UNIVERSITY

OF MINDANAO
College of Engineering Education
Civil Engineering Program



Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged



Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for
Self-Directed Learning (SDL)







Course/Subject: BCE 413/D: QUANTITY SURVEYING
Name of Teacher:
Author: Engr. DANNY MAR NAIPA




THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY, NOT FOR REPRODUCTION AND
DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE
OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.


 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Course Outline: BCE 413/D– Quantity Surveying

Course Coordinator: Engr. Danny Mar Naipa
Email: dnaipa@umindanao.edu.ph
Student Consultation: By appointment
Mobile: -
Phone: (082) 296 1084 local 133
Effectivity Date: August 1, 2021
Mode of Delivery: Blended (On-line with face to face or virtual sessions)
Time Frame:
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Pre-requisite: BCE 321/L - Building Systems Design
Co-requisite: None
Credit: 1.0 unit Lecture, 1.0 unit Dry Laboratory
Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all
scheduled Virtual or face-to-face sessions


Course Outline Policy


Areas of Concern Details
Contact and Non-contact Hours This 2-unit course self-instructional manual is designed
for blended learning mode of instructional delivery
with scheduled face to face or virtual sessions. The
expected number of hours will be 108 including the
face-to-face or virtual sessions. The face-to-face
sessions shall include the summative assessment tasks
(exams) since this course is crucial in the licensure
examination for civil engineers.
Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3rd, 5th, 7th
and 9th week of the term. The assessment paper shall be
attached with a cover page indicating the title of the
assessment task (if the task is performance), the name
of the course coordinator, date of submission and name
of the student. The document should be emailed to the
course coordinator. It is also expected that you already
paid your tuition and other fees before the submission
of the assessment task.

If the assessment task is done in real time through the
features in the Blackboard Learning Management
System, the schedule shall be arranged ahead of time by
the course coordinator.

Since this course is included in the licensure
examination for civil engineers, you will be required to
take the Multiple-Choice Question exam inside the
University. This should be scheduled ahead of time by
Page 1 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

your course coordinator. This is non-negotiable for all

licensure-based programs.
Turnitin Submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment
(if necessary) tasks are required to be submitted through Turnitin
with a maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This
means that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the
students will either opt to redo her/his paper or explain
in writing addressed to the course coordinator the
reasons for the similarity. In addition, if the paper has
reached more than 30% similarity index, the student
may be called for a disciplinary action in accordance
with the University’s OPM on Intellectual and Academic
Honesty.

Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating
and commissioning other students or people to
complete the task for you have severe punishments
(reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the possible
maximum score for that assessment item for each day
or part day that the assessment item is late.

However, if the late submission of assessment paper
has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should be
submitted and approved by the course coordinator. If
necessary, you will also be required to present/attach
evidences.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2) weeks
Assessments after the submission. This will be returned by email or
via Blackboard portal.

For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will
require some or few of the students for online or virtual
sessions to ask clarificatory questions to validate the
originality of the assessment task submitted and to
ensure that all the group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course
coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an
assessment task. The resubmission is premised on the
student’s failure to comply with the similarity index and
other reasonable grounds such as academic literacy
standards or other reasonable circumstances e.g.
illness, accidents financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the
Papers and Appeal program coordinator your intention to appeal or
contest the score given to an assessment task. The letter
should explicitly explain the reasons/points to contest
the grade. The program coordinator shall communicate
with the students on the approval and disapproval of
the request.

Page 2 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

elevate your case to the program head or the dean with
the original letter of request. The final decision will
come from the dean of the college.
Grading System All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional
contact
Course discussions/exercises – 40%
1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%

All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):
Final exam – 30%

Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual
University system and procedures.
Referencing Style IEEE
Student Communication You are required to create a umindanao email account
which is a requirement to access the BlackBoard
portal.
Then, the course coordinator shall enroll the
students to have access to the materials and resources
of the course. All communication formats: chat,
submission of assessment tasks, requests etc. shall be
through the portal and other university recognized
platforms.

You can also meet the course coordinator in person
through the scheduled face to face sessions to raise
your issues and concerns.

For students who have not created their student email,
please contact the course coordinator or program
head.
Contact Details of the Dean Dr. Charlito L. Cañesares
Email: clcanesares@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Contact Details of the Program Engr. Showna Lee T. Sales
Head Email: ssales@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with
the course coordinator about the nature of his or her
special needs. Depending on the nature of the need, the
course coordinator with the approval of the program
coordinator may provide alternative assessment tasks
or extension of the deadline of submission of
assessment tasks. However, the alternative assessment
tasks should still be in the service of achieving the
desired course learning outcomes.
Help Desk Contact Jetron J. Adtoon
Email: jadtoon@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 09055267834

Page 3 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Frida Santa O. Dagatan

Email: cee@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 09562082442
Tel: 082-2272902
Library Contact Brigida E. Bacani
Email: library@umindanao.edu.ph
09513766681

Ronadora E. Deala, RPsy, RPm, RGC, LPT
Email: ronadora_deala@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 09212122846

Silvino P. Josol
Email: gstcmain@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 09060757721

Course Information- see/download course syllabus in the BlackBoard LMS

CC’s Voice: Hello future engineers! Welcome to this course BCE 413/D: Quantity Surveying.
Imparting self-directed learning through on-line delivery is very challenging but
timely as we start this new educational system. This course provides a basic
understanding of the methods used to prepare cost estimates of building and
bridge construction as well as earthwork costs. It deals estimating and managing
construction costs to ensure value for money, while meeting the required
building standards and quality at the same time.

CO: Upon completion of the course, you are expected to:

CO 1: Determine quantities of building materials, labor and equipment on
construction detailed drawings for several construction project elements.
CO 2: Develop total cost of engineering projects, including labor fringes, taxes,
bonding fees, insurance, overhead and profit for the purpose of takeoffs and
estimation.
















Page 4 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Let us begin!


Big Picture (Week 1-3)

Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes-Unit 1 (ULO-1): At the end of the unit, you are expected to:

a. Demonstrate understanding on the importance of organized information, cost records
and assessment of job conditions to the accuracy of estimation process.
b. Distinguish different types of estimates which includes initial estimates, re-estimates
and bid estimates through phases of project development.
c. Describe objectives of the general/special conditions of contract documents for
qualifications of required bidders.
d. Calculate quantities (imperial and metric measurements) for site works and excavation
such as volumes and areas of earthworks from grid level drawings.


Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1a. Demonstrate understanding on the importance of
organized information, cost records and assessment of job conditions to the accuracy
of estimation process.


Metalanguage

In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of Quantity Surveying and
to demonstrate ULO-1a will be operationally defined to establish a common frame of reference.

1.0 Estimating
Estimating is a complex process involving collection of available and pertinent
information relating to the scope of a project, expected resource consumption, and
future changes in resource costs. The process involves synthesis of this information
through a mental process of visualization of the constructing process for the project.
This visualization is mentally translated into an approximation of the final cost.

2.0 Building construction estimating
Building construction estimating is the determination of probable construction
costs of any given project. Many items influence and contribute to the cost of a
project; each item must be analyzed, quantified, and priced.

3.0 Estimator
Responsible for including everything contained in the drawings and the project
manual in the submitted bid. Because of the complexity of the drawings and the
project manual, coupled with the potential cost of an error, the estimator must read
everything thoroughly and recheck all items. Initially, the plans and the project
manual must be checked to ensure that they are complete. Then the estimator can
begin the process of quantifying all of the materials presented.

4.0 Detailed Estimates
The detailed estimate includes determination of the quantities and costs of
everything that is required to complete

Page 5 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

the project. This includes materials, labor, equipment, insurance, bonds, and
overhead, as well as an estimate of the
profit.

5.0 Bill of Labour (BOL)
A list of labour required for the construction of a project or part of a project, which
may include quantities.

6.0 Bill of Materials (BOM)
A list of materials required for the construction of a project or part of a project,
which may include quantities.

7.0 Bill of Quantities (BOQ)
A document used in tendering in the construction industry in which materials, parts,
and labour (and their costs) are itemised. 3.0 Cost

8.0 Cost
The accounting profession has developed special terms for certain group of costs.
When annual costs are incurred due to the functioning of a piece of equipment, they
are known as Operating and Maintenance (O&M) Costs. The annual costs associated
with operating a business (other than the costs directly attributable to production)
are known as General, Selling, and Administrative (GS & A) Expenses.

Direct Labor Costs are costs incurred in the factory, such as assembly, machining,
and painting labor costs. Direct Material Costs are the costs of all materials that go
into production. Typically, both direct labor and direct material costs are given on a
per-unit or per-item basis. The sum of the direct labor and direct material costs is
known as the Prime Costs.

9.0 Total Project Cost
Required costs for the full implementation of projects proposed

10.0 Quantity Surveying
Broadly concerned with the estimation, planning and control of the cost on
construction projects. It covers a wide range of activities including cost estimation,
cost planning, value engineering, feasibility studies, cost benefit analysis, lifecycle
costing and valuation.

11.0 Quantity Surveyors
Play an important role in contract procurement, tender evaluation and dispute
resolution. Good knowledge of construction technology is very much required for a
quantity surveyor.







Page 6 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Essential Knowledge

To perform the ULO for the first 3 weeks of the course, you need to understand
the following key concepts that will be presented in the succeeding pages. You are also
expected to use other references, books, and other resource material that is available in
the university’s library.

Introduction

Estimating

Construction estimating is the process of anticipating the expense of building a
physical structure. This step is essential, and one of the most crucial in the construction
process. Estimators need to be as accurate as possible because profit margins (the
livelihood of contractors) are impacted if any estimated direct and indirect costs for the
project are off by even the slight amount. Every successful project starts with a precise
and accurate cost estimate. By the end of this article, you will know the basics of
estimating and learn the importance of its role in delivering successful commercial
construction projects.
Accurate estimates win new projects and business for companies. In the bid
estimation phase, construction documents, take-offs, and other direct costs are used to
allow the estimator to determine an approximation on job costs. Customers and builders
are concerned about the price of a project because of the financial impact of expenditure
overrun and the failure of project completion. It is in the interest of BOTH parties to
spend time researching and estimating the expenses. No one wants to lose money, and
construction estimating provides a useful tool in project management.
Specifications
A document prepared to identify the works and the level of quality required on a
project.

Take off
The process of reviewing and understanding the design package and using the
project scope drawings and documents to itemize the scope into line items with
measured quantities.

Tender Documents
Are a set of documents issued to tendering contractors to ensure all the
contractors follow the same rules, the documents normally include the project
drawings, Bills of Quantities or other tendering document together with the form of
tender and formal invitation to tender.

Estimating is not exact science. It is a group of skills and experiences. Estimating
material costs can be accomplished with a relatively high degree of accuracy. Accurate
estimating of labor and equipment cost is considerably more difficult to accomplish.

Importance of the Estimator and The Estimating Team

Whether using computer or not, the estimator and his or her team play a vital role
in preparing estimates .

Page 7 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

The estimator is responsible for including everything contained in the drawings

and the project manual in the submitted bid. Because of the complexity of the drawings
and the project manual, coupled with the potential cost of an error, the estimator must
read everything thoroughly and recheck all items. Initially, the plans and the project
manual must be checked to ensure that they are complete. Then the estimator can begin
the process of quantifying all of the materials presented. Every item included in the
estimate must contain as much information as possible. The quantities determined for
the estimate will ultimately be used to order and purchase the needed materials. The
estimated quantities and their associated projected costs will become the basis of
project controls (e.g., budget and baseline schedule) in the field. Estimating the ultimate
cost of a project requires the integration of many variables. These variables fall into
either direct field costs or indirect field costs.
The indirect field costs are also referred to as general conditions or project
overhead costs in building construction.
The direct field costs are the material, labor, equipment, or subcontracted items
that are permanently and physically integrated into the building. For example, the labor
and materials for the foundation of the building would be a direct field cost.
The indirect field costs are the costs for the items that are required to support the
field construction efforts. For example, the project site office would be an indirect field
cost. In addition, factors such as weather, transportation, soil conditions, labor strikes,
material availability, and subcontractor availability need to be integrated into the
estimate. Regardless of the variables involved, the estimator must strive to prepare as
accurate an estimate as possible. Since subcontractors or specialty contractors may
perform much of the work in the field, the estimator must be able to articulate the scope
of work in order for these companies to furnish a price quote. The complexity of an
estimate requires organization, the estimator’s best judgment, complete specialty
contractors’ (subcontractors’) bids, accurate quantity takeoffs, and accurate records of
completed projects.
The quality of an estimate depends on the qualifications and abilities of the
estimator. In general, an estimator must demonstrate the following capabilities and
qualifications:
• Extensive knowledge of construction
• Knowledge of construction materials and methods
• Knowledge of construction practices and contracts
• Ability to read and write construction documents
• Ability to sketch construction details
• Ability to communicate graphically and verbally
• Strong background in business and economics
• Ability to visualize work items
• Broad background in design and code requirements
Obviously, from the qualifications cited, estimators are not born but are
developed through years of formal or informal education and experience in the industry.
The breadth and depth of the requirements for an estimator lend testimony to the
importance and value of the individual in the firm.





