1.

Social Sciences -The social sciences describe disciplines that explore human behaviour and
use the scientific method where information is collected and analyzed. -These disciplines
involve research and data collection and of course analysis. Social scientists apply their
research to help solve problems that may occur in current society E.g. “Bleaching and
Lightning of Skin” INTRODUCTION TO THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
2. Types of Social Sciences • Anthropology • Psychology • Sociology • Geography • Political
Science • Economics • Family Studies
3. THE SOCIAL SCIENCES ANTHROPOLOGY Studies the behaviour of human culture from
the past and present The study of the unity and diversity of human culture and society from a
comparative and global perspective.
4. THE SOCIAL SCIENCES Example of an anthropological question is: Why is death celebrated
in some cultures? Eg. Days of the Dead in Mexico or Nine Nights in Jamaica
5. THE SOCIAL SCIENCES PSYCHOLOGY • Studies the thought processes and behavior of
the individual. • An example of a psychology question is: Does violent media cause people to
become violent?

6. THE SOCIAL SCIENCES SOCIOLOGY Studies human social life and groups in society; how
people act in group situations An example of a sociological question is: Why is crime
increasing amongst lower-class income groups?
7. ETHICAL PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH • As you might imagine in a research field involving
human subjects, there are a variety of ethical problems for social science researchers. •
Government regulations insure that most research is done according to strict guidelines with
the fully informed consent of the subjects. • Not always been the case (e.gMilgramexperiment
with electric shocks).
8. ETHICAL PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH There is still some popular fear of social science
research involving psychology. data gathered by researchers will be used to invade privacy or
to support inappropriate ends.
9. ETHICAL PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH A few examples of research that may involve ethical
problems: Market research used to encourage consumers to buy inappropriate products Jury
research used to disallow jurors likely to have certain values or beliefs Polling research used
to create candidate platforms and marketing approaches Research conducted by "house"
researchers to demonstrate that something is not really a problem (wide-spread gun
availability is not really a problem or legalizing gambling is a social good)
10. SOCIAL SCIENCE PROFESSIONS Professions for the social sciences: Business Education
Journalism Law Public health Social work Government work International organizations
Policing Fire and Rescue
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Preview text
Disciplines and Ideas in
Social Sciences
Quarter 3 – Module 1:
Distinguishing Social Science
Disciplines with Natural Science
and Humanities
Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences – Grade 11 Quarter 3 – Module 1: Distinguishing
Social Science Disciplines with Natural Science and Humanities First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.)
included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been
exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright
owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education – Region XI Regional Director: Evelyn R. Fetalvero

Assistant Regional Director: Maria Ines C. Asuncion

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Department of Education Region XI

Office Address: Deped Davao City Division, E. Quirno Ave., Davao City, Davao del Sur,
Philippines Telefax: (082) 334 0100 E-mail Address: info@deped-davaocity

Development Team of the Module Writers: Joseph C. Cabajes Editors: Dr. Lucia M. Sunga
Reviewers: Divilyn Rodriguez Illustrator: Laurel K. Roa Layout Artist: Template Developer : Neil
Edward D. Diaz Management Team: Reynaldo M. Guillena Jinky B. Firman Marilyn V. Deduyo
Alma C. Cifra Aris B. Juanillo May Ann M. Jumuad

ii

Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to
use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress
while allowing them to manage their own learning at home.
Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:
As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different
activities in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be
reminded of the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking
your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this
module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always
bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material,
you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding
of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
Let Us Learn
This material was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the role of
business in social and economic development. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order
in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The learners: (based on MELCs)

differentiate the nature and functions of Social Science Disciplines with the Natural Sciences and
Humanities (HUMSS_DIS 11- IIIa-1, HUMSS_DIS 11-
IIIa-2, HUMSS_DIS 11- IIIb-d-3)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

understand the nature and functions of Social Science disciplines with the Natural Science and
Humanities, and
distinguish the various Social Science disciplines and their fields, main areas of inquiry, and
methods.
Let Us Study
Science (Okasha, 2002, p. 1), “is an endeavor to understand, explain and predict the world we
live in using distinctive methods of inquiry in an attempt to construct theories.” Tracing its origin,
“modern science lies in a period of rapid scientific development that occurred in Europe between
the years l5OO and 175O, which we now refer to as the scientific revolution.

