101 Statutory Audit Interview Questions & Answers: Ca Monk'S

Om Namah Shivaya
CA MONK’S
101 Statutory Audit Interview

Questions & Answers
Complete Guide to crack an interview for Statutory Audit
By CA Shivam Palan (IIMI)
Reading Material for CA Monk Statutory Audit Master Class

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Statutory Audit Interview Questions || CA Monk
Title: The 101 Statutory Audit Interview Questions & Answers
Author’s Name: Shivam Palan
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CA Monk Statutory Audit Master Class || By CA Shivam Palan 2

Meaning
A statutory audit, also known as a financial audit, is one of the main types of audit to be done as
per the statutes applicable to the entity. Its primary purpose is to gather all relevant information so
that the auditor can give his opinion on the true and fair view of the company’s financial position
as on the balance sheet date.
Purpose
The purpose of the statutory audit is that the auditor gives his view independently without being
influenced in any manner. It helps the stakeholders to rely on financial statements. Stakeholders,
other than shareholders, also benefit from this audit. They can take decisions based on the accounts
as they are audited and authentic.
Statutory Audit in India
The provisions under Sec. 139 - Sec. 149 of the Companies Act 2013 regulate the procedure of the
statutory audit and the conduct of the auditors, states that:
● A statutory auditor has the power to go through and analyse all of the sensitive data of the
company, such as financial books, records, and information. The auditor also has the right to
seek any further information that he thinks is necessary for the purpose
● It is his responsibility to write an auditor’s report. In this, he should state if the financial
statements of the company give a true and fair description of their financial status and affairs.
● If he raises an issue, such as the statements are not true and fair, he must clearly state his
reasons for the same.
● If the auditor finds any fraud during his audit, he must communicate it to the Central
Government authorities.
● While auditing and presenting the Audit Report, he must comprehend the auditing standards
as per the ICAI guidelines.
Interview process
The typical interview process of large professional organizations consists of following rounds of
interview:
Preliminary test :
This is the first and foremost round of interview and in this stage the candidate is usually tested
with questions on general knowledge, basics of mathematics, logical reasoning, english and basic
questions related to your profile.
Group Discussion:

This is the second round where the candidates are tested for communication skills by making them
express their views and perspectives on various general, social, business topics in groups. A good
amount of updated knowledge in current affairs is needed to crack this round. Some companies
would not have this GD round and directly forward the candidates to HR Round.
HR Round :
This round basically checks the soft skills such as confidence, communication skills, attitude, etc.
A professional resume with a good understanding of the company, its vision, mission, values, etc.,
would help the candidate cakewalk this round. General questions about the candidate, questions
like why should we hire you, why did you choose this company, strengths, and weaknesses are
normally asked in this round.
Technical Round :
This is purely technical round. The candidates should prepare as per their job profile all the
technical questions and keep themselves updated about the changes in their respective domains.
The candidates are normally tested for their confidence level and technical knowledge in this
round.
Partner Round:
In a partner round interview, you will typically be interviewed by one or more partners of the firm.
This is often the final round of interviews.
During the interview, the partners will ask you questions about your experience, skills, and goals. They
may also ask you to solve a case study or business problem, or to give a presentation on a topic of their
choosing. In partner round they don’t check your technical knowledge because the same has already
been evaluated in the previous round.
The partner round interview is an opportunity for you to showcase your skills and demonstrate your fit
with the firm's culture.

Technical Questions for Statutory Audit Questions
1. What are Audit Assertions/Financial Statements Assertions ?
Audit Assertions are the claims (implicit or explicit) made by the management responsible
for the preparation of financial statements regarding the appropriateness of the various
elements of financial statements and disclosures. Audit Assertions are also known as
Management Assertions and Financial Statement Assertions.
The auditor has to perform his audit to verify the assertions made by the management by
obtaining sufficient and appropriate audit evidence.
2. What are Transaction level assertions?
Transaction level assertions are made in relation to classes of transactions, such as revenues,
expenses, dividend payments, etc.
There are five types of transaction-level assertions:

● Occurrence: Transactions that are recognized in the financial records have occurred, i.e.,
did it really happen?
● Completeness: Transactions that are completed and supposed to be recorded have been
recognized in the financial statements, i.e., did it include all transactions?
● Accuracy: Transactions have been accurately reflected within the financial statements at
appropriate amounts, i.e., have correct prices, quantities, and calculations been used?
● Cut-off: Transactions have been recognized in correct and relevant accounting periods.
● Classification: Transactions have been classified properly and fairly presented in the
financial statements.
3. What are account balance assertions ?
Account balance assertions apply to the balance sheet items, such as assets, liabilities, and
shareholders’ equity.
There are four types of account balance assertions:
● Existence: The assets, equity balances, and liabilities exist at the period ending time.
● Completeness: The assets, equity balances, and the liabilities that are completed and
supposed to be recorded have been recognized in the financial statements.
● Rights and Obligations: The entity has ownership rights or the right to benefit from
recognized assets on the financial statements. Liabilities recognized in the financial
statements represent the actual obligations of the entity.
● Valuation: The assets, equity balances, and liabilities have been valued appropriately.

4 What do you understand by Materiality? How and on what basis an auditor assesses
materiality?
The materiality threshold in audits refers to the benchmark used to obtain reasonable
assurance that an audit does not detect any material misstatement that can significantly
impact the economic decision of users of financial statements.
Determining materiality involves the exercise of professional judgment. A percentage is

often applied to a chosen benchmark as a starting point in determining materiality for the
financial statements as a whole. While exercising the professional judgement there are many
factors which the auditor has to consider.
Some of them are:
● Size and nature of entity
● Environment in which entity operates
● Complexity of the transactions involved
5. What are the components of Materiality? /What is Performance Materiality and why is
it set?
Materiality are of 3 types:

Overall Materiality (OM)- The level which represents the significant level in the
company’s financial statements, which can influence the decision making of the users of the
company’s financial statement as a whole.
Performance Materiality(PM) - The amount set by us as auditor at less than the Overall
Materiality, so that the aggregate of undetected misstatements does not exceed Overall
Materiality. PM is the buffer which the auditor creates at the certain %age of the OM so that
the the aggregate level misstatement does not exceed the OM.
Specific Materiality - The misstatements or events that are used by the auditor to identify
misstatements at lesser than the Overall Materiality. Specific Materiality could relate to
sensitive areas such as particular note disclosures (that is, management remuneration or
industry-specific data), compliance with legislation or certain terms in a contract.
6. What is the applicability of CARO 2020?
It shall apply to every company including a foreign company except

(i) a banking company
(ii) an insurance company
(iii) a company licensed to operate under section 8 of the Companies Act

(iv) a One Person Company and a small company

(v) a private limited company, not being a subsidiary or holding company of a public
company, having a paid up capital and reserves and surplus not more than one crore
rupees as on the balance sheet date and which does not have total borrowings exceeding
one crore rupees from any bank or financial institution at any point of time during the
financial year and which does not have a total revenue (including revenue from
discontinuing operations) exceeding ten crore rupees during the financial year as per the
financial statements.
7. Changes in the CARO 2020 vs CARO 2016? What are the new clauses added in the
CARO 2020 ?
Particulars CARO 2016 CARO 2020
Fixed Assets
Reporting on all Reporting on Property, Plant, Equipment, and
fixed assets intangible assets.
Review of Company Property, Plant and
Equipment.
No format If title to all immovable property is disclosed in

provided the financial statements that are not withheld on
behalf of the company, provide details in the
standard format provided including the reason
for non-management on behalf of the company.
No such clause Also report that the company owns any Benami
property under the Benami Transactions
(Prohibition) Act
Inventory
Inventory Also includes Inventory Reporting whether any
Reporting 10% or more discrepancies in the rating of each
category were identified at the time of physical
verification and whether they have been properly
addressed in the books of account.