Page 8 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Type of Estimates

Appropriation Estimates
As a project scope is developed and refined, it progresses to a point where it is budgeted
into a corporate capital building program budget. Assuming the potential benefits are
greater than the estimated costs, a sum of money is set aside to cover the project
expenses. From this process of appropriation comes the name of the most refined level
of conceptual estimate. This level of estimate requires more knowledge and effort than
the previously discussed estimates. These estimating methods reflect a greater degree
of accuracy. Appropriation estimates should be between ±10 to 20%. As with the other
forms of conceptual estimates, several methods are available for preparing
appropriation estimates.

Parametric Estimating/Panel Method- This method employs a database in which
key project parameters, project systems, or panels (as in the case of buildings) that are
priced from past projects using appropriate units are recorded. The costs of each
parameter or panel are computed separately and multiplied by the number of panels of
each kind. Major unique features are priced separately and included as separate line
items. Numerous parametric systems exist for different types of projects. For process
plants, the process systems and piping are the parameters. For buildings, various
approaches have been used, but one approach to illustrate the method is as follows:
















Detailed Estimates
Estimates classified as detailed estimates are prepared after the scope and definition of
a project are essentially complete. To prepare a detailed estimate requires considerable
effort in gathering information and systematically forecasting costs. These estimates are
usually prepared for bid purposes or definitive budgeting. Because of the information
available and the effort expended, detailed estimates are usually fairly accurate
projections of the costs of construction. A much higher level of confidence in the
accuracy of the estimate is gained through this increased effort and knowledge. These
types of estimates are used for decision making and commitment.



Page 9 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Organization of estimates
Two basic approaches have evolved to organize work items for estimating :

• One approach is to identify work by the categories contained in the projects
written specifications. (such as CSI of building construction project ).
• The other approach uses a work break down structure (WBS) to identify work
items by their location on the project .

Tables of production rates

When preparing an estimate for a project, if access is available to production rates
obtained from actual jobs constructed under similar conditions, the estimator should
use them instead of the general tables.

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson

– Rowings, James E. (2003), Construction Estimating, CRC Press LLC, Chapter 1-2

– Allen, E., (2014). Fundamentals of building construction : materials and methods
(6th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley

– Boswell, C. K., (2013). Exterior building enclosures : Design process and
composition for innovative facades. New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons

– Brown, R., (2012). Materials and interior design. London : Laurence King Pub.

– Wallach, P.R., (2013). Fundamentals of modern drafting. Australia : Cengage
Learning

Let’s Check
Activity 1:
Now that you know the basic terms and concepts in the study of estimating, let’s try to
check your understanding of these terms. Define the following by your own words in 2-3
sentences.
1. Cost Estimate
2. Quantity Surveying
3. Quantity Surveyor
4. Estimator
5. Detailed estimates
6. Appropriation estimates
7. Bill of Quantities
8. Quantity Take off
9. 9. Drawing Plan
10. Direct and Indirect Cost

Q & A List

Page 10 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

List 1: After series of discussion and exercises, kindly list down your questions or issues in
conjunction with the topics. Write the answers after clarification under the column provided.
This portion helps you in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Do you have any questions for clarification?
Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Keywords Index
Index: The keywords presented here will help you remember the concepts and essential
knowledge. Here are the few subject index.
Estimates Cost Estimate Quantity Surveyor BOQ

Labor Cost Detailed Estimates Specifications
Estimator

Drawing Plan Rates Tender Documents
Production Rates
Take off Direct Cost Indirect Cost Project Cost

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1b. Distinguish different types of estimates which
includes initial estimates, re-estimates and bid estimates through phases of project
development.

Metalanguage

In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of Quantity Surveying and
to demonstrate ULO-1b will be operationally defined to establish a common frame of reference.

1.0 Bond
Usually refers to a performance bond, which is a surety bond issued by an insurance
company or a bank to guarantee satisfactory completion of a project by a contractor.
Other types of guarantees, such as a bid bond or a materials bond, are sometimes also
required by a project owner.

2.0 Claim
A demand for something due or believed to be due, usually the result of an action or
direction and it usually reflects the contract conditions. In construction it can include
compensation for work claimed to be extra to the contract or an extension of time for
completion or both.

3.0 Costing
The process of applying appropriate costs to the line items after the take off.

4.0 Man-hour (mh)
One person’s (worker, craftsman, tradesman, etc.) effort for one hour of time.

Page 11 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

5.0 Man-hour rate

Similar to Labour Constants and used on the American continent, the amount of man-
hours which are consumed executing one unit of work activity. Man-hour rate = man-
hours required for work / completed work quantity. Example: Excavation 0.125 mh/cy.
The man-hour rate is related to the inverse of the production rate times the number of
workers in the crew performing the work. Example: Excavation at 8 cy/day (8 hour day)
with 2-man crew = 2 x 8 / 8 = 2 man-hours/cy. See also Production rate.

6.0 Change order
Def. any change in the contract document after the contract is signed

7.0 Bid document
Contain all the drawings and the written specifications required for preparing the
estimate and submitting the bid


Essential Knowledge

To perform the ULO for the first 3 weeks of the course, you need to understand
the following key concepts that will be presented in the succeeding pages. You are also
expected to use other references, books, and other resource material that is available in
the university’s library.

Estimating Process

A process is a series of steps or actions which produces a result. Estimating is one of
many steps in the project management process, yet it is a process unto itself.

