Early problems faced by

the country
Pakistan Affairs with Sir Usman PAS
RADCLIFF AWARD (AUGUST 16, 1947):
The members
of the
commission
Analysis of the
award:  Handling over of some of the Muslim majority areas that were
Handling over Contiguous to the Boundary of Pakistan

of some of the
Muslim
majority areas
  Gurdaspur was a
district contiguous to Pakistan.
 Out of its four Sub-District
Gurdaspur, Batala and
shakergarh
Paved the were the Muslim majority and
Pathankot was a non-Muslim
Way for the majority sub-district.
 At the time of partition the
Accession of only rail and road
communication between India
Kashmir with and Kashmir was possible
through the district of
India: Gurdaspur, if Radcliff had only
awarded the Hindu majority
sub-district of
Pathankot to India still it would
not have had access to the
state of Kashmir;
The Decision  Radcliff also handed over the
Ferozepur (Sutlij) and
of the Punjab Madupur (Ravi) head works
Boundary to India.By giving the control
over the river Ravi and Sutlej
Commission to India, Radcliff put the
economical life of Pakistan in
Caused the danger.
Canal Water  It was not merely a
theoretical possibility;
Dispute it was proved by Indic by
cutting off the water supply
between India on 31st March 1948.
and Pakistan
  Firstly large population of
Calcutta consisted of
schedule east Hindus that
were with Muslim League.
 Secondly East Pakistan was
City of separate from West
Pakistan by more than one
Calcutta thousand miles and for the
communication point of
Handed Over view the port of Calcutta was
very important for Pakistan.
to India  Thirdly East Bengal
produced the bulk of raw
jute but mostly the jute
factories were situated in
Calcutta
  On August 8, Mountbatten's private secretary sent a letter with a
Boundary preliminary description of the Punjab boundary to Evan Jenkins,
Award and the governor of Punjab. This draft showed the Ferozepur area and
its headwork going to Pakistan. When the final award was
Mountbatten’ released, Ferozepur was assigned to India. Infuriated Pakistanis
were sure that Nehru and Mountbatten had pressured Radcliff to
s influence? change his line
Announcement  The Award was to be announced on August 12, 1947 but it was
of the Award mysteriously delayed till August 16, 1947
was Delayed
ACCESSION OF
THE PRINCELY
STATES
Kashmir
 Area of 84,471 square miles, 77%
Muslims, 4 million population in
1944. The most important state
was Kashmir naturally connected
with Pakistan. Its ruler was Hindu
while population was Muslim .

 The ruler sought Indian support.

India demanded accession. On
October 27, 1947 Indian troops
landed in Srinagar.
History to be discussed
in a separate class
Junagarh and Kashmir!
Two states, two narratives.
  Junagadh was a Kashmir in reverse.
 The former was a Hindu majority state ruled by a Muslim and latter was a
Muslim majority ruled under a Hindu ruler.
 If we refer to the Partition principle and the facts of geography then the accession
of Junagadh to India appeared justified as majority of. the population was
Hindu and geographically it was contagious. to Indian territory.
 Then by that standard Kashmir should have been acceded to Pakistan because it
was a Muslim majority state and contiguous to Pakistan.
The But the PM of India, Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru ordered his army to occupy Junagadh on
treacherous the pretext that State means a people who wanted to join India as majority of the
population was Hindu.
scheme!!!  If that was the standard then Kashmir must have been included into Pakistan. But
over the issue of Kashmir, India adopted opposite stance.
 In order to bring Kashmir within. its fold, Congress reached a secret
understanding with Maharaja of Kashmir for accession to India, but did not
accept this accession openly unless Hyderabad and Junagadh fell prey to Indian
paradoxical stand over the accession of princely states.
 Congress leaders and the British awarded Tehsils of Gurdaspur and Batala in
Gurdaspur district to India under the Radcliffe plan as a result of their mutual
conspiracy against Indian Muslims.
Hyderabad
Hyderabad was one of the richest
Hindu Majority state covering 82000 sq
miles of area, 260 million Revenue

Their rulers were Muslim who were

called Nizam. Nizam wanted to
maintain independent status

On September 13, 1948 just two days

after the death of Quaid-e-Azam
Indian forces entered in Hyderabad
and occupied it forcibly
Junagadh
Junagadh was a small Hindu majority
state covering 3337 sq miles of the
area. It situated 300 miles down to the
coast of Karachi Indian coast of
Kathiawar. The Muslim rulers ruled the
state.