In these earlier periods the dominant world-view was Aristotelianism, named after the ancient
Greek philosopher Aristotle, who put forward detailed theories in physics, biology, astronomy,
and cosmology” (Okasha, 2002, p. 2). However, Aristotle's contribution to the scientific world was
his methods of inquiry.

Nature, Functions and Methods of Social and Natural Sciences and Humanities

Social Science (Oba, 1999, p. 13) is “the spectrum of disciplines that deal with people and social
institutions, behavior and interactions. Basically, it refers to the systematic study of various
aspects of human society. It is a major category of academic disciplines, dealing with society and
the relationships among people within a society. Established in 19th century.”

Natural Science (Ledoux, 2002. P. 34) “is a discipline that deals only with natural events using
scientific methods. It is also a major branch of science that deals with the description, prediction
and understanding of natural phenomena, basically based on observational and empirical
evidence. There are two main branches of natural science. There are (1) Life Science or
Biological Science and (2) Physical Science which includes (a) Physics, (b) Astronomy, (c)
Chemistry, and (d) Earth Science.

Both sciences employ the scientific model in order to gain information. They use empirical and
measured data evidence that can be seen and discerned by the senses. Theories can be tested
to yield theoretical statements and general positions. However, Humanities refers to the study of
the ways in which the human experience is processed and documented. It encompasses the field
of philosophy, literature, religion, art, music, history and language.

According to Encyclopedia Britannica, Humanities is a branch of knowledge, whose main focus is

the human person and his or her culture. It uses analytic and critical inquiry method that come
from an appreciation of human values and the unique ability of the human spirit to express itself.

As a group of educational disciplines, the humanities are distinguished in content and method
from the physical and biological sciences and, somewhat less decisively, from the social
sciences. The humanities include studying all languages and literature, the arts, history, and
philosophy.” Humanities and social science are concerned with human aspects like, law, politics,
linguistics, economics and psychology. They are concerned with human lives and nature.

There are two distinct and crucial steps that separate Social Science from Natural Science. “First
crucial step in the development of the modern scientific world-view was the Copernican
revolution. It was a reaction to geocentric astronomy or Ptolemaic astronomy that put the earth at
the center of the universe. It was named after the ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy, lay at the
Aristotelian world-view’s heart, and had gone largely unchallenged for 1,8oo years.

But Nicolas Copernicus suggested an alternative: the sun was the fixed center of the universe,
and the planets, including the earth, were in orbit around the sun. On this heliocentric model drew
opposition and resistance specifically from the Catholic Church” (Okasha, p).
The second crucial step that separates Social Science from Natural Science was the enduring
contribution of Galileo Galilei. “Galileo refuted the Aristotelian theory that heavier bodies fall
faster than lighter ones. The theory of Galileo made the counter-intuitive suggestion that all freely
falling bodies will fall towards the earth at the same rate, irrespective of their weight” (Okasha,
2002, 4).

Furthermore, Galileo Galilei argued that freely falling bodies accelerate uniformly, i., gain equal
increments of speed in equal times; this is known as Galileo's law of free-fall. Galileo provided
persuasive though not conclusive evidence for this law, which formed the centerpiece of his
theory of mechanics” (Okasha, 2002, p4).

Galileo began using language of mathematics to describe actual objects in the material world,
such as falling bodies, projectiles, etc. Today, scientific theories are routinely formulated in
mathematical language, not only in the physical sciences but also in biology and economics.

Primary vocabulary
Semantic and mathematical concepts whose referents are the material entities of physics,
chemistry, and biology, and assumed to transcend particular settings

Constructs referring to psychological features, states, and behaviors of individuals or groups, with
an acceptance of the constraints that the context of observation imposes on the generality

Concepts referring to human behavior and the events that provoke them with serious contextual
restrictions on inferences

The influence of historical conditions

Minimal Modest Serious

Ethical influence
Minimal Major Major

Dependence on outside support

Highly dependent

Moderately dependent

Relatively independent

Work conditions
Both small and large collaborations

Small collaborations and solitary

Solitary

Contribution to the national economy

Major Modest Minimal

Criteria for beauty

Conclusions that involve the most fundamental material components inferred from the evidence
produced by machines and amenable to mathematical descriptions.

