Coordinate systems -enable geographic - A point is referenced by its longitude and latitude

datasets to use common locations for

values.
integration.
- Latitude values are measured relative to the
- A coordinate system is a reference system
equator and range from -90° at the South Pole to
used to represent the locations of geographic
+90° at the North Pole.
features, imagery, and observations such as
- Longitude values are measured relative to the
GPS locations within a common geographic
prime meridian
framework.

Each coordinate system is defined by:

• Its measurement framework which is either
GEOGRAPHIC (in which spherical coordinates
are measured from the earth's center) or
PLANIMETRIC (in which the earth's coordinates
are projected onto a two-dimensional planar
surface).
SPHEROID
• Unit of measurement
 A sphere is based on a circle, while a spheroid
 typically feet or meters for projected
(or ellipsoid) is based on an ellipse.
coordinate systems or decimal degrees for
 The shape of an ellipse is defined by two radii.
latitude and longitude.
The longer radius is called the semi-major axis,
• Other measurement system properties such as
and the shorter radius is called the semi-minor
a spheroid of reference, a datum, and
axis.
projection parameters like one or more
 A spheroid is defined by either the semi-major
standard parallels, a central meridian, and
axis, a, and the semi-minor axis, b, or by a and the
possible shifts in the x- and y-directions.
flattening. The flattening is the difference in length
between the two axes expressed as a fraction or
Types of Coordinate systems a decimal. The flattening , f, is derived as follows:
GLOBAL CARTESIAN f = (a - b) / a
-Also called as Geocentric coordinates (X,Y,Z).  a = 6378137.0m
-An alternative method of defining a 3D position  b = 6356752.31424m
on the surface of the Earth is by means of  1/f = 298.257223563
geocentric coordinates ( x, y, z), also known as
3D Cartesian coordinates. PROJECTED COORDINATES
-  The system has its origin at the mass-center of the  It is defined on a flat, two dimensional surface.
Earth with the X- and Y-axes in the plane of the  It is always based on a geographic coordinate system
equator. The X-axis passes through the meridian of that is based on a sphere or spheroid.
Greenwich, and the Z-axis coincides with the  Unlike a geographic coordinate system, a projected
Earth's axis of rotation. coordinate system has constant lengths, angles, and
areas across the two dimensions.

