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Emilio Aguinaldo, (born March 22/23, 1869, near Cavite, Luzon, Philippines
—died February 6, 1964, Quezon City), Filipino leader and politician who fought first against Spain and
later against the United States for the independence of the Philippines.Americans in spanish era they
allied with america to defeat spanish but filipinos were not satisfied that their under americans and
started a war against them
the first of the great Filipino revolutionaries and a forerunner of the band of Asian patriots who fought
in the 20th century to free their countries from colonial domination. He led the Filipino revolt against
Spain in 1896, fighting with a collection of barefoot peasants
Aguinaldo became Cavite el Viejo's first gobernadorcillo capitan municipal (municipal governor-
captain).On January 1, 1895, Aguinaldo became a Freemason, joining Pilar Lodge No. 203, Imus, Cavite
by the codename "Colon".Emilo Aguinaldo joined the Katipunan in 1895 and became its leader in the
Cavite Province
.Aguinaldo was proclaimed president of the Philippine Republic on January 1, 1899. The most significant
achievement of Aguinaldo's Dictatorial Government was the proclamation of Philippine Independence in
Kawit, Cavite, on June 12, 1898. The day was declared a national holiday.
EmioAguinaldo provided for the creation offour(4)Departments in the government,one of which was the
DEPARTMENTOF WAR AND PUBLiC WORKS.
Though once included the Department of War, now Department of National Defense,its functions as
builder and maintainer of roads,bridges and other publicworks structures are in herentn the present
Department.
"We are all brothers, and we alone can help each other. I call upon the educated, the intelligent, and the
wealthy to come forth and cooperate with our Army which so gallantly and heroically fought for our
freedom. Come all of you, and hastenthe complete independence of the country including Visayas
mindanao "Ferdinand Marcos, in full Ferdinand Edralin Marcos, (born
September 11, 1917, Sarrat, Philippines—died September 28, 1989, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.), Philippine
lawyer and politician who, as head of state from 1966 to 1986, established an authoritarian regime in
the Philippines that came under criticism for corruption and for its suppression of democratic processes.
He ruled under martial law from 1972 until 1981[13] and kept most of his martial law powers until he
was deposed in 1986, branding his rule as "constitutional authoritarianism"414 under his Kilusang
Bagong Lipunan (New Society Movement). One of the most controversial leaders of the 20th century,
Marcos's rule was infamous for its corruption, extravagance, and brutality
There is even a growing feeling among Filipinos that Mr. Marcos, whose political acumen was once
thought to be faultless, made a mistake when he called the elections. However, the President's admirers
still have faith that the ultimate outcome will vindicate his reputation for tactical farsightedness. Marcos
Still Fighting Aquino Among other things, he appears to be still contending with his political rival,
Benigno S. Aquino Jr., who was assassinated in 1983. Although Mr. Aquino's widow, Corazon, is
opposing Mr. Marcos in the election, it is the spirit of her slain husband, as much as any political
program on which she has based her appeal, that has been attracting large crowds.
The dictatorship of Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos in the 1970s and 1980s is historically
remembered for its record of human rights abuses, particularly targeting political opponents, student
activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.
Under Marcos, an unprecedented number of buildings were constructed, varying from public health
centers to cultural edifices. It is undeniable that Marcos played an integral role in the development of
public infrastructure, with many of the roads and buildings constructed during his time still in use today.
We are indispensable to each other. Reason without the power of will is impotent, and will unaided by
reason degenerates into brute and force. Thus, it is that you and I are bound to each other, and crisis
strengthens this interdependence. And we are in crisis.

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Emilio Aguinaldo, (born March 22/23, 1869, near Cavite, Luzon, Philippines

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