1. Project initiation
2. Scope definition
3. Pre-estimate planning
4. Quantity take-offs and item descriptions
5. Data sources and costing
6. Direct cost totals
7. Summary and cover sheets
8. Documentation and checking
9. Management review
10. Estimate issue and filing
11. Cost feedback/continual improvement

Familiarization with Project Characteristics
The estimator must be familiar with the project and evaluate the project from three
primary avenues: scope, constructibility, and risk. Having evaluated these three areas in
a general way, the estimator will decide whether the effort to estimate and bid the work
has a potential profit or other corporate goal potential (long-term business objective or
client relations). In many cases, investigation of these three areas may lead to the
conclusion that the project is not right for the contractor. The contractor must be
convinced that the firm’s competitive advantage will provide the needed margin to
secure the work away from competitors.
Page 12 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Scope — Just because a project is available for bidding does not mean that the contractor
should invest the time and expense required for the preparation of an estimate. The
contractor must carefully scrutinize several issues of scope for the project in relation to
the company’s ability to perform. These scope issues include the following:
1. Technological requirements of the project
2. Stated milestone deadlines for the project
3. Required material and equipment availability
4. Staffing requirements
5. Stated contract terms and associated risk transfer
6. Nature of the competition and likelihood of an acceptable rate-of-return

Examine the Project Design
Another aspect of the information important to the individual preparing the estimate is
the specific design information that has been prepared. The estimator must be able to
read, interpret, and understand the technical specifications, the referenced standards
and any project drawings, and documents. The estimator must closely examine material
specifications so that an appropriate price for the quality and characteristics specified
can be obtained. The estimator must use sound judgment when pricing substitute
materials for providing an assumption of “or-equal” quality for a material to be used. A
thorough familiarity and technical understanding is required for this judgment. The
same is also true for equipment and furnishings that will be purchased. The estimator
must have an understanding of referenced documents that are commonly identified in
specifications. Standards of testing and performance are made a part of the
specifications by a simple reference. These standards may be client standards or more
universal standards, such as State Highway Specifications or ASTM (American Society
for Testing and Materials) documents. If a specification is referenced that the estimator
is not familiar with, he or she must make the effort to locate and examine it prior to bid
submittal.

Structuring the Estimate
The estimator either reviews a plan or develops a plan for completing the project. This plan must
be visualized during the estimating process; it provides the logical flow of the project from raw
materials to a completed facility. Together with the technical specifications, the plan provides a
structure for the preparation of the detailed estimate. Most estimators develop the estimate
around the structure of the technical specifications. This increases the likelihood that items of
work are covered without duplication in the estimate.

Determine the Elements of Cost
This step involves the development of the quantities of work (a quantity survey) to be
performed and their translation into expected costs. Translating a design on paper into a
functioning, completed project involves the transformation and consumption of a multitude of
resources. These basic ingredients or resources utilized and incorporated in a project during
construction can be classified into one of the following categories:
1. Labor
2. Material
3. Equipment
4. Capital
5. Time


Page 13 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Cost of Labor
For a detailed estimate, it is imperative that the cost of labor resources be determined
with precision. This is accomplished through a three-part process from data in the
construction bidding documents that identify the nature of work and the physical
quantity of work. The first step in the process involves identifying the craft that will be
assigned the work and determining the hourly cost for that labor resource. This is
termed the labor rate.

The following is a brief listing of direct labor cost components:
1. Wage rate
2. Overtime premium
3. Travel time allowance
4. Subsistence allowance
5. Show-up time allowance
6. Other work or performance premiums

The components of indirect labor cost include the following:
1. Vacation fund contributions
2. Pension fund contributions
3. Group insurance premiums
4. Health and welfare contributions
5. Apprenticeship and training programs
6. Workers’ compensation premiums
7. Unemployment insurance premiums
8. Social security contribution
9. Other voluntary contribution or payroll tax

Labor Productivity — Of all the cost elements that contribute to the total project
construction cost, labor productivity ranks at the top for variability. Because labor costs
represent a significant proportion of the total cost of construction, it is vital that good
estimates of productivity be made relative to the productivity that will be experienced
on the project. Productivity assessment is a complex process and not yet fully
understood for the construction industry. The following example illustrates the
calculation of a unit price from productivity data.

Example 1.
To form 100 square feet of wall requires 6 hours of carpenter time and 5 hours of
common laborer time. This assumption is based on standards calculated as averages
from historical data. The wage rate with burdens for carpenters is $60.00/h. The wage
rate with burdens for common laborers is $22.00/h.

Page 14 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Checklist of operation
• Checklist include all operations necessary to construct the project
• Check must be done to ensure that no operations have been omitted

Bid document :
• contain all the drawings and the written specifications required for
preparing the estimate and submitting the bid
• specifications divide into two part:
- One part addresses the legal aspects between the owner and the
contractor
- The second part addresses the technical requirement of the project

Change order :
• Def. any change in the contract document after the contract is signed .
• change order may influence the cost and duration of the project increasing or
decreasing.
• In some situations change order dose not include any adjustment in time or
cost.

Material taxes
• The taxes rate for materials will vary depending on the location.
• Generally the tax on materials will range from 3 to 6 percent.
• The estimator should include the appropriate amount of tax in the
summary of the estimate.

Bonds
• To provide financial and legal protection for the owner.


Page 15 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Insurance
Two types
– Basic builder’s risk : covers the project that is being constructed (loss from
fire lightning damages)
– Public liability and property damage : covers action of the contractor’s
employee while performing their work at the job site (injuries)

Representative estimates
– Direct cost : labor, material, equipment
– Indirect cost: overhead, profit

Production rates
• Is the number of units of work produced by a unit of equipment or a person in a
specified unit of time (usually one hour).

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson

– Rowings, James E. (2003), Construction Estimating, CRC Press LLC, Chapter 1-2

– Allen, E., (2014). Fundamentals of building construction : materials and methods
(6th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley

– Boswell, C. K., (2013). Exterior building enclosures : Design process and
composition for innovative facades. New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons

– Brown, R., (2012). Materials and interior design. London : Laurence King Pub.

– Wallach, P.R., (2013). Fundamentals of modern drafting. Australia : Cengage
Learning

Let’s Check

Activity 1: Now that you review the most essential principles in quantity surveying. Let us try
to check your understanding by solving the following cost problems:

Activity: Discuss in detail the estimating process.
• Project initiation
• Scope definition
• Pre-estimate planning
• Quantity take-offs and item descriptions
• Data sources and costing
• Direct cost totals
• Summary and cover sheets
• Documentation and checking
• Management review
• Estimate issue and filing
• Cost feedback/continual improvement

Page 16 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

In a Nutshell

Activity 1: Based from the definition of the most essential terms in the study of curriculum and
the learning exercises that you have done, please feel free to write your arguments or lessons
learned below.


1. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q & A List

List 1: After series of discussion and exercises, kindly list down your questions or issues in
conjunction with the topics. Write the answers after clarification under the column provided.
This portion helps you in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Do you have any questions for clarification?
Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Keywords
Index: The keywords presented here will help you remember the concepts and essential
knowledge. Here are the few subject index.