Working
capital limits Not provided Provide all the details if the company is approved
for a transaction of more than five crore rupees,
collectively, from banks or financial institutions
based on the security of current assets.
Default in
repayment of No format given If the company has failed to repay the loan, then
loans provide details in the specified standard format.
Not provided Also report if the company is said to be

deliberately not paying by any bank, financial
institution, or lender.
Loan terms
Term loans Also, report on whether the term loan has been
reporting loaned to obtain a loan; if not, report the amount
of the deviation loan and the purpose for which
it is used.
Fraud
Reporting To be reported Also report if the auditor has considered
reporting complaints, if any, received by the
company during the year.
Registered
under the RBI Registration Also report if the company has performed any
Act details will be Non-Banking or Mortgage financing activities
provided if without a valid Registration Certificate (CoR)
available. from the Reserve Bank of India in terms of the
Bank of India Act, 1934.
Resignation
of Official Not provided Report if there have been any cancellations of
Auditors official auditors during the year, and reported on
whether the auditor has taken into account the
issues, objections, or complaints rose by the
outgoing auditors.

Auditors’
remarks for Not provided Report if there have been qualifications or
Incorporated conflicting comments of the relevant auditors in
Companies the CARO reports of companies included in the
consolidated financial statements. If available,
the Auditor-General must provide company
details and section numbers of the CARO report
with the qualifications or objections.
8. What are the types of Audit opinion issued by the Statutory Auditor?
There are 2 types of Audit opinions issued by statutory auditor which are as follow:
Unmodified opinion
● Unqualified Audit Report: The auditor issues an unqualified audit report to financial
statements when auditors found no material misstatements after their testing.
Therefore, this report contains an unqualified opinion from an independent auditor.
Modified opinion
● Qualified Audit Report: The qualified Audit report is the report issued by auditors
to the financial statements:
1. Auditor having obtained sufficient and appropriate audit evidence, found
misstatements that are material but not pervasive to the financial statements
2. Auditor is not able to obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence to support
their opinion but the possible effects of undetected mistataments could be material but
not pervasive.
● Adverse Audit Report: An adverse Audit Report is a type of audit report issued to
the financial statements when auditors found material misstatements in the financial
statements. These mistatements individually, or in aggregate are both material and
pervasive to the financial statements. When such findings are materially misstated for
themselves and can potentially affect others accounts and items in the financial
statements, these are called pervasive.
Disclaimer Audit Report: A disclaimer report is issued when an auditor is not able
to obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence to support their opinion and the
possible effects of undetected mistataments could be material and pervasive.
9. What is the special purpose audit report and general purpose audit report?
Special Purpose Report: A special-purpose financial report is intended for presentation to

a limited group of users or for a specific purpose. For example, special-purpose financial
statements are prepared for tax reporting, bank reporting, and industry-specific reporting.
Most SME’s (Small to Medium Enterprises) and not for-profit entities will produce a simple

profit and loss and balance sheet, in any format that the business requires or desires them to
be in by following specific guidelines or reporting requirements established by the directors,
owners or members.
General Purpose Report: General purpose financial reports provide financial information
about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential investors, lenders and other
creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity. General-purpose
financial statements are issued throughout the year and includes a balance sheet, income
statement, statement of owner’s equity/retained earnings, and statement of cash flows.
10. As an Auditor how will you report fraud committed in the company ?
● Reporting to Central Goverment: As per Section 143 of Companies Act, 2013 if

auditor has reason to believe that offence involving fraud (of amount Rs 1 Cr or more)
has been committed against the Company by its officers or employees, it is to be
reported to the CG.
● Reporting in CARO 2020: Auditor has to report the details of the fraud in the clause
xi of CARO.
11. List down the 5 Step model as per Ind AS 115. (V.IMP)
1. Identification of the contract.

2. Identifying various separate performance obligations in the contract.
3. Determining the transaction price.
4. Allocate the transaction price to separate performance obligations.
5. Recognise the revenue when each performance obligation is satisfied.
12. Explain the concept of cut off procedure?
Cutoff procedures are undertaken to check whether all income and expenses are reported in
the correct accounting period. Simply put, Cut off procedures are performed for separation
of transactions from one period to another (say, upto 31st March and after 31st March). This
ensures that transactions and events are recorded in the correct accounting period and
accrual principle of accounting has been followed.
13. What are the audit procedures for Account Receivables testing?
● Ledgers, Agreements and other related supporting documents are obtained from the
client to ensure the completeness & accuracy of transaction

● Perform ageing analysis and check whether there is any need for making provision for
doubtful debts for long outstanding balances.
● Independent external Confirmations are sent to the customers and their response are
noted to ensure the existence and accuracy of balances.
● Alternate procedures for confirmation replies not received have to be performed –
payments should be checked for transactions subsequently settled and proof of service/
proof of delivery should be checked for transactions not settled to ensure that Trade
receivables have been correctly recorded.
● Perform sampling to select the customers for test of details to ensure completeness and
accuracy of transaction.
● Obtain the PO, invoices and proof of delivery for the above samples from client & match
it from GL.
14. What are the audit procedures for Property, Plant & Equipment testing?
● Reconciling the FAR (Fixed assets register) and GL to ensure the accuracy of the books
of accounts.
● Recalculation of the depreciation as per useful life (prescribed in Schedule II of
Companies Act, 2013 or as per management estimate) and scrap value.
● TOD of Additions and disposals to ensure the completeness of the FAR.
● Existence is an essential audit assertion to be tested for PPE with the help of physical
verification of assets.
● The compliance of Ind AS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment to ensure the disclosure
requirements.
15. What are the audit procedures for Cash and Cash Equivalents testing?
● List of all bank accounts should be obtained from client

● Independent Bank Confirmations are sent to all banks (with whom the client holds an
account) to ensure the existence & valuation of the balance at year end.
● Reconciling of balance as per books with the Bank confirmation and bank statement to
ensure the accuracy of books of account.
● Reconciling that all accounts confirmed by the bank are adequately shown in books of
accounts t ensure the completeness.
● Audit of the items standing in bank reconciliation statements.
● Management certificate for cash in hand.
16. What are the audit procedures for unusual Journal entries testing?
● Journal entries made to unrelated, unusual, or seldom-used accounts.

● Journal entries made by individuals who typically do not make journal entries.
● Journal entries containing consistent ending numbers (“999”).
● Journal entries with line items containing specific wording.
● Unbalanced journal entries.
● Journals recorded at the end of the period or as post-closing entries that have little or no
explanation or description.
● Journal entries over performance materiality.
● Journal entries posted on weekends/holiday.
17. Applicability of IND AS on the companies?
● All the Listed Companies are required to apply IND AS

● All the unlisted Co. having Net Worth of >250 CR.
18. As per which schedule the company prepares its financial statements?
Schedule III of the Companies Act, 2013 provides the manner in which every company
registered under the Act shall prepare its Financial Statements.
19. Give a walkthrough of the cash flow statements and give at least one example of each
activity?
CFS has 3 activities namely:
● Operating Activity - Salary paid to staff
● Investing Activity - Purchase/Sale of Fixed Assets
● Financing Activity - Borrowing money
20. What is the difference between Basic EPS and Diluted EPS?
Basic EPS (Earning per share) is a ratio that is widely used by financial analysts, investors
and other users to gauge an entity’s profitability. Its purpose is to indicate how effective an
entity has been in using the resources provided by the ordinary shareholders, and to assess
the entity’s current net earnings. EPS determines the shareholder’s wealth on each share
held by them.
Diluted EPS is a metric used in fundamental analysis to gauge a company’s quality of EPS
assuming all convertible securities have been exercised. Convertible securities include all
outstanding convertible preference shares, convertible debt, equity options (mainly
employer-based options), and share warrants.

