Optimal Phase Selection for Uninterrupted Power Utilization

COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad

Campus-Pakistan

By

Kashif Zaman
CUI/FA19-BEE-052/ATD
Syed Moazzam Ali
CUI/FA19-EPE-112/ATD
Uzair Ahmed
CUI/FA19-EPE-123/ATD

BS Thesis
In Electrical (Power) Engineering

Supervisor: Sir Khurram Jahangir

Fall 2022

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Optimal Phase Selection for Uninterrupted Power Utilization

COMSATS University Islamabad-Abbottabad Campus

Optimal Phase Selection for Uninterrupted Power

Utilization

A Thesis Presented to

COMSATS University Islamabad- Abbottabad Campus

In partial fulfillment

of the requirement for the degree of

BS Electrical (Power) Engineering

By

Kashif Zaman
CUI/FA19-EPE-052/ATD
Syed Moazzam Ali
CUI/FA19-EPE-112/ATD
Uzair Ahmed
CUI/FA19-EPE-123/ATD

Fall 2022

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 Optimal Phase Selection for Uninterrupted Power Utilization

A Under Graduate Thesis submitted to Electrical and Computer Engineering

Department as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Electrical (Electronics) Engineering.

Name Registration Number

Kashif zaman CUI/FA19-EPE-052/ATD

Syed Moazzam Ali CUI/FA19-EPE-112/ATD

Uzair Ahmed CUI/FA19-EPE-123/ATD

Supervisor
Engr. Sir Khurram Jahangir
Lecturer, Electrical and Power Engineering
Abbottabad Campus
COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI)
Abbottabad Campus
Jan 2022

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Optimal Phase Selection for Uninterrupted Power Utilization

Final Approval

This thesis titled

Optimal Phase Selection for Uninterrupted Power

Utilization

By

Kashif Zaman
CUI/FA19-EPE-052/ATD
Syed Moazzam Ali
CUI/FA19-EPE-112/ATD
Uzair Ahmed
CUI/FA19-EPE-123/ATD
Has been approved

For the COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus

Supervisor______________________________________
Engr.Khurram Jahangir, Lecturer

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Engineering/CUI,

Abbottabad Campus

HOD: ______________________________________________
Dr..Owais Khan, Associate Professor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, CUI, Abbottabad
Campus

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Optimal Phase Selection for Uninterrupted Power Utilization

Declaration

I Kashif Zaman CUI/FA19-BEE-052/ATD Syed Moazzam Ali CUI/FA19-EPE-

112/ATD Uzair Ahmed CUI/FA19-EPE-123/ATD hereby declare that I have
produced the work presented in this thesis, during the scheduled period of study. I
also declare that I have not taken any material from any source except referred to
wherever due that amount of plagiarism is within acceptable range. If a violation of
HEC rules on research has occurred in this thesis, I shall be liable to punishable action
under the plagiarism rules of the HEC.

Date: _________________ Signature of the student:

Kashif Zaman
CUI/FA19-BEE-052/ATD

Syed Moazzam Ali

CUI/FA19-EPE-112/ATD

Uzair Ahmed

CUI/FA17-BEE-097/ATD

Certificate
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Optimal Phase Selection for Uninterrupted Power Utilization

It is certified that Kashif Zaman CUI/FA19-BEE-052/ATD, Syed Moazzam Ali

CUI/FA19-EPE-112/ATD, Uzair Ahmed CUI/FA19-EPE-123/ATD has carried out
all the work related to this report under my supervision at the Department of Electrical
and Computer engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus
and the work fulfills the requirement for award of BS degree.

Date: _________________

Supervisor:

Engr.Khurram Jahangir, Lecturer

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Head of Department:

Dr. Owais Khan

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

DEDICATION
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Optimal Phase Selection for Uninterrupted Power Utilization

Text Here (12, Times New Roman Regular, 1.5 line spacing and paragraph spacing of
6)

ACKNOWLEGDGEMENTS
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Optimal Phase Selection for Uninterrupted Power Utilization

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me the
possibility to complete this thesis. A special gratitude goes to my project Supervisor,
Engr Khurram Jhangir, whose suggestions and encouragement, helped me to a lot to
conduct my project especially in writing this thesis. Furthermore, I would also like to
acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of all staff of Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, who gave the permission to use all required
equipment and the necessary materials to complete the task in library. I would like to
appreciate the guidance given by other teachers as well as the panels especially during
project presentation that helped me to improve the presentation skills through their
valuable comments and advices.

