2 (1) Image

Medical
Multimedia
Chapter_2
Image#1
 Multimedia on a computer screen is a composite
of elements: text, symbols, photograph-like
bitmaps, vector-drawn graphics, three-
dimensional renderings, distinctive buttons to
click, and windows of motion video.
 Some parts of this image may even twitch or

move so that the screen never seems still and
tempts your eye.
 This chapter will help you understand the visual
elements that make up a multimedia presentation.
 Graphic elements can usually be scaled to different

sizes, colorized or patterned or made transparent, placed
in front of or behind other objects, or be made visible or
invisible on command.
 How you blend these elements, how you choose your

colors and fonts, the tricks that you use to catch the eye.
Making Still Images
 Still images may be small or large, or even full screen.
 They may be colored, placed at random on the screen,

evenly geometric, or oddly shaped.
 Still images may be a an engineering drawing.
 Whatever their form, still images are generated by the

computer in two ways:
1. As bitmaps (or paint graphics)
2. As vector-drawn (or just plain “drawn”) graphics.

 Bitmaps may also be called “raster” images.
 Likewise, bitmap editors are sometimes called

“painting” programs.
 Vector editors are sometimes called “drawing”

programs.
 Bitmaps are used for photo-realistic images and for

complex drawings requiring fine detail.
 Vector-drawn objects are used for lines, boxes, circles,
polygons, and other graphic shapes that can be
mathematically expressed in angles, coordinates, and
distances.
 A drawn object can be filled with color and patterns, and

you can select it as a single object.
 The appearance of both types of images depends on the

display resolution and capabilities of your computer’s
graphics hardware and monitor.
 Both types of images are stored in various file formats
and can be translated from one application to another
or from one computer platform to another.
 Typically, image files are compressed to save

memory and disk space.
 Many bitmap image file formats already use

compression within the file itself—for example, GIF,
JPEG, and PNG.
 Still images may be the most important element of
your multimedia project, or web site.
 If you are designing multimedia by yourself, put

yourself in the role of graphic artist and layout
designer.
 Take the time necessary to discover all the tricks you

can learn about your drawing software.
 Competent, computer-literate skills in graphic art and

design are vital to the success of your project.
Remember:
More than anything else, the user’s judgment of your

work will be heavily influenced by the
work’s visual impact.

Bitmaps
 A bit is the simplest element in the digital
world.
 An electronic digit that is either on or off,

black or white, or true (1) or false (0).
 This is referred to as binary, since only

two states (on or off) are available.
 A map is a two dimensional matrix of

these bits.
 A bitmap, then, is a simple matrix.
 A 1-bit depth is used to display monochrome

images.
 Depending upon your software, any two colors

that represent the on and off (1 or 0) states may
be used.
 More information is required to describe shades

of gray or the more than 16 million colors that
each picture element might have in a color
image.
 Type sizes are usually expressed in points; one point
is 0.0138 inch, or about 1/72 of an inch.
 The font’s size is the distance from the top of the

capital letters to the bottom of the descenders in
letters such as g and y.
 Helvetica, Times, and Courier are typefaces.
 Times 12-point italic is a font.
 In the computer world, the term font is commonly

used when typeface or face would be more correct.
 These picture elements (known as pels or, more
commonly, pixels) can be either on or off, as in the 1-bit
bitmap.
 By using more bits to describe them, can represent