21. What are the criteria to define a reportable segment as per IND AS 108?
An entity should report separately information about an operating segment that meets any
of the following quantitative thresholds:
● Its reported revenue, including both sales to external customers and intersegment sales
or transfers, is 10% or more of the combined revenue, internal and external, of all
operating segments.
● The absolute amount of its reported profit or loss is 10% or more of the greater, in
absolute amount, of (i) the combined reported profit of all operating segments that did
not report a loss and (ii) the combined reported loss of all operating segments that
reported a loss.
● Its assets are 10% or more of the combined assets of all operating segments.
Operating segments that do not meet any of the quantitative thresholds may be considered
reportable and separately disclosed, if management believes that information about the
segment would be useful to users of the financial statements.
22. How will you do the audit of payroll or employee benefit expenses?
● Summarise the payregister on a month wise basis.

● Perform the analysis of month wise variance of gross pay and inquire reasons for major
changes which are not substantiated by change in head count or payscale.
● Perform head count reconciliation procedure to match the number of employees each
month i.e. (Opening employees + New joiners – leavers = Closing employees).
● Verified the total net payable amount in salary sheet from the respective months bank
statement to ensure payout.
● TOD of the new joiners and leavers including recalculation of their salary and FnF.
● Recalculate the PF deducted and PF contributed by the employer as per the PF act
and verify the payment of the same via challans for all months.
● Recalculated the ESIC deducted and ESIC contributed by the employer as per the
ESIC act and verify the payment of the same via challans for all months.
23. How do you evaluate the risk of material misstatement in a company's financial
statements?
● Assess the significance of the assessed risk, impact of its occurrence and also revise
the materiality accordingly for the specific account balance.
● Determine the likelihood for assessed risk to occur and its impact on our auditing
procedures.
● Document the assertions that are effected.

● Consider the impact of the risk on each of the assertions (completeness, existence,
accuracy, validity, valuation and presentation) relevant to the account balance, class of
transactions, or disclosure.
● Identify the degree of Significant risks that would require separate attention and
response by the auditor. Planned audit procedures should directly address these risks.
● Enquire and document the management’s response.
● Consider the nature of the internal control system in place and its possible effectiveness
in mitigating the risks involved. Ensure the controls :
 Routine in nature (occur daily) or periodic such as monthly.
 Designed to prevent or detect and correct errors.
 Manual or automated.
● Consider any unique characteristics of the risk.
● Consider the existence of any particular characteristics (inherent risks) in the class of
transactions, account balance or disclosure that need to be addressed in designing
further audit procedures.
● Examples could include high value inventory, complex contractual agreements,
absence of a paper trail on certain transaction streams or a large percentage of sales
coming from a single customer.
24. If debtors’ confirmations are not received, then how would you deal with this kind of
situation?
A non-response to a confirmation request may indicate a previously unidentified risk of

material misstatement. In such situations, the auditor may need to revise the assessed risk
of material misstatement at the assertion level, and modify planned audit procedures, in
accordance with SA 315. For accounts receivable balances – examining specific
subsequent cash receipts, shipping documentation, and sales near the period-end.
25. What do you mean by walkthroughs and control testing?
A walk-through test is a procedure used during an audit of an entity's accounting system

to check its reliability. A walk-through test traces a transaction step-by-step through the
accounting system from the start till end.
A test of controls is an audit procedure to test the effectiveness of a control used by a

client entity to prevent or detect material misstatements. Depending on the results of this
test, auditor may choose to rely upon a client's controls or not.
Do check out Statutory Audit Master Class for understanding of all the concepts in detail,
click on the below link and register for the course:
https://www.camonk.com/courses/statutory-audit

26. What is MRL and why is it used and who takes it?
Management Representation Letter is issued by the client (Auditee) to the auditor in writing
as a part of Audit Evidence. This document during the audit clarifies the separation of
responsibilities of the auditor and auditee (management). In essence, the letter states that
all of the information submitted by the management during the course of audit is accurate,
and that all material information has been disclosed to the auditors.
27. What are the disclosure requirements of Disclosure Note 1 of financial statements?
Major disclosure which are required in note 1 of the financials are:

● Fundamental accounting assumptions like going concern, consistency of the
accounting policy, accrual basis of accounting etc.
● If an entity departs from a requirement of an Ind AS it shall disclose it along with the
reasons.
● If an entity offset assets and liabilities or income and expenses, in such cases it shall
be disclosed.
28. What is TOC & TOD?
Test of details is TOD which means actually performing substantive testing by picking a
sample of transactions to test to see if account balance is misstated.
Test of control is TOC, it is done to see if controls are operating properly, example - is the
check dual signed, is the reconciliation initiated, etc.
29. What is the difference between contingent liability & provisions?
Provision Contingent Liability
Provisions are liabilities which are Contingent liability is a possible

recognised (assuming that a reliable obligation that arises from past events
estimate can be made) because they are and whose existence will be confirmed
present obligations and it is only by the occurrence or non-
probable that an outflow of resources occurrence of one or more uncertain
will be required to settle the obligations. future events not wholly within the
control of the entity.

Provision Contingent Liability
The event which can result in a The event which can result in a
provisional liability is probable to occur. contingent liability may or may not
occur.
The amount of the obligation can be The amount of the obligation cannot be
measured with sufficient reliability. measured with sufficient reliability.
Any increase or decrease in provision Contingent liability is off – balance sheet
liability gets recorded in the Profit and item and is not routed through the books
Loss Account. of accounts. Its shown only as a part of
disclosure.
30. What are non-balance sheet items?
Non-balance sheet items also called as off-balance sheet items is a term for assets or
liabilities that do not appear on a company's balance sheet. These items as on balance sheet
date are not entirely company’s assets or liabilities and do not meet the criteria of recording
as asset or liabilities in books of accounts. Contingent assets and contingent liabilities
typically constitute off-balance sheet items.
31. What will be the journal of bad debts and provision for bad debts?
Journal for bad debts

Bad Debts a/c Dr.
To Debtors A/c
Journal for provision for bad debts

Profit & loss account Dr.
To Provision for bad debts
32. What is audit risk? What are the components of audit risk?
Audit risk is the risk of expressing an inappropriate audit opinion on financial statements
that are materially misstated. The components of audit risk are inherent risk, control risk
and detection risk.

33. What is Inherent risk & Control risk
This term refers to susceptibility of an account to a material misstatement, regardless of

whether the company has strong internal controls. Certain transactions and industries
present greater inherent risk than others.
Sometimes a company’s internal controls are inadequate to prevent or detect material
misstatements. Control risk increases when the company fails to deploy or enforce effective
internal controls, or when employees or third parties override them without the company
discovering their actions.
34. What is Detection risk?
Audit procedures are designed to uncover material misstatements. Detection risk is the risk
that audit procedures might not detect a material misstatement. When detection risk is
elevated, the auditor might, for example, test a larger sample of transactions to mitigate
audit risk.
35 How the Inherint risk, control risk and detection risk are related (relationship).
Inherent risk and control risk are collectively known as risk of material misstatement
(ROMM). ROMM and detection risk together constitute the Audit risk.
When the ROMM is high the auditor will increase the substantive testing and will try to
keep the detection risk to be minimum and vice a versa. Therefore, an inverse relationship
is maintained between ROMM and detection risk in order keep the audit risk to a minimum.
36 What are the steps of the audit. / How you will perform the audit of a client ?
Step 1 - Client onboarding formalities and engagement acceptance formalities

Step 2 - Planning the audit by analysing the CY and PY financials of client, determining
the materiality
Step 3 - Assessing the risk of material misstatement by understanding the entity & its
environment and its internal control
Step - 4 Performing the control testing of the various areas to identify the effectiveness of
the controls
Step - 5 Performing the substantive testing of the BS and PL items.
Step - 6 Reporting to shareholders

37. What are Internal Financial controls?
Internal financial controls are the policies and procedures adopted by the company for
ensuring the orderly and efficient conduct of its business, including adherence to the
company’s policies, the safeguarding of its assets, the prevention and detection of frauds
and errors, the accuracy and completeness of the accounting records, and the timely
preparation of reliable financial information.
38. What is audit programme?
An audit programme, also called an audit plan, is an action plan that documents what
procedures an auditor will follow to express an opinion on the financial statement.
39. What are the methods for the depreciation allowed in the companies act.
Under the companies act 2013 company can follow either Straight line method or written
down method for charging depreciation.
40. What is difference between vouching and verifications?
Vouching means checking the vouchers which supports the financial transaction / journal
entry. Verification means validating the resemblance of the facts of voucher with those
appearing in the books of accounts.
41. What are the audit procedures for the cash & cash equivalents?
The audit procedures for cash and cash equivalents may include the following:
● Obtain and review the client's policies and procedures for cash management, including
any controls over cash disbursements and receipts.
● Review the client's bank statements and reconcile them to the cash balances recorded
in the financial statements.
● Obtain the external confirmations from the banks
● Test a sample of cash receipts by reviewing supporting documentation such as
customer invoices and bank deposit slips, and verifying that the receipts were properly
recorded.
● Review the client's documentation for any investments classified as cash equivalents,
such as short-term certificates of deposit or commercial paper, and verify that they
meet the criteria for classification as cash equivalents.