Labor Cost Cost Estimate Project design Public Liability
Performance
Change Order Payment Bond
Bid Document Bond

Bid Bond Risk Taxes
Bonds
Representative
Insurance Direct Cost Production Rates
Estimates



Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1c. Describe objectives of the general/special conditions

of contract documents for qualifications of required bidders.

Page 17 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Metalanguage

In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of Quantity
Surveying and to demonstrate ULO-1c will be operationally defined to establish a
common frame of reference

1.0 Bidding Documents
Includes the Invitation to Bid, Instructions to Bidders, Bid Form, Subcontractor List,
sample bidding and contract forms, proposed Contract Documents as defined in the
General Conditions and any Addenda issued prior to receipt of bids.

2.0 Lump Sum Base Bid
The amount stated on the Bid Form for which the Bidder offers to perform the Work
as described in the Bidding Documents as a base to which Alternate Bid work
amounts may be added to or deducted from.

3.0 Addenda
Written and graphic documents issued by the Engineer/Owner prior to the
execution of the Contract to modify or interpret the Bidding Documents.

4.0 Bid or Bids
Means an offer or submission received in response to a call for bids, and includes a
proposal.
5.0 Bidder
Means any legal entity that submits a bid in response to a call for bids, and may
include “proponent” or “respondent”.

6.0 Contract
Means any form of voluntary binding agreement (including a purchase order)
between two or more competent parties, arising from an offer and acceptance,
creating an obligation to perform a service, provide a product or commit an act in
return for financial consideration


Essential Knowledge

To perform the ULO for the first 3 weeks of the course, you need to understand
the following key concepts that will be presented in the succeeding pages. You are also
expected to use other references, books, and other resource material that is available in
the university’s library.

Bid Documents

Bid documents and contract documents

The difference between bid and contract documents.
• The bid document applies to before the contract is signed, whereas the contract
document applies to after the contract agreement is signed by the owner and
contractor .

Page 18 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

The bid documents consist of :
- The invitation to bid
- Bid forms
- Drawings
- Specifications
- Requirements of bonds and insurance
- Addenda

Types of bids :

Basically, the two bidding procedures by which the contractor gets to build a project for
owners are as follows:
1. Competitive bidding
2. Negotiated bidding

In most municipal, state, and federal projects are awarded by competitive bidding.

• Competitive bidding involves :
o Advertisement for bids in public media.
o Bid opening is performed in the open public.
o Contractor performs a detailed estimate and submits a bid price accordance with
the contract documents.
o The owner and engineer perform the evaluation of bids at later date.
o Most governments award contract to the lowest bidder, provided all conditions
of the contract have been met.
o Private owners are not required to award the contract to the lowest bidder but
may select to the contractor deemed most desirable for the project.
• Negotiated contracts
o Award of the contract is made to the contractor the owner feels can
provide the best total performance , which may or may not be lowest
initial cost

Arrangement of contract documents
1) Legal matters:
- Bid forms.
- Bond requirements.
- Insurance requirements.
- General condition.
- Supplementary conditions of the contract.

2) Technical Matters
- Plans (drawings)
- Specifications that describe the material, workmanship, and methods of
construction that are required to build the project.
- where conflicts exist between the drawings and written specifications, it is
common practice that the written specifications govern.

Building Construction Specifications:
Page 19 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

It’s defined :
1) The quality of material.
2) Performance rating of equipment.
3) Level of workmanship.
4) Warranty requirements.

Ø Construction Specification Institute (CSI) Master format organizes project
information into major divisions.

A list of the CSI numbers and titles includes:
0-Introductory Information Bidding and Contracting Requirements.
1-General Requirements.
2-Site Construction.
3-Concrete.
4-Masonry.
5-Metals.
6-Wood and Plastics.
7-Thermal and Moisture Protection.
8-Doors and Windows………………

Bidding requirements
• The information contained in this section of the contract documents is extremely
important to the estimating team. typical information in the bidding
requirements includes:
o Bid solicitation
– The bidding solicitation sometimes called the invitation to bid
contain the time that bids must be submitted. the estimator must
establish a plan to complete all work to meet the deadline of the bid
date, otherwise the bid will be disqualified. The bid solicitation also
gives the name and address of the owner and design organization
with instructions on how to obtain the bid documents.
o Instruction to bidders
– The instruction to bidders’ section describes vital information that
is required to submit a bid. For example, that may appear in the
instruction to bidders is a statement that the contractor must make
a provision during execution of the contract document to allow the
owner to take advantage of the owner's contract documents to
allow the owner to take advantage of the owner's tax-exempt
status for materials and equipment purchased for the project.
o Information Available to Bidders
– The information available to bidders’ section may include such
items as referencing a subsurface exploration report that has been
prepared for the project, but is not shown in contract documents.
the information available to bidders may include information
about the project from a material testing laboratory.
o Bid Forms
– The bid form defines the format that is required for submission of
the bid. The format of the bid form impacts the assembly and

Page 20 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

summary of costs in the final estimate. the owner may request the
bid as lump sum, unit prices based on predefined pay quantities in
the bid documents, or combination of both.
o Bid form for lump-sum contracts
– For project where a complete set of plans and specification have
been prepared prior to construction and quantity of work is well
defined, the estimate is normally prepared for the purpose of
submitting a lump sum bid on the project. Building type project are
usually bid on a lump sum basis.
– Its common practice for project to have one or more "alternates"
attached to the bid documents of lump sum contracts the alternate
may be to add or deduct a work item from the base of lump sum
bid.
– A lump sum estimate must include the cost of all material, labor,
equipment, overhead, taxes, bonds and profit.

CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
The bid submitted for any construction project is based on the contract
documents. If an estimator is to prepare a complete and accurate estimate, he or she
must become familiar with all of the documents. The documents are listed and briefly
described in this section. Further explanations of the portions and how to bid them are
contained in later chapters.
For design-bid-build projects, the contract documents consist of the invitation to
bid, instructions to bidders, bid form, owner–contractor agreement, general conditions,
supplementary general conditions, technical specifications, and the working drawings,
including all addenda incorporated in the documents before their execution. All of these
documents become part of the contract.

Invitation to Bid. The invitation to bid invites potential contractors to bid on the project
and provides a brief summary of the project, including project scope and size, location,
and project’s owner.

