SELECT column name FROM table_name AS newname;
7. Sorting:
The select statement with the order by Clause is used to sort the contents
Table either in ascending or descending order.
Syntax:
SELECT column name FROM table_name WHERE
Condition ORDER BY column name ASC/DESC;
10
8. To select by matching some patterns:
The select statement along with like clause I is used to match strings. The like
condition is used to specify a search pattern in a column.
Syntax:
SELECT column name FROM table_name WHERE Column name LIKE “% or-“;
%: Matches any sub string.
- : Matches a single character.
9. SELECT INTO statement:
The SELECT INTO statement is most often used to create backup copies of
tables or for archiving records.
Syntax:
SELECT Column_name(s) INTO variable_name(s) FROM table_name
WHERE condition.
10. To Select NULL values:
We can use the SELECT statement to select the ‘null’ values also.
For retrieving roes where some of the columns have been defined as NULLs there is a special
comparison operator of the form IS [NOT]NULL.
Syntax:
SELECT column name FROM table_name WHERE Column name IS NULL;
11. Select using AND, OR, NOT:
We can combine one or more conditions in a SELECT statement using the

logical operators AND, OR, NOT.
Syntax:
SELECT column name FROM table_name WHERE Condition1 LOGICAL

OPERATOR condition2;
11
EXERCISE:
INSERT COMMAND
SQL> insert into employee

values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desig');
Enter value for empid: it9001
Enter value for empname: arunkumar
Enter value for gender: male
Enter value for dob: 12-jan-1988

Enter value for doj: 23-oct-2006
Enter value for desig: manager
old 1: insert into employee
values('&empid','&empname','&gender',&age,'&dept','&dob','&doj','&desi
new 1: insert into employee values('it9001','arunkumar','male',22,'it','12-jan-1988','23-oct-
2006'
1 row created.

Enter value for empname: arunkumar

Enter value for doj: 23-oct-2006
12
new 1: insert into employee values('it9001','arunkumar','male',22,'it','12-jan-1988','23-oct-
2006'
1 row created.

Enter value for empname: balakrishnan

Enter value for dob: 27-mar-1983
Enter value for doj: 02-dec-2008
Enter value for desig: coordinator
new 1: insert into employee values('it9002','balakrishnan','male',27,'it','27-mar-1983','02-
dec-20
1 row created.
Enter value for empid: acc9001
Enter value for empname: kannan

Enter value for dept: accounts
Enter value for dob: 28-dec-1975
13
Enter value for doj: 01-jan-1995
new 1: insert into employee values('acc9001','kannan','male',35,'accounts','28-dec-1975','01-

jan-1
1 row created.

Enter value for empname: magudeshwaran

Enter value for dob: 25-aug-1983
Enter value for doj: 12-apr-2000
Enter value for desig: asst manager
new 1: insert into employee values('acc9002','magudeshwaran','male',27,'accounts','25-aug-
1983','1
1 row created.

Enter value for empid: ser9001
Enter value for empname: jagadheesh
14
Enter value for dob: 31-mar-1877
Enter value for doj: 3-jun-1999
new 1: insert into employee values('ser9001','jagadheesh','male',33,'service','31-mar-
1877','3-jun
1 row created.

Enter value for empname: muruganandam

Enter value for dob: 09-aug-1975
Enter value for doj: 02-mar-2000
Enter value for desig: painter

new 1: insert into employee values('ser9006','muruganandam','male',35,'service','09-aug-
1975','02-
1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for empid: sal9001
15
Enter value for empname: suresh
Enter value for dob: 12-jul-1970

Enter value for doj: 01-apr-1996
new 1: insert into employee values('sal9001','suresh','male',40,'sales','12-jul-1970','01-apr-
1996
1 row created.

Enter value for empname: sharmila

Enter value for gender: female

Enter value for doj: 09-aug-2007
Enter value for desig: executive
new 1: insert into employee values('sal9006','sharmila','female',27,'sales','12-jan-1983','09-
aug-
1 row created.
16
SQL> insert into salary values(‘&empid’,&salary,’&dept’,’&branch’);
Enter value for salary: 18000
Enter value for branch: abt maruthi
old 1: insert into salary values('&empid',&salary,'&dept','&branch')

new 1: insert into salary values('it9002',18000,'it','abt maruthi')
1 row created.