42. What are the financial assets as per IND AS 32?
Financial Asset means:

● Any contractual right to receive cash or other financial asset
● Cash & cash Equivalents
● Equity Investmenst
● A contract that will or may be settled in the entity’s own equity instruments
43. What are the equity instruments as per IND AS 32?
Equity instruments are those

● Instruments where there is no obligation to deliver the cash or any other financial asset
● Instruments where fixed no of equity shares are to be issued in settlement
44. What are the substantive audit procedures?
Substantive audit procedures are audit procedures that are designed to test the assertions
of financial captions. These procedures are typically more in-depth and extensive than
tests of controls, which are designed to assess the effectiveness of the client's internal
control system.
45. What are the analytical procedures in audit?
Analytical procedures are a type of audit procedure used to test financial information and
identify unusual or unexpected relationships. These procedures involve the use of ratios,
trends, and other statistical analysis techniques to compare financial information to
previous periods or to industry benchmarks
46. What is Limited Review?
Limited Review can be defined as an examination of financial statements on quarterly

basis. In India, listed companies are required to conduct limited review through statutory
auditors. Every listed co. under clause 41 of the listing agreement is required to furnish the
unaudited quarterly result in the prescribed format to the concerned stock exchange within
45 days of the end of respective quarter.

47. How you will perform the control testing?
Control testing is an audit procedure used to determine whether internal controls

effectively prevent or detect material misstatements at assertion level. It includes the
following steps:
● Understanding the process: The first step in control testing is to understand the
process existing in the client entity
● Walkthroughs:A walk-through test is a procedure used during an audit of an entity’s
accounting system to gauge its reliability. A walk-through test traces a transaction
step-by-step through the accounting system from its inception to the final disposition
● Sample Selection: After the walkthrough, to decide on the number of samples to be
tested as part of control testing. No of samples to be selected can depend on various
factors.
● Control Testing: The effectiveness of control is then tested by verifying a few
samples. Here, the internal control is tested for factors like, preparer and reviewer,
approval based on authorisation matrix etc.
48. What are the 2 models under which the PPE can be recorded under IND AS – 16?
Under IND AS 16 PPE can be recorded under cost model or revaluation model. Under the
cost model only downward revaluation (impairment) is allowed when the fair value of the
asset is less than the book value. Under revaluation model company has to revalue its PPE
on every year end at the fair value whether its upward revaluation or downward revaluation.
49. What are the reporting requirements under Clause 7 of the CARO 2020?
The auditor is required to report whether the company is:

– Regular in depositing undisputed statutory dues.
– As on balance sheet date, statutory dues which are unpaid and oustanding for a period
of more than 6 months from the date they became payable
– In case of any disputed statutory dues, the amount of such dues, the forum before
whom the dues are litigated.
50. What are the various benchmarks which can be used while calculating the
materiality?
Selection of the benchmark for calculating the materiality depends upon the various
factors like nature of company, objective of the company and the sector in which the

company is operating. The various benchmarks which can be used to calc the materiality
are as follow
Scenarios Generally acceptable benchmarks

Profit maximising objective Profit before tax
Total revenue
Net assets
Banks Profit before tax
Total revenue
Total assets
Company that have significant assets - eg - Profit before tax
airlines Total assets
Net assets
Company that trade mainly for capital gain Total assets
via investments Total revenue
Net assets
Start up entiites predominantly focused on Total assets
capital expenditure Total expenses
Net assets
Start up entiites not predominantly focused Total expenses
on capital expenditure Net assets
Company operating on low profit (such as Total revenues
PBT no longer serves as benchmark) Total assets
Net assets
Cost plus entities Total expenses
Total assets
Net assets
51. What is deferred tax ?
The tax effect due to the timing differences is termed as deferred tax which literally refers
to the taxes postponed. Deferred tax is recognised on Temporary timing differences.
Permanent differences do not result in deferred tax assets or deferred tax liabilities. These
deferred taxes are given effect to in the financial statements through Deferred Tax Asset
and Deferred Tax Liability.
52. When DTA and DTL arises ?
Deferred tax assets are the amounts of income taxes recoverable in future periods. Deferred
tax assets arise when the tax amount has been paid or has been carried forward but has still
not been recognized in the income statement. The value of deferred tax assets is created
when the book income is less than the taxable income.

Deferred tax liabilities are the amounts of income taxes payable in future periods. Deferred
tax liability arises when the tax amount has to be paid in future for a transaction or
adjustment that has taken place already in the income statement. The value of deferred tax
liability is created when the book income is more than the taxable income.
53. What is LIFO and FIFO method in inventory valuation?
LIFO (Last In, First Out) and FIFO (First In, First Out) are two methods used to value
inventory and cost of goods sold (COGS) for financial reporting and tax purposes.
In the LIFO method, the inventory that is most recently acquired is assumed to be sold first.
This means that the cost of the most recent inventory is recorded as the cost of goods sold,
while the cost of older inventory remains in the ending inventory. This method is useful in
times of rising prices, as it results in a lower cost of goods sold and a higher gross profit
on the income statement. However, it can also result in a higher tax liability, as the cost of
goods sold is taxed in the year it is recorded.
In the FIFO method, the inventory that is oldest is assumed to be sold first. This means that
the cost of the oldest inventory is recorded as the cost of goods sold, while the cost of more
recent inventory remains in the ending inventory. This method is useful in times of falling
prices, as it results in a higher cost of goods sold and a lower gross profit on the income
statement. However, it can also result in a lower tax liability, as the cost of goods sold is
taxed in the year it is recorded.
Both LIFO and FIFO are acceptable methods of inventory valuation, and a company can
choose the method that is most appropriate for its business and financial reporting needs.
54. What are the audit procedures for Inventory ?
● Obtaining a list of entire inventory inlcuding Raw Material, Work-in-progress and

Finished goods.
● Sample selection and evaluation of the cost of the inventory with the help of
purchase invoices for selected samples to verify accuracy.
● Verification whether the inventory has been recorded at lower of cost or NRV to
check the valuation assertion.
● Evaluation of the NRV by calculating the expected selling price
● Physical verification of the inventories at the year end to check the existence of
inventory.

