Sym - Breaking

Symmetry Breaking through
the Potential without Minima
Dr. Ramanand Jha

Department of Physics
Faculty of Science
Addis Ababa University
Email: ramanand_jha@yahoo.com
1
.
 Human try to perceive order and meaning
in a seeming random and unpredictable
world through magic, religion and science.
 The quest for order started from Aristotle
and reached its ultimate goal when
Newtonian dynamics provided an order,
deterministic view of the entire universe.
2
Aristotle Laws of Terrestrial Motion
(384 BC)
Inanimate objects seek their natural state of rest.
(I) Laws of falling object:

1. The speed of fall of a body is proportional to
the weight i.e. V  m
2. The speed of fall of a body is inversely to the
density of the medium it is falling through i.e.
V  1 /  medium
II) Aristotle Laws of Terestrial Motion:
1. Nothing moves unless it is pushed.
 
2. A force maintains the velocity, F  mV
3
Aristotle Laws of Heavenly Motion
(384 BC)
Heavenly objects are not made up of the

four elements (earth, water, air and fire)
but of a fifth element called either,
whose natural state is circular motion.
4
.
Unfortunately, it must be admitted that
some of his physics work - was not up to
his usual high standards. He didn't check
out his laws of motion in any serious way
because he evidently found living
creatures more interesting than the falling
stones.
At the same time he was the first person
who shifted concerned from WHY (Plato’s
concerned) to HOW.
5
Galileo (1564 AD)
Birth of experimental physics
He is considered as "father of science" because of
his contribution:
 rejection of blind allegiance (loyalty) to authority
(of Church, Aristotle) in science
 separation of science from Philosophy and
religion
 use of mathematics as a tool of science than
logic.
 pioneering the use of quantitative experiments
and mathematical analysis of the result
6
Kepler Laws
1) The planet moves in elliptic orbit with the
sun at one of its focus.
2) Velocity of sweeping area from the main
focus remains constants during the
motion.    dA

A  r  V  const,  0
dt
3) T2  k d3
4)
7
Great Achievement of Newton.
The Aristotle’s view:
The earth remains fixed while all other
heavenly bodies moves around it.
Kepler’s laws:
They were impressive but purely descriptive
–they do not explain the motion of the
planets, but merely describes it.
The great achievement of Newton was to
find the underlying cause for motion of the
planets.
8
Newton (1642-1727)
Provided the deterministic view of the entire universe.
Newton’s
a) Laws of Motion and
b) Theory of Gravitation
brought the terrestrial and the heavenly
motion under the one umbrela.
These laws also gives the deterministic view

of the entire universe.
9
Special Theory of Relativity
(1905)
Using Maxwell equations as basis, Einstein
developed his STR which gave the new concept of
space and time.
Minkowski restructured the STR to capture its

Geometry features in a more transparent way.
This geometrisation gave a big boost to geometry

in physics.
10
General Theory of Relativity
(1915)
Encourage by geometric feature of STR and use of
Galileo’s Weak Principle of Equivalences which
states: the inertial mass is equal to the
gravitational mass.
Einstein gave the geometric theory of gravitation

called General Theory of Relativity (GTR) based
on the modified version of principle of
equivalences now called Einstein’s Strong
Principle of Equivalence which states, in local
spacetime, the laws of physics reduce to those of
STR
11
Cosmology Based on GTR
Application of GTR in cosmology( study of universe on large
scale) gives following:
Universe is expanding, it means in past universe started from

a point (called cosmological singularity) where all laws of
physics break down.
The existence of cosmological singularity is difficult digest;

therefore there is a need for a new theory free from
singularity.
12
Mathematics of GTR’s Cosmology
 Lagrangian => Field Equation,
1  
L   R  K E LM G  K ET
2
 Cosmological Solution:
2 2 
ds  dtˆ  
a ˆ 
t

2
dx 2
 dy 2
 dz 2


 1  kr / 4 
2
 for k=0 1/ 3
 3GM 
at    2 
t 2/3
 c 
13
14
The New Theory
 Lagrangian
1 
V     m   V0
L
1
F  R        V    K E LM 1 2 2
2 2  2
The potential does not have minima.

 Field Equation:
  3 2 4 
G  K E , Eff T  qT g
2
     m 2  1 / 6R  0
15
.
 The scalar field equation:      dVEff / d  0
 where
dVEff / d   M   1 / 6m 
2 2 3
And M  m  2 / 3 V0
2 2
 
Now the Effective potential has minima and leads
to symmetry breaking. This is achieved from the
F    1   2 / 6  in the Lagrangian.
16
Symmetry Breaking by
the action of gravity
Initial Potential
Potential modified by gravity.
17
The New Theory
 The effect of symmetry breaking, is
equivalent to redefining of Einstein
constant along with a term similar to
cosmological constant.
 It seems worth remarking that the K E , Eff
remains well defined throughout the
evolution of universe in contrast to other
theories.
18
Conclusion
 It has been shown that a massive (with

wrong sign) negative energy scalar field
conformally coupled to the gravitational
field, though not able to generate
spontaneous symmetry breaking in the
absence of gravity, can lead to symmetry
breaking due to the action of gravity. The
effect of symmetry breaking, is equivalent
to redefining of Einstein constant and
repulsive gravitation in radiation err.
19
The End
20

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Symmetry Breaking through

the Potential without Minima

Dr. Ramanand Jha

(I) Laws of falling object:

Heavenly objects are not made up of the

These laws also gives the deterministic view

Minkowski restructured the STR to capture its

This geometrisation gave a big boost to geometry

Einstein gave the geometric theory of gravitation

Universe is expanding, it means in past universe started from

The existence of cosmological singularity is difficult digest;

The potential does not have minima.

Potential modified by gravity.

 It has been shown that a massive (with

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