Instructions to Bidders. The instructions to bidders provide bidders with the
procedures that must be followed to submit a complete bid and contain such
information as the date, time, and place the bid is due, and attendance at pre-bid
meetings.


Bid Form. The bid form is a standard form that all contractors use to submit their bids.

Owner–Contractor Agreement. The owner–contractor agreement is the document that
formalizes the construction contract, and it is the basic contract. It incorporates by
reference all of the other documents and makes them part of the contract. It also states
the contract sum and time allowed to construct the project.

Page 21 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

General Conditions. The general conditions define the rights, responsibilities, and
relations of all parties to the construction contract.

Supplementary General Conditions (Special Conditions). Because conditions vary by
locality and project, the supplementary general conditions are used to amend or
supplement portions of the general conditions.

Technical Specifications. The technical specifications are written instructions
concerning project requirements that describe the quality of materials to be used and
their performance. The technical specifications supplement the information on the
working drawings.

Working Drawings. The actual plans (drawings, illustrations) from which the project is
to be built are the working drawings. They contain the dimensions and locations of
building elements and materials required, and delineate how they fit together.

Addenda. The addenda statement is a drawing or information that modifies the basic
contract documents after they have been issued to the bidder, but prior to the taking of
bids. They may provide clarification, correction, or changes in the other documents.

Page 22 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Bonds. Bidders submit bonds as qualifications for submitting a bid for a project. The
contractor secures bonds from a bonding company or a bank on behalf of the owner as
financial and legal protection for the owner.

Type of bonds
There are three types of bonds:
1.Bid bond: to ensure that the contractor sign the contract for the bid amount.
• It ensures the owner that the contractor will sign the contract for the bid amount,
if the bidder refuses or fails to sign the contract, the owner may retain the bond
or check as liquidated damages.
• Its amount equal to (5-20)% of the amount of the bid.

2.Performance bond: to ensure that the contractor will perform all work in accordance
with the contract document.
• It ensures the owner that the contractor will perform all work in accordance with
the contract documents.
• Performance bond last for the period of construction of a project.
• Its amount 25,50,100% of the contract, but the cost of the bond usually is based
on:
1. Amount of the contract
2. Duration of the project

3.Payment bond: to ensure that the material and labor will be paid .
• This bond is issued to ensure the owner that all wages and bills for material will
be paid upon completion of the project.

Insurance. The contractor must secure insurance, because there are many risks involved
in construction. The precise losses that are reimbursable from insurance are based on
predetermined losses named in the insurance policy.

Types of Available Insurance for Construction Projects
1. Basic Builder's Risk Insurance
• General Builder's Risk which covers damages to the project due fires, wind,
and hail.
• Insurance is based on the estimated completed value of the project, so the
premium rate usually is set at 60% of the complete value.
• Basic Builder's Risk Insurance varies with the type and location of the
structure.

2. Public Liability and Property Damage Insurance
• It protects the contractor against injuries to the general public or public
property due to actions of the employees while performing works.
• The cost of this insurance depends on the type of work and the safety record
of the contractor.
• It is range from (2-8)% of the base cost of the labor.

3. Workmen’s Compensation Insurance
• To protect workers as a result of injury or death on a project.

Page 23 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

• It provides medical expenses and payment of lost wages during the period of
injury.
• The cost can range from (10-30)% of the base cost of the labor, depending on
the type of work that is performed by each worker.

4. Contractor’s Equipment Floater
• It provides protection against loss or damages to equipment because of fire,
tornado, flood, perils of transportation, and theft.
• The cost varies with location, it is about $1.50 per $100.00 of equipment value
per year.


Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson

– Rowings, James E. (2003), Construction Estimating, CRC Press LLC, Chapter 1-2

– Allen, E., (2014). Fundamentals of building construction : materials and methods
(6th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley

– Boswell, C. K., (2013). Exterior building enclosures : Design process and
composition for innovative facades. New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons

– Brown, R., (2012). Materials and interior design. London : Laurence King Pub.

– Wallach, P.R., (2013). Fundamentals of modern drafting. Australia : Cengage
Learning


Let’s Check

Activity 1: Now that you review the most essential principles in engineering economy. Let us
try to check your understanding by answering the following:

1. What information is contained in the working drawings?
2. What information is contained in the technical specifications?
3. What is the relationship between the working drawings and the technical
specifications?
4. What is the difference between competitive and negotiated bidding?
5. What are the contract documents, and why are they so important?

Let’s Analyze
Activity. Provide a set of Building construction drawing which consist of Title Sheet,
index sheet, Architectural plans, structural plans, and isometric plans. If possible, use
your Building System Design proposal.

In a Nutshell

Page 24 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Activity 1: Based from the definition of the most essential terms in the study of curriculum and
the learning exercises that you have done, please feel free to write your arguments or lessons
learned below.


1. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q & A List

List 1: After series of discussion and exercises, kindly list down your questions or issues in
conjunction with the topics. Write the answers after clarification under the column provided.
This portion helps you in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Do you have any questions for clarification?
Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Keywords Index

Index: The keywords presented here will help you remember the concepts and essential
knowledge. Here are the few subject index.

Bidding Contract Bidding Documents Working drawings


Technical
Negotiated Bidding Bidders Detailed Estimates
Specifications

Competitive Bid Form Tender Documents Lump Sum
Bidding



Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1d. Describe objectives of the general/special conditions

of contract documents for qualifications of required bidders.

Page 25 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Metalanguage

In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of Quantity Surveying and
to demonstrate ULO-1d will be operationally defined to establish a common frame of reference.

1.0 Excavation
An Excavation is any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in an earth surface
that is formed by earth removal.

2.0 Trench
A Trench is a narrow excavation (in relation to its length) made below the surface
of the ground. In general, the depth of a trench is greater than its width, and the
width (measured at the bottom) is not greater than 15 ft (4.6 m).

3.0 Drill and blast
The excavation of a tunnel, shaft, or cavern in rock using explosive charges placed in
holes drilled into the face.

4.0 Grade
Surface elevation; e.g., the subway is below grade.

5.0 Earthwork
Earthwork consists of roadway excavations (cuts) and roadway embankments
(fills) for highways and associated items of work. Earthwork includes all types of
materials excavated and placed in embankment, including soil, granular material,
rock, shale, and random material.

Essential Knowledge

To perform the ULO for the first 3 weeks of the course, you need to understand
the following key concepts that will be presented in the succeeding pages. You are also
expected to use other references, books, and other resource material that is available in
the university’s library.