55. What are the different formats for the preparation of the financial statements ?
There are 3 different formats under schedule III

1. Division 1 - For the companies to whom AS are applicable
2. Division 2 - For the companies to whom IND AS are applicable
3. Division 3 - For the NBFC to whom IND AS are applicable
56. What are the reporting requirements under Clause 1 of the CARO 2020 ?
The clause 1 requires the details of the tangible and intangible assets which are mention
below:
a) A. whether the company is maintaining proper records showing full particulars, including
quantitative details and situation of Property, Plant and Equipment;
B. whether the company is maintaining proper records showing full particulars of
intangible assets;
b) whether these Property, Plant and Equipment have been physically verified by the
management at reasonable intervals; whether any material discrepancies were noticed on
such verification and if so, whether the same have been properly dealt with in the books of
account;
c) whether the title deeds of all the immovable properties (other than properties where the
company is the lessee and the lease agreements are duly executed in favour of the lessee)
disclosed in the financial statements are held in the name of the company, if not, provide
the details thereof;
d) whether the company has revalued its Property, Plant and Equipment (including Right of
Use assets) or intangible assets or both during the year and, if so, whether the revaluation
is based on the valuation by a Registered Valuer; specify the amount of change, if change
is 10% or more in the aggregate of the net carrying value of each class of Property, Plant
and Equipment or intangible assets;
e) whether any proceedings have been initiated or are pending against the company for
holding any benami property under the Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988 (45
of 1988) and rules made thereunder, if so, whether the company has appropriately disclosed
the details in its financial statements.
57. What are the reporting requirements under Clause 11 of the CARO 2020 ?
The clause 11 requires the auditor to report:
a) whether any fraud by the company or any fraud on the company has been noticed or
reported during the year, if yes, the nature and the amount involved is to be indicated;

b) whether any report under sub-section (12) of section 143 of the Companies Act has been
filed by the auditors in Form ADT-4 as prescribed under rule 13 of Companies (Audit and
Auditors) Rules, 2014 with the Central Government;
c) whether the auditor has considered whistle-blower complaints, if any, received during the
year by the company.
58. What kind of leases are exempt from the application of the IND AS 116?
● Leases which are the for the period of less than 12 months
● Leases which are for low value assets. (no limit has been specified in IND AS 116 to
classy a lease in low value lease. It depends on the use and the nature of the asset)
59. How do you ensure the independence and objectivity of a statutory audit?
There are a number of ways to ensure the independence and objectivity of a statutory audit.
Some of these include:
● The auditor must be independent in fact and in appearance in order to maintain
objectivity. This means that the auditor must not have any financial or other interest in
the company being audited, and must not be influenced by any outside party.
● Avoiding conflicts of interest: The auditor must avoid any situation that could create a
conflict of interest, such as performing other services for the client while conducting
the audit.
● Establishing audit procedures: The auditor should establish appropriate audit
procedures to ensure that the audit is conducted in an objective and unbiased manner.
● Maintaining professional skepticism: The auditor should approach the audit with a
healthy skepticism and should be willing to challenge assumptions and test information
obtained during the audit.
60. What is the latest definition of a small company?

The Act defines a small company as a company that is not a public company and has: A
paid-up share capital equal to or below Rs. 4 crore or such a higher amount specified not
exceeding more than Rs. 10 crores.
61. Which companies are required to conduct internal audit?

As per section 138, the following companies shall be required to appoint an internal
auditor-
(a) Every listed company;
(b) Every unlisted public company if satisfy any of the criteria given as under-
● paid-up share capital of fifty crore rupees or more during the preceding financial year

● turnover of two hundred crore rupees or more during the preceding financial year
● outstanding loans or borrowings from banks or public financial institutions exceeding
one hundred crore rupees or more at any point of time during the preceding financial
year
● outstanding deposits of twenty five crore rupees or more at any point of time during
the preceding financial year; and
(c) Every private company if satisfy any of the criteria given as under-
● Turnover of two hundred crore rupees or more during the preceding financial year; or
● Outstanding loans or borrowings from banks or public financial institutions exceeding
one hundred crore rupees or more at any point of time during the preceding financial
year.
62. What are defined benefit plans as per IndAS 19?
They are post-employment benefit plans under which an entity pays fixed contributions
into a separate entity (a fund) and will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay
further contributions if the fund does not hold sufficient assets to pay all employee benefits
relating to employee service in the current and prior periods. In these plans, the
contribution is defined i.e. contribution is fixed and known to the entity.
Example : Provident Fund contribution by the employer to the Employees’ Provident

Fund Organisation, Ministry of Labour & Employment, Government of India.
63. What are the components of an internal control framework?
There are five components of an internal control framework. They are as follows:
• Control Environment;
• Risk Assessment;
• Information & Communication;
• Monitoring;
• Control Activities.
64. If you are the auditor of HUL, you would like to limit your examination of account
balance tests. What are the control objectives you would like the accounting control
system to achieve to suit your purpose?
Basic Accounting Control Objectives: The basic accounting control objectives which are
sought to be achieved by any accounting control system are -
● Whether all transactions are recorded;
● Whether recorded transactions are real;

● Whether all recorded transactions are properly valued;

● Whether all transactions are recorded timely;
● Whether all transactions are properly posted;
● Whether all transactions are properly classified and disclosed;
● Whether all transactions are properly summarized.
65. Nicco Park has six recreational parks to provide recreational facilities for the children
and youngsters at different locations and Collections are made in cash. Suggest some
of the adequate internal control system for their sales and revenue.
Control System over Selling and Collection of Tickets: In order to achieve proper internal
control over the sale of tickets and its collection , following system should be adopted -
1. Printing of tickets: Serially numbered pre-printed tickets should be used and designed
in such a way that any type of ticket used cannot be duplicated by others in order to
avoid forgery.
2. Ticket sales: The sale of tickets should take place from the Central ticket office
3. Daily cash reconciliation: Cash collection at each office and machine should be
reconciled with the number of tickets sold.
4. Daily banking: Each day’s collection should be deposited in the bank on the next
working day of the bank.
5. Entrance ticket: Entrance tickets should be cancelled at the entrance gate when public
enters the centre.
6. Advance booking: If advance booking of facility is made available, the system should
ensure that all advance booked tickets are paid for.
7. Discounts and free pass: Discount and free passes should be properly authorized and
signed by the authorization person.
66. What is the difference between IFC and Internal Audit ?
Internal Financial Control (IFC) and internal audit are two different processes that serve
different purposes within an organization.
Internal Financial Control (IFC) is a process that is implemented by a company to ensure

the integrity of its financial reporting, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of its
operations. It includes a set of policies and procedures that are designed to safeguard the
company's assets, ensure the accuracy and reliability of its financial records, and promote
compliance with relevant laws and regulations. The purpose of IFC is to provide assurance
that the company's financial reporting is reliable, and to detect and prevent errors, fraud,
and other financial irregularities.

Internal audit, on the other hand, is an independent, objective assurance and consulting
activity that helps an organization improve its operations by evaluating and improving the
effectiveness of its risk management, control, and governance processes. Internal auditors
are responsible for evaluating the adequacy and effectiveness of the organization's internal
controls, and for providing recommendations for improvement. Internal audit is a separate
function from IFC, and it is typically carried out by a team of internal auditors who report
to the board of directors or audit committee.
In summary, while IFC is focused on the integrity of financial reporting and the protection
of assets, internal audit is focused on evaluating and improving the effectiveness of the
organization's risk management, control, and governance processes.
67. During the course of his audit, the auditor noticed material weaknesses in the internal
control system and he wishes to communicate the same to the management. You are
required to elucidate the important points the auditor should keep in the mind while
drafting the letter of weaknesses in internal control system.
As per SA 265, “Communicating Deficiencies in Internal Control to Those who Charged

with Governance and Management”, the auditor shall include in the written communication
of significant deficiencies in internal control -
(i) A description of the deficiencies and an explanation of their potential effects; and
(ii) Sufficient information to enable those charged with governance and management to
understand the context of the communication.
68. Suppose you are the auditor of Reliance Ltd having a net worth of INR 5000 crores.
The internal auditor of RIL is your best friend & you have developed a good bonding
during the course of the audit. How will you rely on the work of your friend?
As the auditor of RIL, the friendship with internal auditor should in no way affect the
independence of external auditors and SA 610, “Using the work of internal auditor” should
be followed which highlights the below pointsto be kept in mind:
A. Whether the work of the internal auditors is likely to be adequate for purposes of the audit
and evaluate:
 The objectivity of the internal audit function;
 The technical competence of the internal auditors;
 Whether the work of the internal auditors is likely to be carried out with due
professional care
B. The planned effect of the work of the internal auditors on the nature, timing or extent of
the external auditor’s procedures