After independence the request for

the accession with Pakistan by its
rulers was accepted by the
Quaid-e-Azam. Indian government
reacted sharply and an economic
blockade of the state of
Junagardh was imposed that
resulted in food shortage.
By the end of October 1947 the rulers
of the state of Junagadh were forced
to leave the state. On 9th November
1947 the Indian army occupied the
state. Pakistan took that matter in
UNO where it is still pending.
REFUGEES AND
ACCOMMODATION
PROBLEM
  Sikhs and Hindu armed with deadly weapons slaughter the man
woman and even the small children
 Condition in East Punjab was worse than anywhere else where
rulers of the states of Alwar, Kapurthala, Patiala and Bharatpure
played the most inhuman role in that human tragedy
 It was estimated that only West Pakistani received 5.5 million
The refugee refugees and one sixth of the entire population of West Pakistan
consisted of refugees. It caused economic and administrative
problems problems
 Quaid-e-Azam moved his headquarter to Lahore to give special
attention to this problem. Quaid-e-Azam relief fund was also
created in which rich people were asked to donate. Temporary
relief camps were also established
CANAL WATER
DISPUTE
 It also handed over the control over two important head works
over river Ravi (Madhupure Head works) and Sutlej (Ferozpure
Head works) to India. India proved it by stopping the flow of water
in March 1948.
Division of Assets
  It was announced on July I, 1947 that Indian army assets would
also be divided in ratio 65 to 35 in India's favour it was with
reference of the communal balance present in the British Indian
Army
 Field Martial Auchinleck was appointed as incharge of the
distribution of military assets. Whatever Pakistan received was
nothing but scrap and out of order machines, broken weapons,
unserviceable artillery and aircraft
Military assets  There were 16 ordnance factories and all were located in
India. Pakistan was given 60 million rupees towards its share in
the ordnance factories. Later an ordnance factory was established
in Wah
 Pakistan received six Armour divisions to India's fourteen, eight
artillery divisions to India's forty and eight infantry divisions to
India's twenty one. Pakistan also received Staff College in Quetta
and Service Corps College at Kakul, which latter became the
Pakistan military Academy.
  At the time of division there was cash balance of 4 billion rupees
in the reserve Bank of India Pakistan was to get 750 million
however after the protest of Pakistan, India agreed to pay 200
Division of million rupees. As the war between India and Pakistan had
started on the issue of Kashmir India again stopped the rest of
financial the amount by saying that Pakistan could use it to buy arms.
assets:  After the protest from Pakistan and the threat of hunger strike
by Gandhi, Nehru was forced to pay another 500 million rupees.
However the remaining 50 million rupees are still not paid.
Issue of national
Language
 when the members of the Constituent Assembly belonged to East
Pakistan demanded that instead of Urdu, Bengali should be made
national language of Pakistan
 In March 1948 while addressing at Dhaka, Quaid-e-Azam declared,
“Urdu and Urdu alone would be the national language of
Pakistan". Advice of Quaid-e-Azam temporarily took the heart out
of language movement but the issue was not settled
Issue of Pakhtoonistan
 At the time of partition N.W.F.P was controlled by the "red
shirts" the ally of Congress. The Khan Brothers, Dr Khan Sahib
and Abdul Ghaffar Khan, were their leaders.
 Despite the 1947 referendum in which the people of the region
voted to join Pakistan, the leaders of the" red shirts“ demanded
union with Afghanistan or complete regional autonomy.
 The Afghan Government also supported the issue by saying that
the "Pakhtoons" or pathans living in both Afghanistan and
Pakistan belong to the same race and the "Pakhtoons" of
Pakistan wanted to be the part of the union with Afghanistan
called "Pakhtoonistan"
DEATH OF
QUAID-E-
AZAM
  At the time of partition, the government employees were given the
option to choose between the two countries. But in practice, this
option became a formality as all government servants decided their
future on religions considerations. The result was that Pakistan had to
face enormous difficulties to evolve administrative machinery
because to shift government personnel from Indian territories to
Pakistan became a huge problem. Initially, special trains were run to
bring them form Delhi to Pakistan but on 8th August, such a special
Problem of train was blown up by dynamite. Three compartments were ripped
into pieces while three were derailed. In this way, the transfer of
Transfer of employees through rails became difficult.
 Therefore, the government started to transport the employees to
Government  Karachi by air. Tata Orient Airways had managed only 18 flights when
Servants the
 Government of India nationalized the company started this work on
 September 4 with 26 aeroplanes and named this exercise “Operation
Pakistan”. A transfer office in India and a reception office in Karachi
were set up for these employees. The administrative structure was
thus completed with much difficulty.
  At the time of establishment of Pakistan there was no
constitution. Necessary amendments were made in the 1935
constitution of India and it was implemented so that government
could be run. Due to lack of constitution the problems of power
Constitutional became more complexes. Because of this in December 1971, East
Problems Pakistan was separated and became Bangladesh. Rest of Pakistan
started bringing the fire of prejudice and sectarianism and is still
burning.
  At the time of demarcation of sub-continent there were 400
different industries or factories but un-accidentally only 14
factories given to Pakistan a lot of agricultural plain area of
Economic Punjab and Bengal was also given to India by the unjust Red Cliff
Award. A lot of important mineral producing areas were also
problems given to India so that’s why Lord Mount Batten and his team
including Congress created multi economic problems to weaken
the Pakistan economically