Week 9: Multi – Variable Integration

Double Integrals over Rectangles:

We consider a function f of two variables defined on a closed rectangle

R  a, b  c, d    x, y  R2 a  x  b, c  y  d 

And we first suppose that f ( x, y)  0 . The graph of f is a surface with equation z  f ( x, y) .
Let S be the solid that lies above R and under the graph of f, that is,


S  x, y, z   R3 0  z  f ( x, y), ( x, y)  R
Our goal is to find the volume of S. The first step is to divide the rectangle R into sub rectangles.
We accomplish this by dividing the interval a, binto m subintervals xi 1, xi of equal width

 
 x  (b  a) / m and dividing c, d  into n subintervals y j 1, y j of equal width
 y  ( d  c) / n .

By drawing lines parallel to the coordinate axes through the endpoints of these subintervals, as in
the below given figure, we form the sub rectangles

   x, y 
R ij  xi 1, xi   y j 1, y j  xi 1  x  xi , y j 1  y  y j 
each with area  A   x y .
 
* *

If we choose a sample point xij , yij in each Rij , then we can approximate the part of S that


* *
lies above each Rij by a thin rectangular box (or column) with base Rij and height f xij , yij 
as shown in the above figure. The volume of this box is the height of the box times the area of
 * *

the base rectangle. That is f xij , yij  A .

If we follow this procedure for all rectangles and add the volumes of the corresponding boxes,
we get an approximation to the total volume of S:
m n

V    f xij* , yij*  A 
i 1 j 1

This double sum means that for each subrectangle we evaluate f at the chosen point and multiply
by the area of the subrectangle, and then we add the results. The approximation given in the
above equation becomes better as m and n becomes larger and so we would expect that

V  lim
m n

  f xij* , yij*  A 
m, n   i 1 j 1

The double integral of f over the rectangle R is

 f ( x, y) dA  lim
m n
 
  f xij* , yij*  A , if the limit exists.
R m, n   i 1 j 1
If f ( x, y)  0 , then the volume V of the solid that lies above the rectangle R and below the
surface z  f ( x, y) is

V   f ( x, y ) dA
R

Properties of Double Integrals:

1.   f ( x, y)  g ( x, y) dA   f ( x, y) dA   g ( x, y) dA
R R R

2.  c f ( x, y) dA  c  f ( x, y) dA , where c is a constant.
R R

3. If f ( x, y)  g ( x, y) for all ( x, y ) in R, then  f ( x, y) dA   g ( x, y) dA

R R

bd

b d

4.  f ( x, y ) dy dx     f ( x, y ) dy  dx
ac a c 

Fubini’s Theorem:

If 𝑓 is continuous on the rectangle R  x, y  a  x  b, c  y  d , then

b d d b

 f ( x, y ) dA    f ( x, y ) dy dx    f ( x, y ) dx dy
R a c c a

Exercise:
1. Evaluate the following iterated integrals:
3 2

 x
2
a) y dy dx
0 1

2 3

 x
2
b) y dx dy
1 0
 3 1
c)   1  4 xy  dx dy
1 0

2  2
d)   x sin y dy dx
0 0

  4 x 
1 2
e)
3
 9 x 2 y 2 dy dx
0 1

1 2
xex
f)  y
dy dx
0 1

2. Calculate the double integral:

 6 x 
y  5 y 4 dA , R  x, y  0  x  3, 0  y  1
2 3
a)
R

b)  y sin( xy ) dA , R  x, y  1  x  2, 0  y   
R

 x  3 y  dA , R  x, y  0  x  2 , 1  y  2
2
c)
R

3. Find the volume of the solid 𝑆 that is bounded by the elliptic paraboloid
x 2  2 y 2  z 16 , the planes x  2 and y  2 , and the three coordinate planes.

4. Find the volume of the solid that lies under the hyperbolic paraboloid z  4  x  y
2 2

and above the square R   1,1  0, 2.