70. While conducting the audit of a limited company for the year ended 31st March, 2023,
the auditor wanted to refer to the Minute Books. The Board of Directors refused to
show the Minute Books to the auditor.
In case the directors have refused to produce the Minute Books, the auditor may consider
extending the audit procedure and also consider modifying/ qualifying his report in an
appropriate manner.
71. You, a CA are the auditor of Siddha Ltd. & appointed in September, 2022.
Subsequently in February, 2023, you joined Mr. Bajaj, another CA, who is the
Manager Finance of Siddha Ltd., as a partner. Is your appointment valid?
Mr. Siddharth, an auditor of Siddha Ltd., joined as partner with Mr. Bajaj, who is Manager
Finance of Siddha Limited. The given situation has attracted sub-section (3)(c) of Section
141 and, therefore, he shall be deemed to have vacated office of the auditor of Siddha
Limited.
72. You, a CA. provide services of design and implementation of financial information
system to HEG Ltd. Now, you also wished to be appointed as an auditor of the
company for the current financial year. Can you be the auditor?
The position of auditor cannot be accepted as the service rendered of implementation of

financial information system are prohibited as per section 141(3)(i) read with section 144
of the Companies Act, 2013.
73. You are the internal auditor of a Cement Manufacturing Company, what will be the
audit procedure for verification of transportation charges for dispatches from the
factory.
● Examine the agreement to note the rates contracted with transporters for carriage of
goods.
● Examine whether the rates charged in the invoice is as per the contract & authorised by
the appropriate authority.
● Examine whether the transporter’s invoice includes a delivery challan bearing the
customers stamp indicating the receipt of goods.
● Check whether all the goods to be dispatched have a transport booking order reference.
● Ensure correct recording of amount stated in invoice.
● Check whether TDS has been deducted at appropriate rate and deposited with the
government in time.

74. What are the audit procedures for auditing revenue & expenditure of Multiplex?
● Whether the object clause of MOA permits to engage in such business activity.
● Income from Sale of Tickets:
○ Examine internal control system.
○ Examine system of online booking and realisation of cash.
○ Examine system of reconciliation of collections with seat availability.
● Income from cafes, shops, pubs, etc in the multiplex examine their internal control
system.
● Examine system of collection from parking areas.
● Examine the expenses incurred in maintenance of building.
● Examine the system of payment of salaries & other benefits to employees.
● Examine the system of payment to distributors.
75. As statutory central auditors of a Nationalized bank, what special points are to be
borne in mind in the audit of compliance with "Statutory Liquidity Ratio" (SLR)
requirements?
Obtain an understanding of the relevant circulars/ instructions of the RBI, particularly

regarding composition of items of DTL.
● Request the branch auditors to send their weekly trial balance as on Friday and
these are consolidated at the head office. Based on this consolidation, the DTL
position is determined for every reporting Friday. The statutory central auditor
should request the branch auditors to verify the correctness of the trial balances
relevant to the dates selected by him/her. The branch auditors should also be
specifically requested to examine the cash balance at the branch on the selected
dates.
● Examine, on a test basis, the consolidations regarding DTL position prepared by
the bank with reference to the related returns received from branches. The auditor
should examine whether the valuation of securities done by the bank is in
accordance with the guidelines prescribed by the RBI.
● Examine whether the consolidations prepared by the bank include the relevant
information in respect of all the branches.
● It may be noted that, even though interest accrues daily, it is recorded in the books
only at periodic intervals. Thus, examine whether such interest accrued but not
accounted for in books is included in the computation of DTL.
● The auditor at the central level should apply the audit procedures listed above to
the overall consolidation prepared for the bank as a whole. Where such procedure
is followed, the central auditor should adequately describe the same in the report.

● While reporting on compliance with SLR requirements, the auditor should specify
the number of unaudited branches and state that he/she has relied on the returns
received from the unaudited branches in forming an opinion. Recently, there has
been introduction of Automated Data Flow (ADF) for CRR & SLR reporting and
the auditors should develop necessary audit procedures around this.
76. Explain the scope of concurrent audit of a bank with reference to Reserve Bank of
India guidelines.
Banks ensure that risk sensitive areas identified by them as per their specific business
models are covered under concurrent audit. Concurrent audit aims at shortening the interval
between a transaction and its independent examination. The detailed scope of the
concurrent audit may be determined by head of internal audit of banks, and approved by
the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.
77. List down matters to be ensured to achieve the objectives of Internal control relating
to accounting system is that all transactions are promptly recorded in an appropriate
manner to permit the preparation of financial information and to maintain
accountability of assets.
The basic accounting control objectives which are sought to be achieved by any accounting
control system are -
● Transactions are executed in accordance with management’s general or specific
authorisation;
● Transactions and other events are real & promptly/timely recorded at correct amounts;
● Transactions should be classified in appropriate accounts and in the appropriate period
to which it relates;
● Transactions are properly posted.
● Transactions should be recorded in a manner so as to facilitate preparation of financial
statements in accordance with applicable accounting standards, other accounting
policies and practices and relevant statutory requirements
78. CA Amit has been appointed as Statutory Auditor of Tata Ltd. The Co. For the year
under audit one additional profit and loss account is prepared that disclosed specific
items of expenditure and included the same as an appendix to the financial
statements. Guide CA Amit as to how he should deal with this issue while reporting
on the financial statements of Tata Ltd.

Additional profit and loss account is not considered an integral part of the audited financial
statements and the auditor shall evaluate that supplementary information is presented in a
way that sufficiently and clearly differentiates it from the audited financial statements.
79. You are the auditor of Umbrella Ltd. and you are concerned with the quality &
effectiveness of internal control. Towards achieving your objective you want to assess
and evaluate the control environment. What set of the Standard Operating
Procedures will you use?
(i) Enterprise Risk Management

(ii) Segregation of Job Responsibilities
(iii) Job Rotation in Sensitive Areas
(iv) Delegation of Financial Powers Document
(v) Information Technology based Controls
80. The reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on the audit of PSUs
are presented to the Parliament and to various state legislatures to facilitate a proper
consideration. Enumerate the contents of Audit Report presented by C & AG.
● Introduction containing a general review of the working results of Government

companies, deemed Government companies and corporations;
● Results of comprehensive appraisals of selected undertakings conducted by the Audit
Board;
● Resume of the company auditors’ reports submitted by them under the directions issued
by the C&AG and that of comments on the accounts of the Government companies;
and
● Significant results of audit of the undertakings not taken up for appraisal by the Audit
Board.
81. You have been appointed as Concurrent auditor of one of the branches of Coin Bank
Ltd. This branch is dealing mainly in foreign exchange. State the suggested audit
procedures to be covered by you to check the foreign exchange transactions of this
branch while doing Concurrent audit.
● Check foreign bills negotiated under letters of credit.

● Check FCNR and other non-resident accounts whether the debits and credits are
permissible under rules.
● Check whether inward/outward remittance have been properly accounted for.

