12.

01 Relations and Functions

1. Recap of Relations

Mohammed Iqbal R
HoD Mathematics, Xylem Learning
Recall

We have learned the following in class XI

1. the idea of relations and function
2. domain, codomain and range of relations and functions
3. specific types of real valued functions and their graphs
 Relations
Definiton
A relation R from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a subset of
the cartesian product A × B. The subset is derived by describing a
relationship between the first element and the second element of the
ordered pairs in A × B. The second element is called the image of the
first element.
An important Result

Number of Relations
Consider two non-empty sets A and B with n(A) = m and n(B) = n. The
number of elements in A × B is mn and the number of relations that can
be defined from A to B = the number of subsets of A × B = 2mn
Exercise 02346 [JEE Main 2019]
 
(x+2)(x2 −5x+6)
Let Z be the set of integers. If A = x ∈ Z : 2 = 1 and
B = {x ∈ Z : −3 < 2x − 1 < 9}, then the number of subsets of the set
A × B is
(A) 218
(B) 212
(C) 215
(D) 210
Solution 02346

C  
A = x ∈ Z : 2(x+2)(x −5x+6) = 1
2

 
(x + 2) x2 − 5x + 6 = 0
(x + 2)(x − 2)(x − 3) = 0
⇒ x = −2, 2, 3
A = {−2, 2, 3}
n(A) = 3
B ={x ∈ Z : −3 < 2x − 1 < 9}
− 3 < 2x − 1 < 9
− 2 < 2x < 10
−1<x<5
B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
n(B) = 5
n(A × B) = 15
⇓
Numer of subsets = 215
Representing a Relation
A relation may be represneted
1. algebraically by the set-builder method
2. algebraically by the roster method
3. visually using an arrow diagram
4. visually using a graph
Example [NCERT TB]
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Define a relation R from A to A by

R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1}

(i) Write down the roster form of this relation.

(ii) Depict this relation using an arrow diagram.
Solution
(i) By the definition of the relation,
R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)}.
(ii)The corresponding arrow diagram is shown below
Note
The relation R = {(x, y) : x ∈ A, y ∈ A, y = x + 1} is also expressed as
xRy if and only if y = x + 1, i.e., if (x, y) ∈ R, we say that x is related to
y and we denote it as xRy
Relations on/in a set

Relations defined from a non-empty set A to itself are called relations

defined ”in set A ” or ”on set A ”
Remember
2
For a set with n(A) = m, the number of relations defined on set A is 2m
Exercise 81200 [KEAM 2012]
If n(A) = 5 and n(B) = 7, then the number of relations on A × B is
(A) 35
(B) 235
(C) 270
(D) 235×35
Solution 81200

D
Number of relations from A × B to A × B is 235×35
Exercise 20231 [NCERT EP]
Let the relation R be defined in N by aRb if 2a + 3b = 30. Then the
number of elements in R is .....
Solution 20231

4
R = {(3, 8), (6, 6), (9, 4), (12, 2)}
Exercise 20232 [NCERT EP]
Let the
n
relation

R be  defined on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} by
R = (a, b) : a − b2  < 8 Then the number of elements in R is .....
 2
Solution 20232

11
R=
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (4, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5)}
Exercise 20233 [NCERT TB]
Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. Let R1 be a relation in X given by
R1 = {(x, y) : x − y is divisible by 3} and R2 be another relation on X
given by R2 = {(x, y) : {x, y} ⊂ {1, 4, 7}} or {x, y} ⊂ {2, 5, 8} or
{x, y} ⊂ {3, 6, 9}}. Then the correct statements(s) IS/ARE
(A) R1 ⊂ R2
(B) R2 ⊂ R1
(C) R1 = R2
(D) R1 ̸= R2
Solution 20233