Kashif Zaman CUI/FA19-BEE-052/ATD

Syed Moazzam Ali CUI/FA19-EPE-112/ATD
Uzair Ahmed CUI/FA19-EPE-123/ATD

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Optimal Phase Selection for Uninterrupted Power Utilization

ABSTRACT

Simulation of an Optimal Phase selection for uninterrupted power utilization circuit

was performed in this project. The simulation was carried out using Proteus 8
Professional. Optimal Phase selection for uninterrupted power utilization
automatically changes the phase as the name suggests. In three phase power system 3
inputs of OPS circuit are connected to three phases of the system and its three outputs
are connected to three different loads. These three loads always need their normal
rated voltage for proper operation. Results observed that if voltage of any phase goes
below the nominal rating the loads may malfunction. Here, Optimal Phase selection
for uninterrupted power utilization comes into action. When a phase voltage goes
below its nominal rating, OPS provides correct level of voltage to the load connected
to that phase.

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Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................
1.INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................
1.1 BACKGROUND..............................................................................................................
1.2 AIMS/OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT.............................................................................
1.3 RELEVANCE OF THE PROJECT.......................................................................................
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT...............................................................................................
1.5 LIMITATIONS................................................................................................................
1.6 TARGET BENEFICIARIES................................................................................................
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY..............................................................................................
1.8 ACHIEVEMENT OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE PROJECT...........................................
Chapter 2...................................................................................................................................
Literature Review.........................................................................................................
2.LITERATURE REWIEW:.....................................................................................................
2.1 EFFECT OF POWER FAILURE:........................................................................................
2.2 EQUIPMENT VOLTAGE SUSCEPTIBILITY........................................................................
2.3 SYSTEM INTERACTIONS AND SOLUTIONS....................................................................
2.4 BACKGROUND OF THE AUTOMATIC THREE PHASE SELECTOR.....................................
References......................................................................................................................................

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Chapter 1

Introduction

1. INTRODUCTION
As the growing population of the human race widens the gap between energy supply
and energy demand, the imbalance in energy availability has prompted researchers to
seek a way to settle this age-old dispute. The permanent solution is the alternative use
of renewable energy sources, a project that is yet to be widely implemented. The
continuation of the unbalanced yearns for sufficient strength. As a result, power lines
are often overloaded, resulting in blackouts due to the operation of switching devices
or the load shielding process performed by distribution authorities. As it is quite clear
that some institutions such as healthcare institutions and some other sensitive Systems
should not suffer as much as their counterparts, an automatic phase selector is used to
maintain power consumption during phase failure. The design of this circuit involves
the use of automatic switches, but the details of the design vary from place to place,
from time to time, and also depend on the type of load used. This project involves the
use of transistor relays to effect a phase change. Whenever the voltage condition
becomes unbearable in the previous connected phase.

1.1 BACKGROUND
An intelligent phase selector is a system that is able to compare three phases and
automatically switch to any of the three phases. The system consists of three main parts
namely; transformer, comparators (which is the brain of the system) and an electrical
switching device (relay). The transformer used here is a step-down type of transformer
(reduces 240V to 12V) and these transformers are supplied with different phase voltages,
rectified and smooth. It is then fed to a voltage regulator which has a positive output. The
regulator outputs were connected to comparators. There are three comparators here. We
call the comparators the brain of the system because these comparators are connected in
such a way that each of them gives an output. A relay in a system is where the output
voltage is connected. In this project, we even went so far as to use pictures to illustrate
some of the components.