● Examine extension and cancellation of forward contracts for purchase and sale of
foreign currency. Ensure that they are duly authorized and necessary charges have been
recovered.
● Ensure that balances in Nostro accounts in different foreign currencies are within the
limit as prescribed by the bank.
● Ensure that the overbought/oversold position maintained in different currencies is
reasonable, considering the foreign exchange operations.
● Ensure adherence to the guidelines issued by RBI/HO of the bank about dealing room
operations.
82. You are appointed as the forensic auditor of Dharma Ltd., as the company is involved
in siphoning of funds through payments to shell companies. What steps will you take
in forensic audit process.
Step 1. Initialization
Step 2. Develop Plan
Step 3. Obtain Relevant Evidence
Step 4. Perform the analysis
Step 5. Reporting
83. You are the auditor of Emami Ltd., and want to perform external confirmation
procedures to obtain audit evidence. List the factors that will help you in determining
whether external confirmation procedures are to be performed as substantive audit
procedures?
● The confirming party’s knowledge of the subject matter – responses may be more
reliable if provided by a person at the confirming party who has the requisite
knowledge about the information being confirmed.
● The ability or willingness of the intended confirming party to respond for example,
the confirming party;
- May not accept responsibility for responding to a confirmation request;
- May consider responding too costly or time consuming;
- May have concerns about the potential legal liability resulting from responding;
- May account for transactions in different currencies; or
- May operate in an environment where responding to confirmation requests is
not a significant aspect of day-to-day operations.
● In such situations, confirming parties may not respond, may respond in a casual
manner or may attempt to restrict the reliance placed on the response.
● The objectivity of the intended confirming party – if the confirming party is a
related party of the entity, responses to confirmation requests may be less reliable.

84. While auditing an insurance company indicate the circumstances when the company
should not issue the policy documents?
● Premium had not been collected at all;

● Premium had been collected but the relevant cheques have been dishonoured; (refer
Cheque Dishonoured Book);
● premium had not immediately been collected due to furnishing of a bank guarantee or
cash deposit but either the deposit or guarantee had fallen short or has expired or the
premium had been collected beyond the stipulated time limit (i.e., there is a shortfall
in bank guarantee account or cash deposit account of the insured);
● premium had not been collected due to risk cover being increased or where stipulated
limits have been exhausted in respect of open declaration policies (i.e., where premium
has accrued but has not been received); and
● instalments of premium have not been collected in time in respect of certain categories
of policies, e.g., marine-cum-erection policies where facility has been granted for
premium being paid in instalments (such facility is normally available subject to
certain conditions, e.g., that the first equated instalment is more by 5 per cent of the
total premium payable by instalments).
● Premium collected but policies not issued for long periods of time.
● Whether the premium received during the year but pertaining to risk commencing in
the following year has been accounted for under the head ‘Premium Received in
Advance’ and has been disclosed separately.
85. You are appointed as Peer Reviewer of M/s AMC Associates, a CA firm consisting of
18 partners. As a Practicing unit what are the obligations that are to be complied by
M/s AMC Associates in addition to furnishing the questionnaire, statements and such
other particulars as the Board may deem fit?
● Produce to the Reviewer or allow access to, any record, document or prescribed
register maintained by the Practice Unit or any other record or document which is of
a class or description so specified, and which is in the possession or under the control
of the Practice Unit.
● Provide to the Reviewer such explanation or further particulars/ information in respect
of anything produced in compliance with a requirement under sub clause (1) above,
as the Reviewer shall specify.
● Provide to the Reviewer all assistance in connection with Peer Review.
● Where any information or matter relevant to a Practice Unit is recorded otherwise than
in a legible form, the Practice Unit shall provide and present to the Reviewer a
reproduction of any such information or matter, or of the relevant part of it in a legible
form, with a translation in English or Hindi, if the matter is in any other language, and

if such translation is requested for by the Reviewer. The Practice Unit shall be
responsible and accountable for the accuracy and truthfulness of the translation so
provided.
86. You are the statutory auditor of Jadu Ltd., for issuing an audit opinion on financial
statements and internal controls over financial reporting (ICFR) under the
Companies Act, 2013. What questions will you include while preparing a checklist in
the form of questions for testing internal control over cash and bank balances.
I will check that the cashier -

● Is not responsible for opening the incoming mails;
● Does not authorise any of the ledgers;
● Does not authorise any expenditure or receipt;
● Does not sign cheques;
● Takes his annual leave regularly;
● Inks and balances the cash book every day;
● Verifies physical cash balance with the book figure daily at the end of the day;
● Prepares monthly bank reconciliation statement;
● Holds no other funds or investment;
● Holds no unnecessary balance in hand;
● Does not pay money without looking into compliance with proper procedure and
due authorisation; and
● Has tendered proper security or has executed a fidelity bond?
87. TQR Limited is engaged in the business of garment manufacturing, one of the senior
Managers was involved in creating false documents and legitimate documents were
altered to support fictitious transactions. As a forensic auditor how will you deal and
suggest Technology based/Digital forensic techniques.
Many open-source digital forensics tools are now available to assist you in this phase of
the investigation. (i) Cross Drive Analysis (ii) Live Analysis (iii) Deleted Files (iv)
Stochastic Forensics (v) Steganography (vi) EnCase (vii) MD5 (viii) Tracking Log Files
(ix) PC System Log (x) Free Log Tools.
88. You have been appointed as an auditor of Ambani Life Insurance Company Ltd.
There are several cases of lapsed policies. The policy lapsation is tracked over the
PMS software. You are requested by the Management to explain in clear terms about
Policy lapses and Revival. Also state your role as an auditor in verifying the same.

Policy Lapse and Revival: “Lapse” is the discontinuance of the policy owing to
nonpayment of premium dues. In order to keep a life insurance policy “in force” the policy
holder is required to pay premiums when due (either monthly/ quarterly/annual/bi-
annual). If payment is missed, the insurer allows a period of 15/30 days from the premium
due date for making the payment. This period is termed as “grace period”. If the policy
holder does not make the payment within the grace period, the policy gets “lapsed”. Thus,
a payment within the grace period is deemed to be a payment on the due date. The terms
and conditions of the policy stipulate that where the premium is not paid within the grace
period, the policy lapses but may be revived during the lifetime of the life assured. Some
insurers do not allow revival, if the policy has remained in lapsed condition for more than
five years. This is because of the possibility that the arrears of premiums on such a policy
would be too heavy and that it would be better to take out a fresh policy. The insurer
should have taken persistent measures for monitoring receipt of renewal premium within
the due dates. In case of most of insurers, policy lapsation is tracked over the PMS,
wherein premium due dates are monitored by the system once initial data of the policy is
entered in the system.
Role of Auditor: The primary objective of the audit is to check and confirm that due dates
are recorded and monitored properly and polices are marked as “lapsed” on non-receipt
of renewal premium within due dates/grace period. In case of revival request, whether
adequate checks are in place for receipt of outstanding amounts and adequate documents
are obtained before reviving the policy.
89. You are the auditor of PRAG Limited, a listed company, which has three subsidiaries
and also 15 branches across India. Auditors are duly appointed for the subsidiaries
and branches as well. What should be the considerations with regard to the
determination of materiality during the audit of consolidated financial statements?
● The auditor is required to compute the materiality for the group as a whole. This materiality
should be used to assess the appropriateness of the consolidation adjustments (i.e.
permanent consolidation adjustments and current period consolidation adjustments) that
are made by the management in the preparation of CFS.
● The parent auditor can also use the materiality computed on the group level to determine
whether the component's financial statements are material to the group to determine
whether they should scope in additional components, and consider using the work of other
auditors as applicable.
● The principal auditor also computes materiality for each component and communicates to
the component auditor, if he believes is required for true and fair view on CFS.

90. You have to conduct "Due Diligence" of assets of the Indian Company which is going
t be acquired by a European company, having a market share of 51% and assets
over Rs.1000 Crores. To find out if any of the assets is overvalued. List down the
areas of due diligence exercise to find out overvalued assets.
● Uncollected/uncollectable receivables.
● Obsolete, slow non-moving inventories or inventories valued above NRV; huge
inventories of packing materials etc. with name of company.
● Underused or obsolete Plant and Machinery and their spares; asset values which have
been impaired due to sudden fall in market value etc.
● Assets carried at much more than current market value due to capitalization of
expenditure/foreign exchange fluctuation, or capitalization of expenditure mainly in
the nature of revenue.
● Litigated assets and property.
● Investments carried at cost though realizable value is much lower.
● Investments carrying a very low rate of income / return.
● Infructuous project expenditure/deferred revenue expenditure etc.
● Group Company balances under reconciliation etc.
● Intangibles of no value.
91. What are the recent changes in the schedule III of the companies act 2013 ?
● Disclosure of trade payable and trade receivable ageing of the LY & CY

● Disclosure of title deeds of PPE whether held in the name of the company
● Disclosure on the any proceedings initiated on Benami Property Act
● Disclosure on Wilfull defaulter
● Disclosure on transactions and relationship with struckoff companies
● Disclosure on Utilisation of the borrowed funds
● Calculation of many ratios and explanation with the change in ratio if more than 25%
● Disclosure on Transaction in the crypto currency
92. What are the reporting responsibility of the Statutory Auditor under clause 5 of
CARO 2020 ?
The auditor has to ensure whether the company has followed the directives of the RBI as
under: – Compliance with the provisions prescribed for accepting deposits under section
73 to 76 of the Companies Act, 2013. – The nature of contraventions, if the above
provisions are not followed. – Compliance with any order passed by any court or tribunal.
– Reporting of any non-compliance with the provisions of Companies Act, 2013.