Conclusions that support a broad theoretical view of human behavior.

Semantically coherent arguments are described in elegant prose.

Disciplines in Social Science: Their Fields, Main Areas of Inquiry and Method

ANTHROPOLOGY —derived from the Greek words “Anthropos” meaning “human” and “logos”
meaning “word” or “study of”. Anthropology is “the study of man”. Anthropologists study humans
and their societies in the past and present. “It is the exploration and the study of human diversity
around the world. It gathers and analyzes data on cross-cultural and inter-societal differences in
social institutions, cultural beliefs and practices, and communication styles” (Abulencia, et al,
2017, 6).
There are two fields of Anthropology, which are: “(a) Physical Anthropology. It is the study of the
past and present evolution of the human species. It is especially concerned with understanding
the causes of present human diversity, (b) Cultural Anthropology, which is the branch of
anthropology concerned with the study of human societies and cultures and

their development” (Polidario 2019).

ECONOMICS —is geared toward the managing of the limited resources but still being able to
satisfy the custmers’ unlimited wants. It can also be viewed as the production, consumption, and
transfer of goods. When people walk through the market or department store, there will always
be economics. There are two major fields of economics, microeconomics and macroeconomics.
Microeconomics is part of economics concerned with single factors and the effects of individual
decisions. At the same time, macroeconomics is concerned with large-scale or general economic
factors,
such as interest rates and national productivity” (Polidario 2019).
GEOGRAPHY —deals with studying the lands and features of the earth. There are two fields of
Geography, which are (a) Systematic Geography and
(b) Regional Geography” (Polidario 2019).
Systematic Geography has two sub-fields, first “Physical Geography, is the branch of geography
dealing with natural features and processes Second Cultural/Human Geography is the study of
the many cultural aspects found throughout the world and how they relate to the spaces and
places where they

originate and then travel as people continually move across various areas”
(Polidario 2019).
Regional Geography —is a branch of geography that studies the world's regions.

HISTORY —derived from the “word "historia" meaning "to inquire or

research". History mainly focuses on the evolution of mankind and the events that have
taken place within that evolution. History is study of the past and
Let Us Practice
Guess a Picture: Identify the picture based on the given choices. Write your answer before each
number. Your choices are the following: anthropology, economics, geography, history, linguistic,
physical geography, political science, psychology, demography, sociology.

1. _______
6. _______
2. _______
7. _______
3. _______
8. _______
4. _______
9. _______
5. _______ 10. ______
google/search

google/search

google/search

google/search

google/search google/search

google/search

google/search google/search

Let Us Practice More

Direction: In the paragraph below, fill in the blank with correct word or words.

Social Science refers to the (1) ________________study of various

aspects of human (2) _________________. It is a major category of academic

disciplines, dealing with society and the (3) _________________ among people
within a society.

Natural Science is a (4) ___________________that deal only with natural

events, using (5) __________________methods. It is also a major branch of

science that deals with the description, (6) __________________and

understanding of natural phenomena, basically based on observational and

(7) ___________________evidence.

Social and Natural sciences employ the scientific model in order to

gain information. They use empirical and measured (8)

_____________________ that can be seen and discerned by the senses. Their

theories can be tested to yield (9) _____________________statements and

general positions. However, Humanities refers to the study of the ways in

which the (10) _______________________is processed and documented.