WHAT IS DATUM?
 A geodetic datum is a tool used to define the
shape and size of the earth, as well as the
reference point for the various coordinate
systems used in mapping the earth.
GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES •WGS84
 it uses a three dimensional spherical surface to define  is a commonly used worldwide datum
locations on the earth. developed from satellite measurements of
 it is often incorrectly called a datum, but a datum is the earth.
only one  it is rapidly becoming the preferred datum
part of a Geographic Coordinate System. around the world.
 it includes an angular unit of measure, a prime
meridian, and
a datum (based on a spheroid).
• LUZON 1911 UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR
 is the most commonly used datum in the  Scale Factor at Origin: 0.9996
Philippines.  False Easting: 500,000
 it uses the Clark 1866 ellipsoid.  Number of Zones: 60 zones
• LUZON - MINDANAO  Degree per Zone: 6° per zones
 it is not a separate datum, it is the LUZON
1911 datum with different WGS84 WHAT IS MAP PROJECTION?
transformation parameters.  cartographical map projection is a formal
process which converts (mathematically speaking,
PHILIPPINE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM maps) features between a spherical or ellipsoidal
 also known as the Philippine transverse Mercator surface and a projection surface, which is often
(PTM) Grid , are transformed form geographic flat.
coordinates to Cartesian coordinates on the Luzon  are attempts to portray the surface of the earth
1911 Datum, determined through astronomical or a portion of the earth on a flat surface.
observation.
 was adopted as the reference system in the CLASSIFICATION OF MAP PROJECTION BASED ON THE
Philippines pursuant to Lands Circular No. 64, DEVELOPABLE SURFACE
dated June 30, 1965 with the following a)Cylindrical
characteristics: b)Conic
 Spheroid : Clarke Spheroid of 1866 c) Planar
 Projection : Transverse Mercator, in Zones of
two degrees net width CLASSIFICATION OF MAP PROJECTION BASED ON THE
  Point of origin : 0 N and 500,000E DEVELOPABLE
 Scale factor : 0.99995 SURFACE
  Number of Zones: 5  NORMAL PROJECTION
 when the axis of projection surface coincides with that
ofthe sphere
 TRANSVERSE PROJECTION
 when the axis of projection surface is perpendicular
with the sphere
 OBLIQUE PROJECTIONS
 is made when the axis of the projection surface points
to an
arbitrary direction
LUZON DATUM OF 1911
 It is defined by origin near SAN ANDRES POINT on PROPERTIES OF MAP PROJECTION
MARINDUQUE ISLAND in the Southern Tagalog Region, a. CONFORMALITY
specifically at station BALANACAN.  shapes of small features on the Earth are
preserved; scale and direction of Earth and
• BALANACAN map are equal for small areas; useful for
 Spheroid: Clarke Spheroid of 1866 navigation and topographic mapping.
 Latitude: 13° 33’ 41” N b. EQUAL AREA
 Longitude: 121° 52’ 03” E  Areas on the map are always proportional to
 Geoid / Spheroid separation: 0.34m areas on the earth’s surface; useful for
 Controlled by: 98 baselines, 52 azimuths, 49 latitudes computation application
• BALANACAN TO BALTAZAR c. EQUIDISTANCE
 Azimuth of Station Baltazar: 9° 12’ 37”  preserves distances between points; scale is
 Distance: 37,680.90 meters preserved in the direction perpendicular to
 Back Azimuth: 189° 12’ 50.60’’ the line of zero distortion or radially outwards
from a point of zero distortion
d. AZIMUTHALITY
 true directions are preserved; direction
measurements on the map are the same as
those made on the ground; useful for sea
and air navigation.
  other meridians and parallels are complex
MAJOR MAP PROJECTION Curves
o CYLINDRICAL PROJECTIONS  scale is true along central meridian, or along
 it is also know as an EQUIRECTANGULAR two straight lines equidistant from and parallel
PROJECTION to central meridian
 it is one of the simplest projections composed  scale becomes infinite at 90° from the
of an evenly spaced network of horizontal central meridian
parallels and vertical meridians  best for north-south extent maps
o CYLINDRICAL PROJECTIONS Equidistant Mercator Projection
 The concept of this projection considers the  probably the simplest of all map projections to
ellipsoid of the earth to be projected onto a construct and one of the oldest
cylinder which is circumscribed about a sphere  other names: Rectangular, La Carte
and tangent along the equator. Parallelogrammatique, Die Rechteckige
o CONICAL PROJECTIONS Plattkater, Equirectangular
 Derived from a tangent or secant cone that EXAMPLE OF CONICAL PROJECTION
can be developed. Polyconic Projection
 Is usually computed analytically.  it was devised in 1820 by Ferdinand Hassler,
o CONICAL PROJECTIONS the first director of the U.S. Coast Survey.
 Different types of conical projections only differ  it is particularly ideal for portraying countries
from each other in the spacing of parallels. which extend in the north-south direction such
o AZIMUTHAL MAP PROJECTIONS as Philippines, Chile,Finland, Sweden, and
 is one on which the directions of all lines Argentina.
radiating from the center of the map have Aphylactic
the same directions as the responding lines Bonne Projection
on the surface of the earth.  this projection is named after Rigobert Bonne.
SAMPLE CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION  it is very useful when an easily constructed
