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    Aspects of Culture and Society

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    Damiel Zymon Madrid
    Here are the key points about ethnocentrism and cultural relativism: - Ethnocentrism is evaluating other cultures based primarily on the standards and customs of one's own culture. It involves a belief that one's own culture is superior. - Cultural relativism is the view that a culture should only be judged within its own context. It involves evaluating other cultures based on their own cultural values and standards rather than viewing them as inferior or superior based on one's own cultural norms. Some examples of these concepts in the study of culture include: - Early Western anthropologists viewed non-Western cultures as "primitive" compared to Western civilization, reflecting an ethnocentric perspective. - In contrast

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    Aspects of Culture and Society

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    Damiel Zymon Madrid
    26 views27 pages
    Here are the key points about ethnocentrism and cultural relativism: - Ethnocentrism is evaluating other cultures based primarily on the standards and customs of one's own culture. It involves a belief that one's own culture is superior. - Cultural relativism is the view that a culture should only be judged within its own context. It involves evaluating other cultures based on their own cultural values and standards rather than viewing them as inferior or superior based on one's own cultural norms. Some examples of these concepts in the study of culture include: - Early Western anthropologists viewed non-Western cultures as "primitive" compared to Western civilization, reflecting an ethnocentric perspective. - In contrast

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    Here are the key points about ethnocentrism and cultural relativism: - Ethnocentrism is evaluating other cultures based primarily on the standards and customs of one's own culture. It involves a belief that one's own culture is superior. - Cultural relativism is the view that a culture should only be judged within its own context. It involves evaluating other cultures based on their own cultural values and standards rather than viewing them as inferior or superior based on one's own cultural norms. Some examples of these concepts in the study of culture include: - Early Western anthropologists viewed non-Western cultures as "primitive" compared to Western civilization, reflecting an ethnocentric perspective. - In contrast

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    26 views27 pages

    Aspects of Culture and Society

    Uploaded by

    Damiel Zymon Madrid
    Here are the key points about ethnocentrism and cultural relativism: - Ethnocentrism is evaluating other cultures based primarily on the standards and customs of one's own culture. It involves a belief that one's own culture is superior. - Cultural relativism is the view that a culture should only be judged within its own context. It involves evaluating other cultures based on their own cultural values and standards rather than viewing them as inferior or superior based on one's own cultural norms. Some examples of these concepts in the study of culture include: - Early Western anthropologists viewed non-Western cultures as "primitive" compared to Western civilization, reflecting an ethnocentric perspective. - In contrast

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    Aspects of

    Culture and Society


    Objectives
    At the end of the lesson, the learners
    should be able to:
    1. Explain anthropological and sociological
    perspectives on culture and society;
    2. Describe society and culture as a complex
    whole; and
    3. Identify aspects of culture and society.
    Culture and Society as Anthropological and
    Sociological Concepts
    Different Approaches to the Study of Culture based
    on Anthropological Concepts
    1. Raymond Williams (British literary scholar)
    - Culture is ordinary and pervasive in every society.
    - Culture is both given and created anew by each
    individual and generation.
    2. Sir Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917, British
    anthropologist)
    - Popularized the theory of evolutionism or stages for
    the development of culture.
    …boon
    or bane?
    3. Emile Durkheim, Bronislaw and Malinowski
    (1994)
    - Popularized the theory of functionalism.
    - They suggested that individuals have universal
    physiological needs like reproduction, food and
    shelter, and that culture is created by people to meet
    these needs.
    4. Marvin Harris (1974)
    - Studied sacred cows of India
    - For Harris, the reverence for the cows among Indians
    has more to do with economic adaptation than
    religious doctrine. (The practice is based on the
    functions of cows in Indian rural villages.)
    5. Herminia Menez (Folklorist)
    1
    - In Philippine context, it is interesting to note that the
    cultural meaning of “aswang”, a vampire-like witch, in
    Filipino folklore can be analyzed from a functionalist
    point of view.
    - In this view, strong women are seen as aswang and
    suggests a strong influence of the Spaniards view on
    respected female “babaylans” (shamans) during
    colonization.
    - Submission to the Church and their husband became
    evident.
    How strong is your faith?...or it is just a shallow
    relationship with God…
    6. Claude Levi-Strauss (1908-2009)
    - In the 2oth century, the study of culture was dominated by
    structuralist paradigm.
    - Claude emphasized the synthesis of cultural universal or
    those cultural traits and patterns common across cultures.
    7. Famous Female Anthropologists
    - Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Mary Douglas, Laura
    Bohannon, Sherry Ortner, Michelle Rosaldo, Peggy Reeves
    Sandy, Louise Lampher, and Marily Strathern.
    - The entry of women in anthropology meant the radical
    questioning of the male-bias in the study of culture.
    - They argued that the dominant culture is male-stream
    because it defines the status of women as subordinate.
    Are they really
    empowered in
    our society?...
    8. Karl Marx (1818-1883)
    - Popularized Marxist Analysis of Culture.
    - Marxist analysis emphasizes the role of economic class
    and economic life of society.
    - The Marxist analysis of culture is powerful in
    explaining the differences in life styles among various
    classes especially between working class families and
    middles classes.
    Different Approaches to the Study of Society based
    on Sociological Concepts
    a. John Holmwood (2006)
    - The boundedness of groups is always
    interdependence among social groups and the
    reference is the typical interactions among the
    individuals.
    b. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
    - The founding father of French sociology, popularized
    the theory of sociological realism.
    - It states that society is reality sui generis and cannot
    be reduced to individual aggregates or parts.
    Do we make good decisions during election?...
    c. Louis Althusser (1918-1990)
    - The problem of explaining how societies manage to
    exist over a long period of time is called reproduction.
    - All societies require the creation of institutions to
    perpetuate the existence of society.
    Ideological state apparatuses – are institutions that
    are created and used by society to mold its members to
    share the same values and beliefs that a typical
    member of that society possesses.
    Repressive state apparatuses – refers to those
    coercive institutions that use physical force to make
    the members conform to the laws and norms of society
    like courts, police and prisons.
    d. Talcott Parsons (1902-1979)
    - He theorized the structural functionalism.
    - All societies will have to take care of its own
    reproduction if they are to persist across time and
    space.
    1. Adaptation – it is the capacity of society to take,
    utilize and distribute the resources accordingly.
    2. Goal Attainment – it is the capability to set goal and
    mobilize the resources and energies necessary to
    achieve the goals set forth by society.
    3. Integration – or the harmonization of the entire
    society to achieve consensus.
    4. Latency – It requires that society is able to constantly
    produce and socialized actors will follow the norms
    and roles given to them by society (ex. school and
    family).
    The main goal of a social system is how to make
    these four functional prerequisites work so that the
    social system will maintain a state of equilibrium.