Let Us Assess
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

What is the study of human social relationships or social systems or human group behavior? a.
History c. Psychology b. Political Science d. Sociology

It is the study of the human soul, mind, behavior, personality, and how these are affected by an
individual’s environment. a. History c. Psychology b. Political Science d. Sociology

It is the study of social arrangements to maintain peace and order within a society. a. History c.
Psychology b. Political Science d. Sociology

What is the study of the past of humans in the world? a. History c. Psychology b. Political Science
d. Sociology
What is a branch of geography that studies environment and how space is created, viewed, and
managed by humans and, the influence humans have on the space they occupy? a. Economics
c. Geography b. Human geography d. Physical geography

It examines the natural environment and how the climate, vegetation & life, soil, water, and
landforms are produced and interacted. a. Economics c. Geography b. Human geography d.
Physical geography

What is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods
and services? a. Economics c. Geography b. Human geography d. Physical geography

What is the science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth? a.
Economics c. Geography b. Human geography d. Physical geography

It is the holistic "science of man" - a science of the totality of human existence. a.

Anthropology c. Geography b. Humanities d. Psychology

It is an academic discipline that studies the human condition using primarily analytical, critical, or
speculative methods. ancient and modern Languages. a. Anthropology c. Geography b.
Humanities d. Psychology

The following are fields in Humanities, EXCEPT ONE. a. Philosophy c. Religion b. Physics d.
Visual Arts

It is the field of human knowledge that deals with all aspects of the human beings’ group life. a.
Anthropology c. Natural science b. Humanities d. Social science

It is a branch of science that seeks to elucidate the rules that govern the natural world by using
empirical and scientific methods. a. Anthropology c. Natural science b. Humanities d. Social
science

The following are fields in natural science, EXCEPT ONE. a. Astronomy c. Chemistry b. Biology
d. Geography

The following are methods being used by Humanities, EXCEPT ONE. a. analytical c.
mathematical b. critical d. speculative

Let Us Reflect
Career Path: What would be your future profession? You can
choose from the different disciplines in Social science. Write a
brief description of your future profession. Make also a short
description of your future life as a professional.
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Answer Key
Let Us Try

SS

NS

NS

SS

SS

SS

SS

NS
SS

SS

Let Us Practice

Geography

Psychology

Political

Science

Linguistic

Anthropology

Economics

History

Demography

Sociology

Physical

Geography

Let Us Practice

More

systematic

society

relationships

discipline
scientific

prediction

empirical

data evidence

theoretical

human

experience

Let Us

Remember

Let Us Assess
d

Let Us Enhance

Answers may

vary.

Let Us Reflect

Answers may

vary.
Download
Save

Share

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Disciplines and Ideas in Social Sciences

Quarter 3 – Module 1: Distinguishing Social Science Disciplines with Natural Science and
Humanities

Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences – Grade 11

Quarter 3 – Module 1: Distinguishing Social Science Disciplines with Natural Science and
Humanities

First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.)
included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been
exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright
owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education – Region XI Regional Director: Evelyn R. Fetalvero

Assistant Regional Director: Maria Ines C. Asuncion

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Joseph C. Cabajes

Editors: Dr. Lucia M. Sunga

Reviewers: Divilyn Rodriguez

Illustrator: Laurel K. Roa

Layout Artist:

Template Developer: Neil Edward D. Diaz

Management Team: Reynaldo M. Guillena

Jinky B. Firman

Marilyn V. Deduyo

Alma C. Cifra

Aris B. Juanillo

May Ann M. Jumuad

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Department of Education Region XI

Office Address:

Deped Davao City Division, E. Quirno Ave.,

Davao City, Davao del Sur, Philippines

Telefax:

(082) 334 0100

E-mail Address:

info@deped-davaocity.ph

Disciplines and Ideas in Social Sciences

Quarter 3 – Module 1: Distinguishing Social Science Disciplines with Natural Science and
Humanities

Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need
to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning at home.
Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks
included in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own learning. Take time to read,
understand, and perform the different activities in the module.

As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded of the following:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a
separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult
your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this
material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant
competencies. You can do it!

Let Us Learn
This material was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the role of
business in social and economic development. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order
in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The learners: (based on MELCs)

1. differentiate the nature and functions of Social Science Disciplines with the Natural Sciences
and Humanities (HUMSS_DIS 11-IIIa-1, HUMSS_DIS 11-IIIa-2, HUMSS_DIS 11-IIIb-d-3)
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. understand the nature and functions of Social Science disciplines with the Natural Science and
Humanities, and
2. distinguish the various Social Science disciplines and their fields, main areas of inquiry, and
methods.