Enter value for branch: cars india
new 1: insert into salary values('acc9001',35000,'accounts','cars india')
1 row created.


new 1: insert into salary values('acc9002',26000,'accounts','cars india')
1 row created.

17
Enter value for branch: chennai cars
new 1: insert into salary values('ser9001',35000,'service','chennai cars')
1 row created.

Enter value for branch: greenland cars
new 1: insert into salary values('ser9006',12000,'service','greenland cars')
1 row created.


new 1: insert into salary values('sal9001',40000,'sales','abt maruthi')
1 row created.


18
new 1: insert into salary values('sal9006',17000,'sales ','abt maruthi')
1 row created.
SQL> select * from salary;

EMPID SALARY DEPT BRANCH
it9001 35000 it abt maruthi

acc9001 35000 accounts cars india
ser9001 35000 service chennai cars

ser9006 12000 service greenland cars
sal9001 40000 sales abt maruthi
8 rows selected.
SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID EMPNAME GENDER AGE DEPT DOB
DOJ DESIGNATION
it9001 arunkumar male 22 it 12-JAN-88

23-OCT-06 manager
it9002 balakrishnan male 27 it 27-MAR-83

02-DEC-08 coordinator
acc9001 kannan male 35 accounts 28-DEC-75
01-JAN-95 manager
19
DOJ DESIGNATION
acc9002 magudeshwaran male 27 accounts 25-AUG-83
12-APR-00 asst manager
ser9001 jagadheesh male 33 service 31-MAR-77

03-JUN-99 manager
ser9006 muruganandam male 35 service 09-AUG-75
02-MAR-00 painter
DOJ DESIGNATION
sal9001 suresh male 40 sales 12-JUL-70

01-APR-96 manager
sal9006 sharmila female 27 sales 12-JAN-83

09-AUG-07 executive
8 rows selected.
SQL> insert into branchtable values('&branch','&city');
Enter value for city: chennai
old 1: insert into branchtable values('&branch','&city')
new 1: insert into branchtable values('abt maruthi','chennai')

1 row created.
SQL> select * from salary;

EMPID SALARY DEPT BRANCH
20
ser9001 35000 service chennai cars
ser9006 12000 service greenland cars
8 rows selected.

Enter value for city: vellore

new 1: insert into branchtable values('cars india','vellore')
1 row created.

Enter value for branch: chennai cars
Enter value for city: thambaram
new 1: insert into branchtable values('chennai cars','thambaram')
1 row created.

Enter value for branch: greenland cars
Enter value for city: kanchipuram

new 1: insert into branchtable values('greenland cars','kanchipuram')
21
1 row created.
SQL> select * from branchtable;

BRANCH CITY
abt maruthi chennai

cars india vellore
chennai cars thambaram
greenland cars kanchipuram
UPDATE COMMAND
SQL> update employee set empname = 'arunprasanth' where empid='it9001';
1 row updated.
SQL> update employee set designation='&designation' where empname='&empname';

Enter value for designation: supervisor
Enter value for empname: muruganandam
old 1: update employee set designation='&designation' where empname='&empname'
new 1: update employee set designation='supervisor' where empname='muruganandam'
1 row updated.
SQL> select empname,designation from employee;
EMPNAME DESIGNATION
arunprasanth manager
balakrishnan coordinator
kannan manager
magudeshwaran asst manager
jagadheesh manager
22
muruganandam supervisor
suresh manager
sharmila executive
8 rows selected.
SELECT COMMAND
To retrieve particular column
SQL> select empname from emp;
EMPNAME
arun
bala
bakyaraj
chitra
To retrieve all columns

EMPID EMPNAME DEPT AGE S
1 arun it 22 m
2 bala accounts 26 m
3 bakyaraj stores 30 m
4 chitra sales 24 f
DELETE COMMAND
To delete particular record
SQL> delete emp where empid=1;
1 row deleted.
23
EMPID EMPNAME DEPT AGE S
2 bala accounts 26 m
3 bakyaraj stores 30 m
4 chitra sales 24 f
To delete all records