A, B, C
Note that the characteristic of sets {1, 4, 7}, {2, 5, 8} and {3, 6, 9} is that
difference between any two elements of these sets is a multiple of 3 .
Therefore, (x, y) ∈ R1 ⇒ x − y is a multiple of 3 ⇒ {x, y} ⊂ {1, 4, 7} or
{x, y} ⊂ {2, 5, 8} or {x, y} ⊂ {3, 6, 9} ⇒ (x, y) ∈ R2 . Hence, R1 ⊂ R2 .
Similarly, {x, y} ∈ R2 ⇒ {x, y} ⊂ {1, 4, 7} or {x, y} ⊂ {2, 5, 8} or
{x, y} ⊂ {3, 6, 9} ⇒ x − y is divisible by 3 ⇒ {x, y} ∈ R1 . This shows
that R2 ⊂ R1 . Hence, R1 = R2 .
Exercise 20228 [NCERT TB]
Let R be the relation in the set N given by
R = {(a, b) : a = b − 2, b > 6}. Choose the correct answer :
(A) (2, 4) ∈ R
(B) (3, 8) ∈ R
(C) (6, 8) ∈ R
(D) (8, 7) ∈ R
Solution 20228

C
(6, 8) ∈ R as 6 = 8 − 2 and 8 > 6
Exercise 80500 [KEAM 2005]
n o
The number of elements in the set (a, b) : 2a2 + 3b2 = 35, a, b ∈ Z ,
where Z is the set of all integers, is
(A) 2
(B) 4
(C) 8
(D) 12
Solution 20228

C n o
A = (a, b) : 2a2 + 3b2 = 35, a, b ∈ Z
a2 b2
4 9
16 1 
 (2, 3), (2, −3), (−2, 3), (−2, −3), 
A=
(4, 1), (4, −1), (−4, 1), (−4, −1) 
Exercise 80700 [KEAM 2007]
Let Zn denote the set of all integers and
o
A = (a, b) : a2 + 3b2 = 28, a, b ∈ Z and
B = {(a, b) : a > b, a, b ∈ Z}. Then, the number of elements in A ∩ B is
(A) 3
(B) 4
(C) 5
(D) 6
Solution 80700

D n o
A = (a, b) : a2 + 3b2 = 28, a, b ∈ Z
a2 b2
1 9
25 1
16 4
A = {(1, 3), (1, −3), (−1, 3), (−1, −3)
(5, 1), (5, −1), (−5, 1), (−5, −1)
(4, 2), (4, −2), (−4, 2), (−4, −2)}
B = {(a, b) : a > b, a, b ∈ Z}
A ∩ B = {(1, −3), (−1, −3), (5, 1), (5, −1), (4, 2), (4, −2)}
Exercise 01369 [JEE Main 2021]
Let Z be the set of all integers,
n o
A = (x, y) ∈ Z × Z : (x − 2)2 + y2 ≤ 4
n o
B = (x, y) ∈ Z × Z : x2 + y2 ≤ 4 and
n o
C = (x, y) ∈ Z × Z : (x − 2)2 + (y − 2)2 ≤ 4
If the total number of relations from A ∩ B to A ∩ C is 2p , then the value
of p is
(A) 25 (B) 9
(C) 16 (D) 49
Solution 01369
A
n(A ∩ B) = 5
n(A ∩ C) = 5
The total number of relations is 25×5 and hence p = 25
Domain

Definiton
The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R from a set
A to a set B is called the domain of the relation R.
Range and Codomain

Definiton
The set of all second elements in a relation R from a set A to a set B is
called the range of the relation R. The whole set B is called the
codomain of the relation R.
Note
range ⊂ codomain.
Example [NCERT TB]
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Define a relation R from A to A by

R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1}

Write down the domain,codomain and range of R

Solution

We can see that the domain = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.