Let Us Try
Instruction: Identify the following Sciences, either they belong to Social Science or Natural
Science. On the line before each number, write SS if your answer is Social Science. And write
NS if your answer is Natural Science.

_____ 1. Anthropology
_____ 2. Biology
_____ 3. Chemistry
_____ 4. Economics
_____ 5. Geography
_____ 6. History
_____ 7. Linguistics
_____ 8. Physics
_____ 9. Psychology
_____ 10. Sociology

Let Us Study
Science (Okasha, 2002, p. 1), “is an endeavor to understand, explain and predict the world we
live in using distinctive methods of inquiry in an attempt to construct theories.” Tracing its origin,
“modern science lies in a period of rapid scientific development that occurred in Europe between
the years l5OO and 175O, which we now refer to as the scientific revolution.

In these earlier periods the dominant world-view was Aristotelianism, named after the ancient
Greek philosopher Aristotle, who put forward detailed theories in physics, biology, astronomy,
and cosmology” (Okasha, 2002, p. 2). However, Aristotle's contribution to the scientific world was
his methods of inquiry.

Nature, Functions and Methods of Social and Natural Sciences and Humanities
Social Science (Oba, 1999, p. 13) is “the spectrum of disciplines that deal with people and social
institutions, behavior and interactions. Basically, it refers to the systematic study of various
aspects of human society. It is a major category of academic disciplines, dealing with society and
the relationships among people within a society. Established in 19th century.”

Natural Science (Ledoux, 2002. P. 34) “is a discipline that deals only with natural events using
scientific methods. It is also a major branch of science that deals with the description, prediction
and understanding of natural phenomena, basically based on observational and empirical
evidence. There are two main branches of natural science. There are (1) Life Science or
Biological Science and (2) Physical Science which includes (a) Physics, (b) Astronomy, (c)
Chemistry, and (d) Earth Science.

Both sciences employ the scientific model in order to gain information. They use empirical and
measured data evidence that can be seen and discerned by the senses. Theories can be tested
to yield theoretical statements and general positions. However, Humanities refers to the study of
the ways in which the human experience is processed and documented. It encompasses the field
of philosophy, literature, religion, art, music, history and language.

According to Encyclopedia Britannica, Humanities is a branch of knowledge, whose main focus is

the (<https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-being>)human person and his or her
(<https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/culture>)culture. It uses (<https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/analytic>)analytic and critical inquiry method that come from an
appreciation of human values and the unique ability of the human spirit to express itself.

As a group of educational (<https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/disciplines>)disciplines,

the humanities are distinguished in content and method from the
(<https://www.britannica.com/science/physical-science>)physical and
(<https://www.britannica.com/science/biology>)biological sciences and, somewhat less
decisively, from the (<https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-science>)social sciences. The
humanities include studying all languages and
(<https://www.britannica.com/art/literature>)literature, (<https://www.britannica.com/topic/the-
arts>)the arts, (<https://www.britannica.com/topic/history>)history, and
(<https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy>)philosophy.” Humanities and social science are
concerned with human aspects like, law, politics, linguistics, economics and psychology. They
are concerned with human lives and nature.

There are two distinct and crucial steps that separate Social Science from Natural Science. “First
crucial step in the development of the modern scientific world-view was the Copernican
revolution. It was a reaction to geocentric astronomy or Ptolemaic astronomy that put the earth at
the center of the universe. It was named after the ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy, lay at the
Aristotelian world-view’s heart, and had gone largely unchallenged for 1,8oo years.

But Nicolas Copernicus suggested an alternative: the sun was the fixed center of the universe,
and the planets, including the earth, were in orbit around the sun. On this heliocentric model drew
opposition and resistance specifically from the Catholic Church” (Okasha, p.3).