1.2 AIMS/OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The analysis of this project cannot do without a list of the objectives to be achieved during
the execution of the work. These objectives include: -

i. To develop a simple low-cost device aimed at alleviating the prevailing load faced by
delicate offices, parastatal and institutions that need very low but constant power.
Since the power is always turned on along the distribution lines that supply such
places, which disrupts the progress of their work, there is always an unauthorized

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shutdown of the phases due to the consumption of energy from neighboring

consumers. Automatic phase selector therefore erases this obstacle from the face
of work progress in such offices.
ii. To stimulate the interest of prospective students in research not only in their field
of study "Electrical/Electronic Engineering" but also to extend their hands to other
fields thereby increasing the versatility of Electrical/Electronic Engineering.
iii. To create awareness that will stimulate the interest of classmates who intend to
take up a research topic on automatic switching of any type.

1.3 RELEVANCE OF THE PROJECT

The problem of manual selection or switching is now a thing of the past. Currently,
we know that homes and offices have stable power once three phases are available
(i.e. red yellow and blue phase). Is it just a matter of making a fast and automatic
three-phase selector?

1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The scope of the project covers aspects such as the functions of the automatic
three-phase selector, its applications and its operations. Its benefits and its
components. Finally, it covers the importance of the need for an automatic three-
phase selector and contributes to greater load sharing and better three-phase
power distribution and monitoring for domestic consumers.

1.5 LIMITATIONS
Due to the nature of this project, it was not easy to find research centers and
resources in the immediate area. Some of the constraints that this project faced
include financial and time constraints that didn't really allow for much room for
additional capacity beyond what is available.

1.6 TARGET BENEFICIARIES

This project will provide a permanent solution to the heavy losses caused by
commercial institutions, industries, hospitals, airports etc. due to poor hand
selector means and efficient switching devices. It will also serve in our household
because a bad phase selector manually causes damage to our household equipment
such as electronics such as TV, radio, VCR, etc. and electrical appliances such as
refrigerator, air conditioner, fans to name a few. Another goal is to eliminate the
loss of human life due to the manual selection of three phases.

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1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The importance of this project work cannot be overstated. The number of lives lost
as a result of power interruptions in medical facilities and the like is not negligible.
The main victims of this artificial circumstance were delicate appliances. The
applicability of the results of this research work in several aspects of human
endeavor makes this work of real importance to mankind. The use of a device made
from this research work would help reduce human labor and danger in terms of the
fact that many have been electrocuted for trying to choose a different phase and
that the affected are powerless and unable to phase change.

1.8 ACHIEVEMENT OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE PROJECT

As long as the production and construction of electricity is a necessity in daily
activities, the consumption of electricity is expected to be reliable and constant. So
from this project we tend to achieve;
1. To have constant power supply.
2. To have quick operation i.e. phase selection
3. Reliable power supply
4. Easy operation
5. Avoidance of risk in doing manual changeover or switch

Chapter 2

Literature Review

2. LITERATURE REWIEW:
In this chapter we are looking in to the definition of “Automatic three phase
selector’’, and what brought about the automatic phase selector. Also we will look at
way of effecting the design and construction; its area of application and uses and also
some of the important components in the device that make it carry out its operation
successfully.

2.1 EFFECT OF POWER FAILURE:

For the past 100 years, it's been the job of utilities to keep the lights on. highly
automated factories and processes, this is no longer enough. Even ¼ the second
voltage drop is enough to bring our modern machines to a screeching halt, resulting in
hours of production downtime and unrecoverable waste. Yet it is it is interesting to
note that most utilities are only required to record outages that last more than 1-5
minutes. So if the factory is currently experiencing 10-12 disruptions are likely to cost
millions of dollars in lost productivity each year that the tool will represent that it