SQL> delete from emp;
3 rows deleted.
SQL> create table student (idno number, name varchar(10),branch varchar(4));
Table created.
SQL> desc student;
NAME NULL? TYPE
IDNO NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(10)
BRANCH VARCHAR2(4)
SQL> alter table student add degree varchar(10);
Table altered.
SQL> desc student;
NAME NULL? TYPE
IDNO NUMBER
24
NAME VARCHAR2 (10)
BRANCH VARCHAR2 (4)
DEGREE VARCHAR2 (10)
SQL> alter table student modify degree
varchar(6); Table altered.
SQL> desc student;
NAME NULL? TYPE
IDNO NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2 (10)
BRANCH VARCHAR2 (4)
DEGREE VARCHAR2 (6)
SQL> insert into student (name, degree, branch, idno) values('ASHOK','BE','CSE',01);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into student values(02,'BHAVANA','CSE','BE');
1 row created.
SQL> insert into student values(&idno, &name, &branch, &degree);
Enter value for idno: 03
Enter value for name: 'CAVIN'
Enter value for branch: 'CSE'
Enter value for degree: 'BE'
old 1: insert into student values(&idno,&name,&branch,&degree)
new 1: insert into student values(03,'CAVIN','CSE','BE')
1 row created.
25
Enter value for name: 'DANNY'
Enter value for branch: 'IT'
new 1: insert into student values(04,'DANNY','IT','BE')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: 'HARRY'
new 1: insert into student values(05,'HARRY','IT','BE')
1 row created.
SQL> select * from student;
IDNO NAME BRAN DEGREE
1 ASHOK CSE BE
2 BHAVANA CSE BE
3 CAVIN CSE BE
4 DANNY IT BE
5 HARRY IT BE
SQL> update student set degree='B.TECH' where branch='IT';
2 rows updated.
26
1 ASHOK CSE BE
2 BHAVANA CSE BE
3 CAVIN CSE BE
4 DANNY IT B.TECH
5 HARRY IT B.TECH
SQL> delete from student where idno=5;
1 row deleted.
CREATING TABLES WITH CONSTRAINTS:
NOT NULL
1 ASHOK CSE BE
2 BHAVANA CSE BE
3 CAVIN CSE BE
4 DANNY IT B.TEC
H
SQL> create table staff
idno number (4) not null,name
varchar(10),branch varchar(6)
); Table created.
27
SQL> desc staff;
NAME NULL? TYPE
IDNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
NAME VARCHAR2(10)
BRANCH VARCHAR2(6)
SQL> insert into staff values (&idno, &name, &branch);
Enter value for name: 'ABILASH'
old 1: insert into staff values(&idno, &name, &branch)
new 1: insert into staff values(1,'ABILASH','CSE')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: 'ANTON'
old 1: insert into staff values(&idno, &name, &branch)
new 1: insert into staff values(2,'ANTON','CSE')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for idno:
Enter value for name: 'BENNY'

28
old 1: insert into staff values(&idno,&name,&branch)
new 1: insert into staff values(,'BENNY','IT')
insert into staff values(,'BENNY','IT') *
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00936: missing expression
UNIQUE
SQL> create table employee
rollno number unique,
name varchar(10),
salary number
);
Table created.
SQL> desc employee;
NAME NULL? TYPE
ROLLNO NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(10)
SALARY NUMBER
SQL> insert into employee values(&rollno,&name,&salary);
Enter value for rollno: 1
Enter value for name: 'anton'
old 1: insert into employee values(&rollno,&name,&salary)