    Aspects of Culture
    • Culture is learned – Much of learning culture came
    from families, peers, institutions, and media. (This
    process is called enculturation.)
     Culture is shared – By sharing culture with other
    members of our group, we are able to act in socially
    appropriate ways.
     Culture is based on symbols – A symbol is something
    that stands for something else. Symbols vary cross-
    culturally. Language is the most symbolic component
    of culture.
     Culture is integrated – This is known as holism, or the
    various parts of a culture being interconnected.
     Culture is dynamic – Cultures interact and change.
    Because most cultures are in contact with other
    cultures, they exchange ideas and symbols.
    Aspects of Society
    1. Likeness – This likeness helps in the understanding of
    one by the other.
    2. Differences – Society could not be formed and there
    would be little relationship if there are no differences
    amongst us.
    3. Inter-dependence – No individual is self-sufficient.
    People have to depend on others for food, shelter and
    security and for the fulfillment of many of its needs
    and necessities.
    4. Co-operation – Without co-operation there can be no
    society and unity is essential for the formation of
    society.
    5. Society is a network or web of social relationship –
    Social relationships are the foundation of every society.
    6. Permanent nature – Permanency is another important
    characteristic of society. Society continues to exist
    even after the death of individual members.
    7. Society is dynamic – No society is static. Every society
    changes and changes continuously. Old customs,
    traditions, values and institutions got changed and
    new ones take place.
    APPLICATION:
    1. Why do we need to empower the women in light of
    the discrimination and abuse committed against
    them?
    2. How can we achieve social unity despite our human
    differences and prejudices to other people?
    Directions: Identify the answer that will best describe
    the following statements.
    _____1. He defined culture as that complex whole which
    includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law and custom
    acquired by man as a member of society.
    _____2. It is a type of institutions that are created and used
    by society to mold its members and to share the same
    values and beliefs.
    _____3. It is a theory of society that explain society as a reality
    and cannot be reduced to individual aggregates or parts.
    _____4. It is a theory of society that emphasizes the role of
    economic class and economic life of society.
    _____5. It is a theory of culture that defines culture as a whole
    that provides a system of meanings to what people do.
    _____6. It is a type of institutions that refers to those
    coercive institutions that use physical force to make
    the members conform to the laws and norms.
    _____7. He is the founding father of French sociology
    and popularized the theory of sociological realism.
    _____8. He theorized the concept of culture in a
    structuralist paradigm.
    _____9. It is the capacity of society to take, utilize and
    distribute resources accordingly.
    _____10. It is the harmonization of society to achieve
    consensus.
    ASSIGNMENT:

    1. What is ethnocentrism and cultural relativism?


    2. Give specific examples of these two concepts in the
    study of culture.
    3. Write your answers on your notebook

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