varying shades of color:
1. 4 bits for 16 colors;
2. 8 bits for 256 colors;
3. 15 bits for 32,768 colors;
4. 16 bits for 65,536 colors;
5. 24 bits for 16,772,216 colors.
 The following figure demonstrates various color depths
and compression formats.
1. Image 1 is 24 bits deep (millions of colors)
2. Image 2 is dithered to 8 bits using an adaptive palette
(the best 256 colors to represent the image)
3. Image 3 is also dithered to 8 bits, but uses the
Macintosh system palette (an optimized standard mix
of 256 colors).
4. Image 4 is dithered to 4 bits (any 16 colors)
5. Image 5 is dithered to 8-bit gray-scale (256 shades of
gray)
6. Image 6 is dithered to 4-bit gray-scale (16 shades of
gray)
7. Image 7 is dithered to 1 bit (two colors—in this case,
black and white).
Bitmap Sources:
Where do bitmaps come from? How are they made?
You can do the following:
1. Make a bitmap from scratch with a paint or drawing
program.
2. Grab a bitmap from an active computer screen with a
screen capture program, and then paste it into a paint
program or your application.
3. Capture a bitmap from a photo or other artwork
using a scanner to digitize the image.
4. Once made, a bitmap can be copied, altered, e-
mailed, and otherwise used in many creative ways.
 Regardless of the source, once you have a bitmap, you
can manipulate and adjust many of its properties (such
as brightness, contrast, color depth, hue, and size).
 You can also cut and paste among many bitmaps using
an image-editing program.
 If the clip art image is high resolution, you may discover

that you can grab just a tiny portion of the high-res
image—say, a sheep in the far corner of a farmyard or a
car in a parking lot—and it will look great when
displayed at monitor resolution.
Bitmap Software:
 The abilities and features of painting and image-editing
programs range from simple to complex.
 The best programs are available in versions that work the
same on both Windows and Mac platforms, and the
graphics files you make can be saved in many formats,
readable across platforms.
 Macintosh computers do not ship with a painting tool, and
Windows provides only a rudimentary Paint program, so
you will need to acquire this very important software
separately.
 Adobe’s Photoshop, however, remains the most widely used
image-editing tool among designers worldwide.
 Many designers also use a vector-based drawing program such

as:
 Adobe’s Illustrator,
 CorelDRAW
 InDesign
 Used to create curvy and complicated looks that they then

convert to a bitmap.
 You can use your image editing software to
create original images, such as cartoons,
symbols, buttons, bitmapped text, and
abstract images that have a refined “graphic”
look.
 But it is virtually impossible to create a

realistic-looking photo from scratch using an
image-editing program.
 The artistic painting tools offered by Corel’s Painter
(www.corel.com/painter) include hundreds of
brushes, sprays, watercolors, inks, and textures to
mimic the output of natural media in a bitmap.
 There are also many open source and free bitmap

editors available—just type “graphics editors” in a
search engine. Regardless of your program of
choice, learning to use a high-powered paint program
and image editor is a necessary investment in your
multimedia future.

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Medical

 Some parts of this image may even twitch or

 Graphic elements can usually be scaled to different

 How you blend these elements, how you choose your

 They may be colored, placed at random on the screen,

 Still images may be a an engineering drawing.

 Whatever their form, still images are generated by the

1. As bitmaps (or paint graphics)

2. As vector-drawn (or just plain “drawn”) graphics.

 Likewise, bitmap editors are sometimes called

 Vector editors are sometimes called “drawing”

 Bitmaps are used for photo-realistic images and for

 A drawn object can be filled with color and patterns, and

 The appearance of both types of images depends on the

 Typically, image files are compressed to save

 Many bitmap image file formats already use

 If you are designing multimedia by yourself, put

 Take the time necessary to discover all the tricks you

 Competent, computer-literate skills in graphic art and

More than anything else, the user’s judgment of your

work’s visual impact.

 An electronic digit that is either on or off,

 This is referred to as binary, since only

 A map is a two dimensional matrix of

 A 1-bit depth is used to display monochrome

 Depending upon your software, any two colors

 More information is required to describe shades

 The font’s size is the distance from the top of the

 Helvetica, Times, and Courier are typefaces.

 Times 12-point italic is a font.

 In the computer world, the term font is commonly

 By using more bits to describe them, can represent

 If the clip art image is high resolution, you may discover

 Many designers also use a vector-based drawing program such

 Used to create curvy and complicated looks that they then

 But it is virtually impossible to create a

 There are also many open source and free bitmap

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