Mercator Projection equal-area projection is desired for an area
introduced in 1569 by Mercator, a Dutch where tables needed to construct it are not
cartographer, as a world map designed for available.
navigation  the meridians are all curved except the central
Gall Projection meridian, and they intersect the parallels nearly
 it is derived from cylinder cutting the sphere at right angle.
at the 45°N and 45°S parallels or the standard  it is commonly used in the middle latitudes such
parallels of the projection. as the continents of Asia, North and South
 it was devised by James Gall, an Edinburgh America and Europe.
clergyman, in 1855 while working on an atlas Lambert Conformal Projection
of the stars.  invented in 1772 by J.H. Lambert, a native of
 it shows parallels which are projected from the Alsace
antipodal point on the equator to any meridian.  also called CONICAL ORTHOMORPHIC
 it is neither equal area nor conformal and the  parallels are unequally spaced arcs of
resulting scale is not constant. concentric circles, more closely spaced near
 It show the distribution of climatic, economic and the center of the map
population data  Conformality fails at each point
Miller Cylindrical Projection  commonly used in portraying area
 resembles the Mercator projection but shows predominantly in an east-west direction in the
less exaggeration of area in higher latitudes case of the United States, China, Turkey and
 American version of gall projection Iran
 Neither equal area nor conformal Alber’s Equal Area Projection
(Aphylactic)  equal area form of conic projection using two
 Used only in spherical form standards parallels
Transverse Mercator Projection  scale along the parallels is too small between
an ordinary Mercator projection turned the standard parallels and too large beyond
through an angle of 90° them
 conformal  parallels are unequally spaced arcs of
 central meridian, each meridian 90° from concentric circles, more closely spaced at the
central meridian, and equator are straight lines north and south edges of the map.
Bipolar Oblique Conic Projection GOODE INTERUPTED HOMOLOSINE PROJECTION
 two oblique conic projections, side by side, but  popularized by late J.P. GOODE of the
with poles 104° apart University of Chicago in 1923
 meridians and parallels are complex curves,  the process of interrupting and re-centering
intersecting at right angles map projections.
 scale is true along two standard transformed  the parallels in this projection are
parallels on each conic projection, neither of this represented by straight lines and a meridian is
lines following any geographical meridian or formed by connecting a series of curved lines.
parallel ECKERT PROJECTION
EXAMPLE OF AZIMUTHAL PROJECTION  it is similar to the Sinusoidal and to the
Orthographic Projection Mollweide, except that the pole is
 a true perspective, in which the earth is represented by a line half the length of the
projected from an infinite distance onto a plane. equator instead of a by a point.
 all meridians and parallels are ellipses, circles or  the parallels are straight lines and so spaced
straight lines to make the projection equal-area.
 Aphylactic HAMMER-AITOFF PROJECTION
Stereographic Projection  it is similar to Mollweide projection except for
 it is credited to Hipparchus, who lived in Greece the curved parallels
from about 160 too 125 B.C.  the polar axis and the equator are the only
 true perspective in the spherical form, with the lines which are drawn straight
point of perspective on the surface of the sphere  all the other parallels and meridians are
at a point exactly opposite the point of Curved.
tangency for the plane, or opposite the center of HETEROHEDRAL PROJECTION
projection  the earth is projected upon a system of
 conformal geometric figures such as triangles, squares,
Gnomonic Projection pentagons, hexagons and cubes
 true perspective, with the earth projected  types of heterohedral projection:
from the center onto the tangent plane a. Cahill Butterfly Projection
 all great circles, not merely those passing b. Star Projection
through the center, are shown as straight lines c. Fuller Projection
on spherical form CASSINI PROJECTION
 also called CENTRAL PROJECTION  projection constructed by calculating the arc
Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area Projection along a geographic meridian and a great circle
 not a perspective projection; may be called which is orthogonal to that meridian and is plotted
a synthetic azimuthal in that it was derived as a rectangular coordinates on the plane
for the specific purpose of maintaining equal  Aphylactic
area  North-South extent
 all meridians in the polar aspect, the central  Equidistant: along central meridian and
meridian in other aspects, and the equator in perpendicular lines to central meridian
equatorial aspects are straight lines
OTHER MAP PROJECTIONS
SINUSOIDAL PROJECTION
 referred to as the JANSON-FLAMSTEED
projection
 central meridian is shown as a vertical
line while the other meridian appear as
sine curve
MOLLWEIDE HOMOLOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
 sometimes called the BABINET EQUAL AREA
PROJECTION
 the most well known elliptical projection of
the earth.
 the central meridian is drawn straight and at
half the length of the equator
all other meridians are curved