Earthwork and Excavation

Most projects involve excavation to some extent. It may be few cubic yards for footings and
trenches or may be millions of cubic yards for large earth-filled dams

Factors that affect the production rate of excavating equipment: Job factors and
Management factors.

Job factors
• Type and classification of soil
• extent of water present
• Weather conditions
• Freedom of workers and equipment to operate on the job.
• Size of the job

Page 26 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

• Length of haul for disposal

Things to do before estimating:
• Evaluate the soil investigation report
• Visit the job site
• Study the specifications and plans

Management factors
• Organizing for the job
• Maintaining good morale among workers
• Selecting and using suitable equipment and construction methods.
• Exercising care in servicing equipment
• Establishing good field supervisory personnel

Methods of excavating and hauling earth

• Hand digging and shoveling for small jobs.
• Excavation done by backhoes, front shovel Draglines, clamshells, scrapers,
bulldozers, Loaders, trenching machines, boring machines, and dredges.

How we select the suitable excavation equipment
It depends on:
1. Type of soil
2. job-site conditions
3. Depth of excavation
4. The amount of ground water in the construction area
5. The space available for the equipment.

Physical properties of earth

• The soil is excavated from its natural state
• Placed in hauling unit
• And is transported to the disposal area

Swelling and Shrinkage
• Swell, happens when the soil is excavated from the earth so its volume will
increase and weight per unit volume will decrease.
• Shrinkage, happens when the soil is compacted with compaction equipment,
so the volume will decrease and weight per unit volume will increase.

Correlation between unit weights, volumes, swell, and shrinkage
L= (1+Sw/100)*B
L= (1-Sh/100)*B
Sw: percentage of swell
Sh: percentage of shrinkage
L: volume of loose soil
B: volume of undisturbed soil
c: volume of compacted soil

Page 27 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Excavating by hand

Generally, it’s preferable to use excavating equipment instead of excavating by
laborers, but at some job sites the space is not sufficient for equipment to operate. Or in
area with old or ancient buildings or if there are water networks or telephone lines or
any infrastructure element near to surface.

Excavating with trenching machines
Trenching machine is used to make trenches in the ground that required for
telephone lines, water pipes, or electricity lines. These machines can be purchased or
rented. Economically, even though it may be economical to excavate short sections of
shallow trenches with hand labor, trenching machine is more economical for larger jobs.
But, savings in excavating costs resulting from using machine as compared with
hand excavating must be sufficient to offset the cost of transporting the machine to the
job and back to the storage after the work is complete

Estimating Excavations and earthworks

In general, earthwork on a highway project consists of:

• Embankment- Compacted fill material needed to construct the roadway,
excluding the base and pavement portions of the roadway and shoulders.

• Regular Excavation- Excavation necessary for the construction of the roadway,
ditches, ponds, channel changes, etc.

• Subsoil Excavation- Excavation, removal and disposal of any material that is
unsuitable in its original position and that is excavated below the finished grading
template.

Page 28 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

The most important roadway operation involving earthwork is constructing the

roadbed. The roadbed is constructed by excavating soil from cut sections and placing soil
as embankments in fill sections. In cut sections, the roadbed is built below the original
ground - the original ground is excavated to the elevation of the proposed roadbed. In
fill sections, the roadbed is built above the original ground - the earth fill is on an
embankment.

Undercutting is removing additional dirt from an area below the finished grade line.
There are several situations where this is necessary. The most common is where a rock
ledge is close to, but not above, the finished grade line. The figure above shows typical
situation. Most structures can’t be built directly on rock. If the rock weren’t there, you
would excavate just to the finished grade line and be done. Because the rock is just below
finished grade, you have to cut deeper. That’s the undercut. Then you have to backfill
with suitable material such as compacted dirt. The dirt provides a buffer between the
rock and the foundation.

Classification of Earth work:
The earthwork shall be classified under the following main categories and measured
separately for each category. All types of soil, murrum, boulders, Soft rock, Hard rock.

All types of Soils, Murrum, Boulders:
This includes earth, murrum, top deposits of agricultural soil, reclaimed soil, clay, sand or
any combination thereof ad soft and hard murrum, shingle etc. which is loose enough to
be removed with spadies, shovel and pick axes. Boulders not more than 0.03 cum. In
volume found during the course of excavation shall also fall under this classification.

Excavation in Soft Rock:
This shall include all materials which are rock or hard conglomerate, all decomposed
weathered rock, highly fissured rock, old masonry, boulders bigger than 0.03 cum, in
volume but not bigger than 0.5 cum. and other varieties of soft rock which can be removed
only with pick axes, crow bars, wedges and hammers with some difficulty. The mere fact
that the contractor resorts to blasting and / or wedging and chiseling of reasons of his
own, shall not mean the rock is classifiable as hard rock.

Excavation in Hard Rock :
This includes all rock other than soft rock mentioned in para above 1.5.1 (b) viz. soft rock,
occurring in masses, boulders having approximate volume more than 0.5 cum. plain or
reinforced cement concrete, which can best be removed by chiseling and wedging where
blasting cannot be permitted owing to any restriction at site.
Page 29 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Excavation in Hard Rock by Chiseling and Wedging:
Where blasting is not permitted and if the Engineer-in-charge so desires, the excavation
shall be done by chiseling and wedging or any other agreed method.

Note: All the excavated hard rock obtained shall be stacked properly and neatly within the
specified lead by the contractor as directed by the Engineer-in-charge

All the excavation shall be carried out strictly to the dimensions given in the
drawing. The width shall generally be of the width of mudmat concrete and depth as
shown in drawing or as directed by the Engineer-in-charge, according to availability of the
desired bearing capacity of soil below. Any excavation if taken below the specified depths
and levels, the contractor shall at his own cost fill up such over cut to the specified level
with cement concrete 1:4:8 in case of excavation in all types of soils and with cement
concrete 1:2:4 in case of excavation soft and hard rock. After the excavation is completed,
the contractor shall notify the Engineer-in-charge to that effect and no further work shall
be taken up until the Engineer-in-charge has approved the depth and dimensions an also
the nature of foundation materials, levels and measurements shall also be recorded prior
to taking up any further work.

Shoring:
Unless separately provided for in the schedule of quantities, the quoted rate for
excavation shall include excavation of slopes to prevent falling in soil by providing
and / or fixing, maintaining and removing of shorting, bracing etc. The contractor would
be responsible for the design of shoring for proper retaining of sides of trenches, pits etc.
with due consideration to the traffic, superimposed loads etc. shoring shall be of sufficient
strength to resist the pressure and ensure safety from slips and to prevent damage to
work and property and injury to persons. It shall be removed as directed after items for
which It is required are completed should the slips occur, the slipped materials shall be
removed and slope dressed to a modified stable slope. Removal of the slipped earth will
not be measured for payment.