29
new 1: insert into employee values(1,'anton',10290)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: 'dharun'
new 1: insert into employee values(2,'dharun',23322)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: 'aaron'
new 1: insert into employee values(1,'aaron',32212)
insert into employee values(1,'aaron',32212)
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C001265) violated
PRIMARY KEY
SQL> create table cars
(model number primary key,
name varchar(10),
cost number(6)
);
Table created.
30
SQL> desc cars;
NAME NULL? TYPE
MODEL NOT NULL NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(10)
COST NUMBER(6)
SQL> insert into cars values(&model,&name,&cost);
Enter value for model: 1098
Enter value for name: 'omni'
Enter value for cost: 200000
old 1: insert into cars values(&model,&name,&cost)
new 1: insert into cars values(1098,'omni',200000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: 'qualis'
new 1: insert into cars values(9087,'qualis',500000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: 'innova'
31
insert into cars values(1098,'innova',600000)
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C001266) violated
CHECK CONSTRAINT:
SQL> create table employ
rno number(5),
name varchar(10),
salary number(10) constraint no_ck check(salary between 10000 and 30000)
);
Table created.
SQL> desc employ;
NAME NULL? TYPE
RNO NUMBER(5)
NAME VARCHAR2(10)
SALARY NUMBER(10)
SQL> insert into employ values(&rno,&name,&salary);
Enter value for rno: 1
Enter value for name: 'sachin'
old 1: insert into employ values(&rno,&name,&salary)
new 1: insert into employ values(1,'sachin',29000)
32
SQL> /
Enter value for name: 'rohit'
old 1: insert into employ values(&rno, &name, &salary)
new 1: insert into employ values(20,'rohit',10000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: 'dhoni'
old 1: insert into employ values(&rno,&name,&salary)
new 1: insert into employ values(15,'dhoni',40000)
insert into employ values(15,'dhoni',40000)
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02290: check constraint (SCOTT.NO_CK) violated
FOREIGN KEY
SQL> create table admin
stuid number constraint stuid_pk primary key,
name varchar(10),
permit number(6)
);
Table created.
33
SQL> desc admin;
NAME NULL? TYPE
STUID NOT NULL NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(10)
PERMIT NUMBER(6)
SQL> insert into admin values(&stuid, '&name', &permit);
Enter value for stuid: 1
Enter value for name: ASWIN
Enter value for permit: 80
old 1: insert into admin values(&stuid,'&name',&permit)
new 1: insert into admin values(1,'ASWIN',80)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: ROHIT
new 1: insert into admin values(2,'ROHIT',67)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: SANJAY

34
new 1: insert into admin values(4,'SANJAY',45)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: KAMALINI
new 1: insert into admin values(5,'KAMALINI',35)
1 row created.
SQL> select * from admin;
STUID NAME PERMIT
1 ASWIN 80
2 ROHIT 67
4 SANJAY 45
5 KAMALINI 35
SQL> create table course
stuid number constraint sid_fk references admin(stuid),
branch varchar(6),
sec varchar(2)
);
Table created.
35
SQL> insert into course values(&stuid,'&branch','&sec');
Enter value for branch: CSE
Enter value for sec: A
old 1: insert into course values(&stuid,'&branch','&sec')
new 1: insert into course values(1,'CSE','A')
1 row created.
SQL> /
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for branch: IT
new 1: insert into course values(4,'IT','A')
1 row created.
SQL> /
36
insert into course values(6,'CSE','A')
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02291: integrity constraint (SCOTT.SID_FK) violated - parent key not found
SQL> delete from admin where stuid=5;
1 row deleted.
SQL> delete from admin where stuid=1;
delete from admin where stuid=1
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02292: integrity constraint (SCOTT.SID_FK) violated - child record found
SQL> select * from admin;

STUID NAME PERMIT
1 ASWIN 80
2 ROHIT 67
4 SANJAY 45
SQL> select * from course;
STUID BRANCH SE
1 CSE A
2 CSE A
4 IT A
37
SQL> create table student
idno varchar(4),
name varchar(10),
dept varchar(4),
degree varchar(6),
year number(4)
);
table created.
SQL> desc student;
NAME NULL? TYPE
IDNO VARCHAR2(4)
NAME VARCHAR2(10)
DEPT VARCHAR2(4)
DEGREE VARCHAR2(6)
YEAR NUMBER(4)
SQL> insert into student values('&idno', '&name', '&dept', '&degree', &year);
Enter value for idno: A01
Enter value for name: AARON
Enter value for dept: CSE
Enter value for degree: BE
Enter value for year: 2
old 1: insert into student values('&idno','&name','&dept','&degree',&year)
38
new 1: insert into student values('a01','aaron','cse','BE',2)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: AKIL
Enter value for dept: ECE
new 1: insert into student values('A02','AKIL','ECE','BE',2)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: BENNY
Enter value for dept: IT
Enter value for degree: B.TECH
new 1: insert into student values('A03','BENNY','IT','B.TECH',2)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for idno: B01
Enter value for name: COOK
Enter value for dept: CSE
39
new 1: insert into student values('B01','COOK','CSE','BE',1)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: DANNY
Enter value for dept: MECH
new 1: insert into student values('B02','DANNY','MECH','BE',1)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: ELAN
Enter value for dept: IT
Enter value for degree: B.TECH
new 1: insert into student values('B03','ELAN','IT','B.TECH',1)
1 row created.
40
SQL> SELECT * FROM STUDENT;
IDNO NAME DEPT DEGREE YEAR
A01 AARON CSE BE 2
A02 AKIL ECE BE 2
A03 BENNY IT B.TECH 2
B01 COOK CSE BE 1
B02 DANNY MECH BE 1
B03 ELAN IT B.TECH 1
6 rows selected.
DISTINCT
SQL> select distinct dept from student;