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provides perfect energy. This demonstrates a significant discrepancy between the two
positions, i.e unfortunately it is very common. Thousands of devices and years of
performance monitoring in large industrial plants clearly shows that almost without
The exception is these power plants with energy quality 8 to 24 annual disturbances
that are significant enough to affect the operation of the power plant. Most events are
of short duration (1-6 cycles), corresponding to deletions time of upstream utility
protective devices such as fuses, distributors, circuit breakers and re-closer [2, 3, 14].
It is important to understand their impact power failures on plant equipment and
processes. A process interruption due to a voltage drop may require a complete restart
of the process with hours of production interruption. This can clearly cause significant
economic losses to the plant. However, most plants operate with contingencies built in
for unplanned shutdowns, and these inefficiencies are usually absorbed within this
allowance. For plants with significant downtime costs, voltage drop deflection
solutions can protect against process interruptions. The market has been modified to
correlate equipment failures, particularly catastrophic failures, with power surges
[17]. The use of multiple layers of surge suppressors provides clear evidence that the
fear of damaging the device drives users to this "use and pray" strategy. Yet voltage
dips occur thousands of times more often than harmful power surges. In fact, even
lightning strikes on the power grid, considered the main culprit of voltage surges,
were rarely correlated with actual measured voltage surges, but were often correlated
with voltage sags [16]. The impact of voltage drops on the device has not been studied
in detail and the interactions are poorly understood. This paper shows that the very
devices at the heart of industrial automation – industrial drives, PLCs, robots and
motors – are also likely to be the most susceptible to damage from short-term voltage
dips. This is a very counter intuitive result as the device is expected to be robust under
lower voltage conditions. In fact, some of the procedures followed to allow device
drivers to ride through voltage drops can increase the potential for device damage.
Finally, the article presents some techniques for minimizing the potential for damage
to typical industrial automation equipment. The document also points to the need for a
standard that specifies the behavior of equipment during short-term voltage drops, a
frequently occurring condition.

2.2 EQUIPMENT VOLTAGE SUSCEPTIBILITY

A modern automated factory is full of voltage sensitive devices and processes that
include computers, programmable logic controllers, sensors, servo drives, robots,
CNC machines, extrudes and aseptic processes. Ordinary a characteristic feature of all
these devices is a direct current power supply, which converts the incoming individual
or three-phase AC mains voltage to DC voltage that powers the electronics and power
supply electronic components [7], [8]. A diode bridge is used to rectify the input
voltage, while the capacitor serves to create a constant DC voltage. Impedance AC
lines, input transformers, and input filters (AC or DC) provide some insulation level
from the AC line. During normal operation, the capacitor provides filtered bus voltage
for the load. Permissible voltage ripple and load current to provide the equipment

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designer with a guide for selecting a specific capacity value. Typical voltage ripple
and input current. It can be seen that such power supplies feature a uniform shift
factor but result in a poor harmonic factor poor overall power factor. This type of
power supply is ubiquitous and used in virtually all equipment found in the factory.

2.3 SYSTEM INTERACTIONS AND SOLUTIONS:

In a typical manufacturing plant, the input power is distributed such that there are
several types of devices and tools that are directly connected to supplied three-phase
power there are an even greater number of different ones controllers, sensors and
power supplies that are connected to one phase source derived from the incoming line
or line-neutral three-phase voltage. As such a normal manufacturing plant will have a
mixture of single-phase and three-phase direct current power supplies as a front-end
for plant equipment. Plus there there will be a relatively large number of directly
connected induction motors. Based on the sensitivity of a typical device, many of the
40-50 power quality events that occur will cause the process to be interrupted [14].
Failure of a particular device will depends on the design of the input stage,
symmetrical and asymmetrical distribution dips and the random nature of the point on
the wave at the end of the dip. This makes it possible it is very difficult for each
individual manufacturer to systematically monitor equipment failures in the device
and correlate them with a specific power outage. Positive the correlation can be
obtained by observing the failures of the equipment as it records them equipment
manufacturer. For some of the specific products that were investigated (including
PLCs, robots, drives and medical equipment), it seems clear input stage failures,
especially diode failures and burnt tracks/fuses/wires,They seem to be the most
significant reliability issue. This document provides a Means of understanding such
failures. Two repair methods are possible problem. The first is based on designing the
device to survive voltage drops.This can be different from a problem where the device
is passing voltage to drop Because device specifications today do not include voltage
drop recovery features, it's no surprise that the device remains unprotected.
Developing a standard to address the behavior of equipment after deflection recovery
is clearly a long-term solution to the problem. An upgrade solution is needed in the
near future which eliminates the voltage drop or eliminates the current surge that
occurs at voltage drop recovery. There are commercially available voltage drop
corrector [15] which they allow devices from 250 VA to 2000 kVA to overcome
voltage drops. While these devices focus primarily on process passages, they clearly
protect device before the temporary restoration of the voltage drop and eliminate the
dangerous current surge. Power in Nigeria and most developing countries the world is
anything but stable. This has adverse effects on electricity consumers and devices that
are operated from grid sources electricity supply in these parts of the world. In this
document, we provide an automatic switching mechanism that transfers the load from
one appliance to another phase in case of power failure in the other phases.
Automatically detects after phase power is restored. This mechanism has been tested
and we got a great result. It has such an important key in providing uninterrupted