The second crucial step that separates Social Science from Natural Science was the enduring
contribution of Galileo Galilei. “Galileo refuted the Aristotelian theory that heavier bodies fall
faster than lighter ones. The theory of Galileo made the counter-intuitive suggestion that all freely
falling bodies will fall towards the earth at the same rate, irrespective of their weight” (Okasha,
2002, 4).

Furthermore, Galileo Galilei argued that freely falling bodies accelerate uniformly, i.e., gain equal
increments of speed in equal times; this is known as Galileo's law of free-fall. Galileo provided
persuasive though not conclusive evidence for this law, which formed the centerpiece of his
theory of mechanics” (Okasha, 2002, p4).

Galileo began using language of mathematics to describe actual objects in the material world,
such as falling bodies, projectiles, etc. Today, scientific theories are routinely formulated in
mathematical language, not only in the physical sciences but also in biology and economics.
Another innovative aspect of Galileo's work was his emphasis on the importance of testing
hypotheses experimentally. But when Galileo was working, experimentation was not generally
regarded as a reliable means of gaining knowledge. Galileo's emphasis on experimental testing
marks the beginning of an empirical approach to studying nature that continues to this day”
(Okasha, p. 4).

The method being used by “Natural scientists emphasizes on material processes, minimize the
influences of historical and cultural contexts and their associated ethical values. There are
primarily concerned with the relations between a concept and a set of observations” (Kagan,
2009, p 3). It relies more on “mathematically based methods. The main reason for this is to have
uniformity in nature and the accountability that enables the scientist to apply mathematics”
(Abulencia, et al, 2017, 3).

When social scientists and humanists did not accept the biology’s influence, they rely heavily on
semantic networks. They were concerned with the relations among a set of semantic terms as
they connect a concept and evidence. Yet, the meanings of the concepts used by the three
groups deserve special attention because the communities use different sources of evidence”
(Kagan, 2009, p. 3-4).

Similarities and Differences among Social and Natural Scientists and Humanists
Jerome Kagan (2009, pp. 4-5) illustrated the similarities of Natural scientist, Social scientist and
Humanist based on nine (9) dimensions.

Dimension

Natural Scientists

Social Scientists

Humanists

1.Primary interests

Prediction and explanation of all natural phenomena

Prediction and explanation of human behaviors and psychological states

An understanding of human reactions to events and the meanings humans impose on experience
as a function of culture, historical era, and life history

2. Primary sources of evidence and control of conditions

Experimentally controlled observations of material entities

Behaviors, verbal statements, and less often biological measures, gathered under conditions in
which the contexts cannot always be controlled

Written texts and human behaviors gathered under conditions of minimal control

3. Primary vocabulary

Semantic and mathematical concepts whose referents are the material entities of physics,
chemistry, and biology, and assumed to transcend particular settings

Constructs referring to psychological features, states, and behaviors of individuals or groups, with
an acceptance of the constraints that the context of observation imposes on the generality

Concepts referring to human behavior and the events that provoke them with serious contextual
restrictions on inferences

4. The influence of historical conditions

Minimal

Modest

Serious

5. Ethical influence

Minimal

Major

Major

6. Dependence on outside support

Highly dependent

Moderately dependent

Relatively independent

7. Work conditions
Both small and large collaborations

Small collaborations and solitary

Solitary

8. Contribution to the national economy

Major

Modest

Minimal

9. Criteria for beauty

Conclusions that involve the most fundamental material components inferred from the evidence
produced by machines and amenable to mathematical descriptions.

Conclusions that support a broad theoretical view of human behavior.

Semantically coherent arguments are described in elegant prose.

Disciplines in Social Science: Their Fields, Main Areas of Inquiry and Method
1. ANTHROPOLOGY—derived from the Greek words “Anthropos” meaning “human” and “logos”
meaning “word” or “study of”. Anthropology is “the study of man”. Anthropologists study humans
and their societies in the past and present. “It is the exploration and the study of human diversity
around the world. It gathers and analyzes data on cross-cultural and inter-societal differences in
social institutions, cultural beliefs and practices, and communication styles” (Abulencia, et al,
2017, 6).
There are two fields of Anthropology, which are: “(a) Physical Anthropology. It is the study of the
past and present evolution of the human species. It is especially concerned with understanding
the causes of present human diversity, (b) Cultural Anthropology, which is the branch of
anthropology concerned with the study of human societies and cultures and their development”
(Polidario 2019).