Similarly, the range = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and the codomain = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
Exercise 20229 [NCERT EP]
Let R be a relation defined as R = {(x, y) : x ∈ N, y ∈ N, 2x + y = 41}.
Then the domain of R is
(A) {1, 2, 3, . . . , 20}
(B) {1, 2, 3, . . . , 21}
(C) {1, 2, 3, . . . , 40}
(D) {1, 3, 5, . . . , 39}
Solution 20229

A
R = {(1, 39), (2, 37), (3, 35), . . . , (20, 1)}
Domain= {1, 2, 3, . . . , 20}
Exercise 20230 [NCERT EP]
Let R be a relation defined as R = {(x, y) : x ∈ N, y ∈ N, 2x + y = 41}.
Then the range of R is
(A) {1, 2, 3, . . . , 20}
(B) {1, 2, 3, . . . , 21}
(C) {1, 2, 3, . . . , 40}
(D) {1, 3, 5, . . . , 39}
Solution 20230

D
R = {(1, 39), (2, 37), (3, 35), . . . , (20, 1)}
Range= {1, 3, 5, . . . , 39}
Exercise 40021 [IIT JEE 1979]
Consider the following relations in the set of real numbers R.
n o
R = (x, y); x ∈ R, y ∈ R, x2 + y2 ≤ 25
( )
′ 4 2
R = (x, y) : x ∈ R, y ∈ R, y ≥ x
9
The domain and range of R ∩ R′ respectively are
(A) [−3, 3], [−5, 5]
(B) [−3, 3], [0, 5]
(C) [0, 3], [−5, 5]
(D) [0, 3], [0, 5]
Solution 40021
B
Find the points of intersection of the two curves by solving them.
9y
y2 + = 25
4
4y2 + 9y − 100 = 0
4y2 + 25y − 16y − 100 = 0
y{4y + 25} − 4{4y + 25} = 0
−25
y = 4, y =
4
y = 4 ⇒ x2 + y2 = 25
x = ±3
A = (−3, 4), B = (3, 4)
domain = [−3, 3]
range = [0, 5]
Empty and Universal Relations

Definiton
A relation R in a set A is called empty relation, if no element of A is
related to any element of A, i.e., R = ϕ ⊂ A × A.

Definiton
A relation R in a set A is called universal relation, if each element of A
is related to every element of A, i.e., R = A × A.
Note
Both the empty relation and the universal relation are sometimes called
trivial relations.
An Important Idea
The Cartesian product R × R represents the set R × R = R2 =
{(x, y) : x, y ∈ R} which represents the coordinates of all the points in
two dimensional space and the cartesian product R × R × R represents
the set R × R × R = R3 = {(x, y, z) : x, y, z ∈ R} which represents the
coordinates of all the points in three-dimensional space.
Example [NCERT TB]
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Consider two relations defined in A given by
R = {(a, b) : a − b = 10} and R′ = {(a, b) : |a − b| ≥ 0}. Show that R is
the empty relation and R′ is the universal relation
Solution

R = {(a, b) : a − b = 10} is the empty set, as no pair (a, b) satisfies the

condition a − b = 10. Similarly, R′ = {(a, b) : |a − b| ≥ 0} is the whole
set A × A, as all pairs (a, b) in A × A satisfy |a − b| ≥ 0.
Exercise 20224 [NCERT TB]
Let A be the set of all students of a boys school. Consider the following 2
statements:
S1 : The relation R in A given by R = {(a, b) : a is sister of b} is the
empty relation
S2 : The relation R′ = {(a, b) : the difference between heights of a and b
is less than 3 meters } is the universal relation.
Then,
(A) S1 is true and S2 is false
(B) S1 is false and S2 is true
(C) S1 is true and S2 is true
(D) S1 is false and S2 is false
Solution 20224

C
Since the school is boys school, no student of the school can be sister of
any student of the school. Hence, R = ϕ, showing that R is the empty
relation. It is also obvious that the difference between heights of any two
students of the school has to be less than 3 meters. This shows that
R′ = A × A is the universal relation.
Identity Relation