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power supply thanks to almost seamless switching between networks power supply
and three phases. Electricity (energy) which plays a major role in economic
development and nation, forms the basis of this study, with an interest in human,
infrastructural and economic development. In most developing and underdeveloped
parts the world is the supply of electricity for industrial, commercial and domestic use
highly unstable. This leads to frequent use of alternative energy sources supplies to
cover energy demands. Introducing these alternatives of supply sources presents the
challenge of a smooth and timely transition between mains and alternative sources
whenever a fault occurs on a network source. There is also a need to reduce the
switching effort between two sources on the human side. The solutions to these
challenges form focus of this work. The automatic three-phase selector switches
automatically for alternating phases in the event of a power failure. Automatic three A
phase selector is a device that connects a load and three phases and a relay switches.
This allows both remaining phases to be used, if any power failure. It can be either
three-phase or single-phase phase. This device automatically maintains constant load
power activation phase if necessary.

2.4 BACKGROUND OF THE AUTOMATIC THREE PHASE SELECTOR

An intelligent automatic three-phase selector is known as a device or an electrical
circuit capable of comparing three phases and switching phase automatically. The use
of an automatic three-phase selector was not just that so easy to get started. In earlier
times, consumers always used electricity manual way of controlling these stages.
Without knowing if there is high voltage to power the other phases. Then came the
need for automation phase selector of phases. In other words, this selection or
switching from one phase to another can be done automatically and quickly by an
electrical device has been designed and engineered to get the job done quickly and
reliably. Apparatus became known as the "Automatic Three-Phase Selector". It is also
considered to be "intelligent phase selector" because it compares the input or phase
voltage and it selects the one with the optimal voltage value for the power supply and
can also switch it will automatically move to another phase if the current phase
expires. According to Muhammad Ajman .P. (2007). “He talked about three stages.
the app says to use the correct rated fuse (red Yellow Blue) every phase." [10]

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References

1) . Khairul A. and Husnain-Al-Bustam (2011), “Power Crisis & Its Solution

Through Renewable Energy in Bangladesh.” Journal of Selected Areas in
Renewable and Sustainable Energy”. 1-15

2) Adedokun, G. and Osunpidan, I.B. (2010). Panacea to Epileptic Power Supply in

Nigeria. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. 11, 164-170
www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST.htm. International Journal of Engineering and
Technology Research Vol. 2, No. 4, April 2014, pp. 1 -15, ISSN: 2327 - 0349
(Online) Available online at www.ijeatr.org

3) Muhammad Ajmal P. “Automatic Phase Changer.”

4) Adedokun, G. and Osunpidan, I.B. (2010). Panacea to Epileptic Power Supply in

Nigeria. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. 11, 164-170
www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST.htm. International Journal of Engineering and
Technology Research Vol. 2, No. 4, April 2014, pp. 1 - 15, ISSN: 2327 - 0349
(Online) Available online at www.ijeatr.org

5) Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, Robert L. Boylestad and Louis

Nashelsky, 10th Edition.

6) Patel Ritesh, Dalwadi Harsh, Patel Priyal, Pittal Aarif , Mr. Viral Patel, ETAL -
International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development
Scientific Journal of Impact Factor (SJIF): 4.72 Special Issue SIEICON-
2017,April -2017,e-ISSN : 2348-4470,p-ISSN : 2348-6406

7) Nirbhay Singh, Nitesh Kumar, Amrish Kumar, ETAL - International Journal &
Magazine of Engineering, Technology, Management and Research, ISSN No:
2348 - 4845, Volume No: 4 (2017), Issue No: 3 (March).

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