CARO 2020 ?
The auditor has to report in case If the company has given any loans to directors or any
other person in whom the director is interested, or made any investments, whether the
company has made compliance with the provisions governing such loans, investments and
guarantees.
CARO 2020 ?
The auditor has to ensure that If the company has raised any funds from a public offer
(equity or debt capital), details of the funds applied for the purposes. Also, the details of
default or delays and rectification measures taken. – Has the company made any private
placement or preferential allotment of shares or convertible debentures (fully, partially or
optionally convertible) during the year, whether the same is in accordance with section 42
and section 62 of the Companies Act, 2013. – Whether the funds raised, have been used
for the purposes they were raised and the non-compliance, if any.
96. What do you mean by the equity instruments as per IND AS 32 ?
Equity instruments means:

● Instruments where there is no obligation to deliver the cash
● No obligation to exchange the Financial asset or liability under unfavourable
condition/
● Instruments where fixed no of own shares to be issued in settlements.
97. What are the compounded financial instruments ?
Compounded financials instruments are those instruments which has features of both, the
financial liability and equity. For eg. irredemable debentures with mandatory interest.
98. What are the three different methods under which the Debt instruments can be
recognised ?
● Amortised cost method

● FVTPL
● FVTOCI

99. Explain the concept of Integrated framework issued by Committee of the Sponsoring
Organisations of the Treadway Commission (COSO Framework) duly mentioning
its four out of five components.
COSO’s Internal Control – Integrated Framework was introduced in 1992 as guidance on

how to establish better controls so companies can achieve their objectives. COSO
categorizes entity-level objectives into operations, financial reporting, and compliance.
Five Components of COSO are as follows: (i) Control Environment (ii) Risk Assessment
(iii) Control Activities (iv) Information and Communication (v) Monitoring
100. You while conducting audit of PQR Ltd, come across certain transactions which
according to you are significant transactions with related parties and identified to be
outside the entity's normal course of business. How will you understand the nature of
significant transactions outside the entity's normal course of business?
As per SA 550 “Related Parties”, examples of transactions outside the entity’s normal
course of business may include:
● Complex equity transactions, such as corporate restructurings or acquisitions.
● Transactions with offshore entities in jurisdictions with weak corporate laws.
● The leasing of premises or the rendering of management services by the entity to
another party if no consideration is exchanged.
● Sales transactions with unusually large discounts or returns.
● Transactions with circular arrangements, for example, sales with a commitment to
repurchase.
● Transactions under contracts whose terms are changed before expiry.
101. You are the statutory Branch audit of PNB Ltd., you observe that some borrower
accounts have been regularised before Balance sheet date by payment of overdue
amount. What are the audit procedures to be carried out with special focus on the
Classification of advances and Provisioning for Non-Performing assets of the Branch.
The Audit procedures of advances and provisioning for NPAs:

● As per the Reserve Bank guidelines, if an account has been regularised before the
balance sheet date by payment of overdue amount through genuine sources, the
account need not be treated as NPA.
● Where subsequent to repayment by the borrower (which makes the account
regular), the branch has provided further funds to the borrower (including by way

of subscription to its debentures or in other accounts of the borrower), the auditor

should carefully assess whether the repayment was out of genuine sources or not.
● Where the account indicates inherent weakness based in the data available, the
account shall be deemed as a NPA.
Classification and Provision:

● Examine whether the classification made by the branch is appropriate. Particularly,
examine the classification of advances where there are threats to recovery.
● Examine whether the secured and the unsecured portions of advances have been
segregated correctly and provisions have been calculated properly.
● It is to be ensured that the classification is made as per the position as on date and
hence classification of all standard accounts be reviewed as on balance sheet date.
● The date of NPA is significant to determine the classification and hence specific
care be taken in this regard.
● NPA should be recognized only based on concept of Past Due/ Overdue concept,
and not based on the Balance Sheet date.
Do check out Statutory Audit Master Class for understanding of all the
concepts in detail, click on the below link and register for the course:

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Om Namah Shivaya

101 Statutory Audit Interview

By CA Shivam Palan (IIMI)

Reading Material for CA Monk Statutory Audit Master Class

Title: The 101 Statutory Audit Interview Questions & Answers

Author’s Name: Shivam Palan

Published by: Shivam Palan

ISBN No: (Application Reference numbers) Copyright: © CA Monk

Price: Rs. 2499

All disputes are subject to Gondia jurisdiction only.

CA Monk Statutory Audit Master Class || By CA Shivam Palan 2

Statutory Audit in India

CA Monk Statutory Audit Master Class || By CA Shivam Palan 3

CA Monk Statutory Audit Master Class || By CA Shivam Palan 4

Technical Questions for Statutory Audit Questions

1. What are Audit Assertions/Financial Statements Assertions ?

2. What are Transaction level assertions?

There are five types of transaction-level assertions:

3. What are account balance assertions ?

CA Monk Statutory Audit Master Class || By CA Shivam Palan 5

Determining materiality involves the exercise of professional judgment. A percentage is

Materiality are of 3 types:

6. What is the applicability of CARO 2020?

It shall apply to every company including a foreign company except

CA Monk Statutory Audit Master Class || By CA Shivam Palan 6

(iv) a One Person Company and a small company

Particulars CARO 2016 CARO 2020

No format If title to all immovable property is disclosed in

CA Monk Statutory Audit Master Class || By CA Shivam Palan 7

Not provided Also report if the company is said to be

CA Monk Statutory Audit Master Class || By CA Shivam Palan 8

Special Purpose Report: A special-purpose financial report is intended for presentation to

CA Monk Statutory Audit Master Class || By CA Shivam Palan 9

● Reporting to Central Goverment: As per Section 143 of Companies Act, 2013 if

1. Identification of the contract.

12. Explain the concept of cut off procedure?

CA Monk Statutory Audit Master Class || By CA Shivam Palan 10

● List of all bank accounts should be obtained from client

● Journal entries made to unrelated, unusual, or seldom-used accounts.

CA Monk Statutory Audit Master Class || By CA Shivam Palan 11

17. Applicability of IND AS on the companies?

● All the Listed Companies are required to apply IND AS

CA Monk Statutory Audit Master Class || By CA Shivam Palan 12

● Summarise the payregister on a month wise basis.

CA Monk Statutory Audit Master Class || By CA Shivam Palan 13

A non-response to a confirmation request may indicate a previously unidentified risk of

25. What do you mean by walkthroughs and control testing?

A walk-through test is a procedure used during an audit of an entity's accounting system

A test of controls is an audit procedure to test the effectiveness of a control used by a

CA Monk Statutory Audit Master Class || By CA Shivam Palan 14

Major disclosure which are required in note 1 of the financials are:

28. What is TOC & TOD?

29. What is the difference between contingent liability & provisions?

Provision Contingent Liability

Provisions are liabilities which are Contingent liability is a possible

CA Monk Statutory Audit Master Class || By CA Shivam Palan 15

Provision Contingent Liability

30. What are non-balance sheet items?

Journal for bad debts