DEPT
CSE
ECE
IT
MECH
SQL> select name from student;

NAME
AARON
AKIL
BENNY
COOK
DANNY
ELAN
6 rows selected.
41
IN
SQL> select * from student where year IN 2;
A01 AARON CSE BE 2

A02 AKIL ECE BE 2
SQL> select * from student where name BETWEEN 'AARON' and 'COOK';
A01 AARON CSE BE 2

A02 AKIL ECE BE 2
B01 COOK CSE BE 1
AS
SQL> select IDNO as rollno from student;

ROLLNO
A01
A02
A03
B01
B02
B03
6 rows selected.
SORT
SQL> select * from student where year<3 order by name desc;

42
B02 DANNY MECH BE 1
B01 COOK CSE BE 1
A02 AKIL ECE BE 2
A01 AARON CSE BE 2
6 rows selected.
SQL> select * from student where year<3 order by dept asc;
A01 AARON CSE BE 2

B01 COOK CSE BE 1
A02 AKIL ECE BE 2
B02 DANNY MECH BE 1
6 rows selected.
LIKE
SQL> select * from student where name LIKE '%Y';


B02 DANNY MECH BE 1
SQL> select * from student where name LIKE 'A%';

A01 AARON CSE BE 2

A02 AKIL ECE BE 2
43
IS NULL
SQL> select * from student where IDNO IS NULL;
no rows selected
LOGICAL OR
SQL> select * from student where IDNO='A01' OR IDNO='B01';
A01 AARON CSE BE 2

B01 COOK CSE BE 1
RESULT:
Thus the data manipulation language (dml) of base tables and views are executed.
44

EX - NO:1a Data Definition Languages (DDL) Commands of Base Tables and Views

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EX - NO:1a Data Definition Languages (DDL) Commands of Base Tables and Views

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A Data Definition Language (DDL) statement is used to define the database

To study and execute the DDL commands in RDBMS.

CREATE TABLE <table_name>

DROP TABLE table_name;

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

9 doj date not null

6 branch varchar2(20) not null

SQL> create table branchtable

EMPID NOT NULL VARCHAR2(10)

GENDER NOT NULL VARCHAR2(7)

EMPID VARCHAR2 (10)

SALARY NOT NULL NUMBER (10)

DEPT NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (15)

SQL> desc branchtable;

BRANCH NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (20)

CITY NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (20)

SQL> alter table salary add(constraint nithi unique(empid));

SQL> rename emp to empl;

SQL> desc empl;

SQL> desc emp;

ORA-04043: object emp does not exist

TRUNCATE TABLE DATA

new 1: insert into emp values(1,'arun','it',22,'m')

SQL> insert into emp values(&no,'&name','&dept',&age,'&sex');

SQL> insert into emp values(&no,'&name','&dept',&age,'&sex');

SQL> truncate table emp;

SQL> drop table empl;

Thus executed the DDL commands in RDBMS

DELETE FROM <table_name> WHERE <condition>;

Following command is used.

SELECT column_name FROM table_name;

2. Query All Columns:

SELECT * FROM table_name;

3. Select using DISTINCT:

SELECT DISTINCT column name(s) FROM table_name;

SELECT column name(s) FROM table_name WHERE

5. Select using BETWEEN:

SELECT column name FROM table_name WHERE

Column name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

SELECT column name AS new name FROM table_name;

SELECT column name FROM table_name AS newname;

Table either in ascending or descending order.

SELECT column name FROM table_name WHERE

Condition ORDER BY column name ASC/DESC;

%: Matches any sub string.

- : Matches a single character.

9. SELECT INTO statement:

SELECT Column_name(s) INTO variable_name(s) FROM table_name

10. To Select NULL values:

SELECT column name FROM table_name WHERE Column name IS NULL;

11. Select using AND, OR, NOT:

We can combine one or more conditions in a SELECT statement using the

SELECT column name FROM table_name WHERE Condition1 LOGICAL

SQL> insert into employee

Enter value for dob: 12-jan-1988

SQL> insert into employee

Enter value for empname: arunkumar

SQL> insert into employee