Double Integrals over General Regions:
Suppose 𝐷 is a bounded region, which means that 𝐷 can be enclosed in a rectangular region 𝑅 as
shown in the figure below. Then we define a new function 𝐹 with domain 𝑅 by

 f ( x, y ), if ( x, y ) is in D
F ( x, y )  
 0, if ( x, y ) is in R but not in D

If 𝐹 is integrable over 𝑅, then we define the double integral of 𝑓 over 𝐷 by

 f ( x, y) dA   F ( x, y) dA
D R

A plane region 𝐷 is said to be of type I if it lies between the graphs of two continuous functions
of 𝑥, that is

D  x, y  a  x  b, g1 ( x)  y  g 2 ( x), where g1 and g 2 are continuous on a, b.

If 𝑓 is continuous on a type I region 𝐷 such that D  x, y  a  x  b, g1 ( x)  y  g2 ( x) 

b g2 ( x )
then  f ( x, y ) dA    f ( x, y ) dy dx .
D a g1 ( x )
A plane region 𝐷 is said to be of type II if it lies between the graphs of two continuous functions
of 𝑦, that is, D  x, y  c  y  d , h1 ( y)  x  h2 ( y) , where h1 and h2 are continuous.

If 𝑓 is continuous on a type II region 𝐷 such that D  x, y  c  y  d , h1 ( y)  x  h2 ( y) 

d h2 ( y )
then  f ( x, y ) dA    f ( x, y ) dx dy .
D c h1 ( y )
Exercise:

1. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the planes x  2 y  z  2 , x  2 y ,

x  0 and z  0 .

2. Find the volume of the solid under the plane x  2 y  z  0 and above the region
bounded by y  x and y  x .
4

3. Evaluate  x cos y dA , where D is bounded by y  0, y  x , x  1 .

2

4. Evaluate  y
2
dA , D  x, y   1  y  1,  y  2  x  y.
D
If D  D1  D2 , where D1 and D2 don’t overlap except perhaps on their boundaries (see the
figure below), then

 f ( x, y) dA   f ( x, y) dA   f ( x, y) dA
D D1 D2
Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates:

Suppose that we want to evaluate a double integral  f ( x, y) dA , where 𝑅 is one of the regions
R
shown in the figure below. In either case the description of 𝑅 in terms of rectangular coordinates
is rather complicated but 𝑅 is easily described using polar coordinates.

The polar coordinates r ,  of a point are related to the rectangular coordinates  x, y  by the
equation

r 2  x2  y 2 x  r cos y  r sin 

Change to Polar Coordinates in a Double Integral:

If 𝑓 is continuous on a polar rectangle 𝑅 given by 0  a  r  b,      , where
0      2 then
 b
 f ( x, y) dA    f (r cos , r sin  ) r dr d
R  a
Exercise:

 
1. Evaluate  3x  4 y dA , where 𝑅 is the region in the upper half-plane bounded by the
2

circles x  y  1 and x  y  4 .
2 2 2 2

2. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the plane z  0 and the paraboloid
z  1  x2  y2 .

3. Evaluate  xy dA , where 𝐷 is the disk with center the origin and radius 3.
D

Application of double integrals:

 
The coordinates x, y of the center of mass of a lamina occupying the region 𝐷 and having
density function ( x, y ) are

My 1 Mx 1
x   x ( x, y) dA y   y ( x, y ) dA
m mD m mD

The mass 𝑚 is given by

m   ( x, y ) dA
D
Example: Find the mass and center of mass of a triangular lamina with vertices (0,0) , (1,0) and
(0,2) if the density function is ( x, y)  1  3x  y .
Solution: The following triangle will be formed by these vertices
Exercise:
Find the mass and center of mass of the lamina that occupies the region 𝐷 and has the given
density function  .

1. D  x, y  0  x  2,  1  y  1 ; ( x, y)  x y 2
2. 𝐷 is the triangular region with vertices (0,0), (2,1), (0,3) ; ( x, y)  x  y

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