2. ECONOMICS—is geared toward the managing of the limited resources but still being able to
satisfy the custmers’ unlimited wants. It can also be viewed as the production, consumption, and
transfer of goods. When people walk through the market or department store, there will always
be economics. There are two major fields of economics, microeconomics and macroeconomics.
Microeconomics is part of economics concerned with single factors and the effects of individual
decisions. At the same time, macroeconomics is concerned with large-scale or general economic
factors, such as interest rates and national productivity” (Polidario 2019).
3. GEOGRAPHY—deals with studying the lands and features of the earth. There are two fields of
Geography, which are (a) Systematic Geography and (b) Regional Geography” (Polidario 2019).
Systematic Geography has two sub-fields, first “Physical Geography, is the branch of geography
dealing with natural features and processes Second Cultural/Human Geography is the study of
the many cultural aspects found throughout the world and how they relate to the spaces and
places where they originate and then travel as people continually move across various areas”
(Polidario 2019).

Regional Geography—is a branch of geography that studies the world's regions.

4. HISTORY—derived from the “word "historia" meaning "to inquire or research". History mainly
focuses on the evolution of mankind and the events that have taken place within that evolution.
History is study of the past and its records about events. "History is the bridge that connects the
past with the present and future" (Polidario 2019).
5. LINGUISTICS—is the scientific study of languages and focuses on the three aspect of
language: language form, language meaning, and language in context” (Polidario 2019).
6. POLITICAL SCIENCE—is a social science which deals with the governance and the analysis
of political activities, political notion, and political behavior. It deals extensively with the theory and
practice of politics commonly thought of as determining of the distribution of power and resources
(Polidario 2019).
7. PSYCHOLOGY—is the “scientific inquiry of the mind and behavior. There are five (5) schools
of Psychology: (a) Structuralism (b) Functionalism (c) Psychodynamic (c) Behaviorism (d)
Cognitive. And there are six (6) Sociocultural Major Area of Psychology: (a) Biopsychology (b)
Experimental (c) Developmental and personality psychology (e) Health, clinical and counseling
psychology (f) Socio-industrial-organizational consumer (g) Cross cultural psychology” (Polidario
2019).
8. DEMOGRAPHY—is the study of human population and dynamics, which include components
such as population size (actual headcount of people in a given place of location), population
composition (age, sex, religion), population growth, population distribution (Polidario 2019).
9. SOCIOLOGY—is a “(<https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-science>)social science that
studies human societies, their interactions, and the processes that preserve and change them. It
does this by examining the (<https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dynamics>)dynamics
of (<https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/constituent>)constituent parts of societies such
as institutions, (<https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/communities>)communities,
populations, and gender, racial, or age groups. Sociology also studies
(<https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-status>)social status or stratification,
(<https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-movement>)social movements, and
(<https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-change>)social change, as well as societal disorder in
the form of crime, (<https://www.britannica.com/topic/deviance>)deviance, and
(<https://www.britannica.com/topic/revolution-politics>)revolution” .
Social life extremely controls human’s (<https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-
behavior>)behavior, because human fall short the instincts that often lead the
(<https://www.britannica.com/science/animal-behavior>)animal behavior. Humans, therefore,
necessitates the (<https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-institution>)social institutions and
organizations to inform their decisions and actions. Given the vital role organizations play in
influencing human activity. It is sociology’s task to discover how organizations affect persons’
behavior, how they are established, how organizations interact with one another, how they decay,
and, ultimately, how they disappear. Among the most basic organizational structures are
economic, religious, educational, and political institutions, as well as more specialized institutions
such as the family, the (<https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/community>)community,
the military, peer groups, clubs, and volunteer associations” (Farris and Form, 1998).
Let Us Practice
Guess a Picture: Identify the picture based on the given choices. Write your answer before each
number. Your choices are the following: anthropology, economics, geography, history, linguistic,
physical geography, political science, psychology, demography, sociology.