Dewatering:
Unless specifically provided for as a separate item in the schedule of quantities,
rate shall also include bailing or pumping out all water which may accumulate in the
excavation during the progress of further works such as mud mat concrete, R.C. footings,
shuttering etc. either due to seepage, springs, rain or any other cause and diverting surface
flow by bunds or other means. Care shall be taken to ensure that the water discharged
sufficiently away from the foundations keep it free from nuisance to other works in the
neighborhood.

Methods of Measurement of Works

• Each dimension shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 meter, where any dimension
is more than 25 meter it should be measured to the nearest 0.1 meter.
• The measurement of earthwork shall be done in cubic meters, unless otherwise
mentioned.

Page 30 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

• Dead men or tell-tales may be left at suitable intervals to determine the average
depth of excavation where the excavation is in trenches or from borrow pits is
being done in fairly uniform ground.
• Where the ground is not uniform, levels shall be taken before the start, after site
clearance and after the completion of the work and the quantity of excavation in
cutting computed from there levels.


Computation for Earthworks

Accuracy is the essence of estimating. If you can’t work accurately, you’re in the
wrong business. But don’t get me wrong. I don’t mean that we’re going to account for
every spadeful of soil on every estimate. There are times when you can ignore small
differences in elevation. On most jobs these small plus and minus areas will average out
to almost nothing. But a 1-inch mistake in elevation over the whole job can cost you
thousands of dollars. Even 1/16-inch error over a few acres can hurt you.

Here’s the formula for volume:

Volume (in cubic feet) = length (in feet) x width (in feet) x depth (in feet)

Volume (in cubic meter) = length (in meter) x width (in meter) x depth (in meter)


Hauling Excavated Materials:
Any project of different type we needed to excavation and this part is importance to
calculate time and cost. To explain what rode down we have example touchable.

Example 1:
Land in JNIEAD reign that have area
= 300m2, the land shape is triangle (see
figure below). We needed excavation to
build multi-story building, the type of the
soil is Sedimentary rocks. We used CAT
machine to excavation, it excavated 6.5
m3/hr, and the cost of 1 hr is 3,378 Php.
Calculate the time and cost of excavation?





Solution: 6-weel truck has a capacity of 20 m3, and the cost of one trip = 1,150Php and
we are working 10 hours in day.

The volume of cut =Volume of triangle shape = 1016 m3
# hr of CAT working = 1016/ 6.5= 156.4 hr .
#of day = 15,6 day .
# of truck trip = 1016 /20 =51 Trip .
Page 31 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Cost :
Cost of CAT = # of hr work cost of 1 hr =156.4 x 3,378Php=528, 319.2 Php
Cost of Truck trip =#of trip x cost of 1 trip = 51 X 1,150=58,650 Php
Cost of CAT transport in truck = One way = 2,500 x1 =2,500 Php

The total cost = ∑ of all cost =528,319.2+58,650+2,500 = 589,469.2 Php


Example 2: Assume you’re bringing in fill on a city lot that measures 125 feet by 150 feet.
Because of a mistake in grade, your estimate of imported soil is wrong. It leaves the entire
site 1 inch below the specified finished grade. How much more soil is needed to correct
the 1-inch mistake?

In this example, you know the length and width in feet but the depth is 1 inch. To use the
formula, convert 1 inch to a decimal part of a foot. Convert, divide 1 by 12, since 1" =
1/12'. Either way, 1 inch equals 0.0833 feet.

Volume (CF) = 125 x 150 x 0.083 = 1,556.25

How many cubic yards is that? Since there are 27 cubic feet in a cubic yard, divide the
cubic feet by 27:

Volume (CY) = 1,556.25 ÷ 27 = 57.6 CY

Trucking in almost 58 cubic yards of soil won’t be cheap. If imported soil costs you $25 a
cubic yard, your 1-inch mistake is a $1,450 error. That could make the difference between
profit and loss on this job.


Example 3: Determine volume: Suppose, the excavation work is done for 4 columns with
equivalent dimension length where the footing of the columns is 5 feet, width is 5 feet and
depth is 4 feet. So, the volume will be calculated as follow :

The calculation is done based on the following data :

L = 5 feet
W = 5 feet
Depth = 4 feet

Volume = Length x Width x Depth = 5 x 5 x 4 = 100 ft3

As there are 4 footings for column, volume of 4 footings will be calculated as follow :-

4 x volume of 1 footing
4 x 100 = 400
So, total volume = 400 ft3


Page 32 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Price of excavation work

Suppose, the cost of excavation = 50Php/cubic feet
It signifies 1 cubic feet = 50Php
Therefore, total cost/price = 50 x total volume
Total cost/price = 50 x 400 = 20,000

Computing Lengths, Areas and Volumes

Page 33 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson

– Rowings, James E. (2003), Construction Estimating, CRC Press LLC, Chapter 1-2

– Allen, E., (2014). Fundamentals of building construction : materials and methods
(6th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley

– Boswell, C. K., (2013). Exterior building enclosures : Design process and
composition for innovative facades. New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons

– Brown, R., (2012). Materials and interior design. London : Laurence King Pub.

– Wallach, P.R., (2013). Fundamentals of modern drafting. Australia : Cengage
Learning


Page 34 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Let’s Check
Activity. Find the volume excavation required.

Let’s Analyze
Activity.
Compute for the total Earthworks needed for your Proposed Building Construction from,
Building System Design proposal.

In a Nutshell

Activity 1: Based from the definition of the most essential terms in the study of
curriculum and the learning exercises that you have done, please feel free to write your
arguments or lessons learned below.


1. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 35 of 37
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

4. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Q & A List

List 1: After series of discussion and exercises, kindly list down your questions or issues
in conjunction with the topics. Write the answers after clarification under the column
provided. This portion helps you in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Do you have any questions for clarification?
Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Keywords Index

Index: The keywords presented here will help you remember the concepts and essential
knowledge. Here are the few subject index.

Earthworks Excavation Cut and Fill Undercutting

Swelling Shrinkage Shoring Dewatering

Hard rock Soft Rock Soil Roadbed

Volume Layout Dead men Trench

Page 36 of 37