Let Us Practice More

Direction: In the paragraph below, fill in the blank with correct word or words.
Social Science refers to the (1) ________________study of various aspects of human (2)
_________________. It is a major category of academic disciplines, dealing with society and the
(3) _________________ among people within a society.

Natural Science is a (4) ___________________that deal only with natural events, using (5)
__________________methods. It is also a major branch of science that deals with the
description, (6) __________________and understanding of natural phenomena, basically based
on observational and (7) ___________________evidence.

Social and Natural sciences employ the scientific model in order to gain information. They use
empirical and measured (8) _____________________ that can be seen and discerned by the
senses. Their theories can be tested to yield (9) _____________________statements and
general positions. However, Humanities refers to the study of the ways in which the (10)
_______________________is processed and documented.

Let Us Remember
Instructions: Enumerated below (Column A) are statements that correspond to the “fields,” “area
of inquiry” and “method” of Social sciences. Match Column with Column B. Write your answers
before in each number.

Column A

Column B

____ 1.

It studies human societies, their interactions, and the processes that preserve and change them.

A. Anthropology

____ 2.

It is the study of human population and dynamics which include components such as population
size.
B. Demography

____ 3.

It is the exploration and the study of human diversity around the world.

C. Economics

____ 4.

It is how people interact with the market to attain or accomplish their certain goals.

D. Geography

____ 5.

It studies the lands and features of the earth.

E. History

____ 6.

It is a great tool in analyzing behavior by looking back at the subject’s memory, stress, etc.

F. Psychology

____ 7.

It is the systematic study of state and government.

G. Political science

____ 8.

It is the scientific study of languages.

H. Linguistic

____ 9.
It is the systematic inquiry of man’s recorded past

to establish causal relationships, validate historical facts, and reconstruct chronological events.

I. Regional geography

____ 10.

It is a branch of geography that studies the world's regions.

J. Systematic geography
K. Sociology
Let Us Assess
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. What is the study of human social relationships or social systems or human group behavior?
a. History
b. Political Science
c. Psychology
d. Sociology
2. It is the study of the human soul, mind, behavior, personality, and how these are affected by an
individual’s environment.
a. History
b. Political Science
c. Psychology
d. Sociology
3. It is the study of social arrangements to maintain peace and order within a society.
a. History
b. Political Science
c. Psychology
d. Sociology
4. What is the study of the past of humans in the world?
a. History
b. Political Science
c. Psychology
d. Sociology
5. What is a branch of geography that studies environment and how space is created, viewed,
and managed by humans and, the influence humans have on the space they occupy?
a. Economics
b. Human geography
c. Geography
d. Physical geography
6. It examines the natural environment and how the climate, vegetation & life, soil, water, and
landforms are produced and interacted.
a. Economics
c. Geography
b. Human geography
d. Physical geography
7. What is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods
and services?
a. Economics
b. Human geography
c. Geography
d. Physical geography
8. What is the science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth?
a. Economics
c. Geography
b. Human geography
d. Physical geography
9. It is the holistic "science of man" -a science of the totality of human existence.
a. Anthropology
b. Humanities
c. Geography
d. Psychology
10. It is an academic discipline that studies the human condition using primarily analytical, critical,
or speculative methods. ancient and modern Languages.
a. Anthropology
c. Geography
b. Humanities
d. Psychology
11. The following are fields in Humanities, EXCEPT ONE.
a. Philosophy
b. Physics
c. Religion
d. Visual Arts
12. It is the field of human knowledge that deals with all aspects of the human beings’ group life.
a. Anthropology
b. Humanities
c. Natural science
d. Social science
13. It is a branch of science that seeks to elucidate the rules that govern the natural world by
using empirical and scientific methods.
a. Anthropology
b. Humanities
c. Natural science
d. Social science
14. The following are fields in natural science, EXCEPT ONE.
a. Astronomy
b. Biology
c. Chemistry
d. Geography
15. The following are methods being used by Humanities, EXCEPT ONE.
a. analytical
b. critical
c. mathematical
d. speculative