Definiton
Let A be non-empty set. Then, IA = {(a, a) : a ∈ A} is called the identity
relation on set A. In other words, a relation IA on a set A is called the
identity relation if every element of A is related to itself only.
Example
If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, then {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)} is the identity relation
on A whereas {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} and {(1, 1), (2, 2),
(3, 3), (4, 4), (1, 3)} are not identity relations on A
1.1 Motivation
Question
Is MATHEMATICS Invention or Discovery ?
Summary
Breakthroughs are achieved by thinking the UNTHINKABLE and
presenting it in the public.
Right ideas leads to right POWERS and this is how mathematics grows.
1.2 Powers of i
Example [IIT JEE 1998][AIEEE 2003]
13 
X  √
The value of the sum n
i + in+1 , where i = −1 equals
n=1
(A) i (B) i − 1 (C) − i (D) 0
Example [IIT JEE 1980][AIEEE 2003]
!
1+i n
The smallest +ve integer n for which = 1 is :
1−i
Example[JEE Main 2019]
If α and β be the roots !of the equation x2 − 2x + 2 = 0, then the least
α n
value of n for which = 1 is:
β
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 2
Example [ISI B Math/B Stat 2013]
√ n o
Let i = −1 and S = i + i2 + · · · + in : n ≥ 1 . The number of distinct
real numbers in the set S is (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) infinite
Summary
For all k ∈ Z,
i4k = 1
i4k+1 = i
i4k+2 = −1
i4k+3 = −i

The sum of 4 consecutive powers of i is ZERO.

1.3 Algebra of i
 √
1. x2 = −1 ⇒ x = ±i but −1 = i
√ √
2. For a > 0, −a = i a
q √ √ √
3. For a > 0, b > 0, (−a) × (−b) = i a × i b = − ab
4. ai + bi = (a + b)i
5. ai × bi = −ab
1.4 Geometrical representation of imaginary numbers

Question
Why is −1 × −1 = 1 ?
Summary
Multiplying a number by −1 rotates a number about origin by 180◦ .
Multiplying a number by i rotates a number about origin by 90◦ .
1.5 Complex numbers
Example [IIT JEE 1998]
 
 


6i −3i 1 

 
If 4 3i −1 = x + iy, x, y ∈ R, then x + y =




 
 20 3 i
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
*Example [IIT JEE 1992]
If z ̸= 0 is a complex number, and Re(z) = 0, then
(A) Im(z2 ) = 0 (B) Re(z2 ) = 0 (C) Re(z2 ) > 0 (D)Re(z2 ) < 0
Example [IIT JEE 2012 ]
Let z be a complex number such that the imaginary part of z is non-zero
and a = z2 + z + 1 is real. Then a cannot take the the value
1 1 3
(A) − 1 (B) (C) (D)
3 2 4
For z = x + iy,
x = Re(z) = 0 ⇔ z is purely IMAGINARY.
y = Im(z) = 0 ⇔ z is purely REAL.
1.6 Geometrical representation of complex numbers
Summary
There is a one-one correspondence between the complex number x + iy
and the point (x, y) in the 2D plane.
1.7 Applications of complex numbers
1.8 Algebra of complex numbers

▶ Complex numbers are the algebraic extensions of real numbers

C⊃R⊃Q⊃Z⊃N
▶ Equality : For z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2
z1 = z2 ⇔ x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 .
A complex equation will generate 2 real equations by equating the
real parts and imaginary parts on both sides.
▶ Operators like <, >, ≤, ≥ are not defined on the set of complex
numbers C.
▶ Addition : For z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2
z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2 ) + i(y1 + y2 )
1. The closure law : z1 , z2 ∈ C ⇒ z1 + z2 ∈ C
2. The commutative law : z1 + z2 = z2 + z1
3. The associate law : z1 + (z2 + z3 ) = (z1 + z2 ) + z3
4. The existance of additive identity : z + 0 = z
5. The existence of additive inverse : z + (−z) = 0
6. The difference of 2 complex numbers z1 and z2 is simply the addition
of z1 and −z2 i.e. z1 − z2 = z1 + (−z2 )
▶ Multiplication : For z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2
z1 z2 = (x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + i(x1 y2 + x2 y1 )
1. The closure law : z1 , z2 ∈ C ⇒ z1 z2 ∈ C
2. The commutative law : z1 z2 = z2 z1
3. The associate law : z1 (z2 z3 ) = (z1 z2 )z3
4. The existance of multiplicative identity : z.1 = z
5. The scalar multiplication : λ(x + iy) = λx + iλy
6. The distributive law : z1 (z2 + z3 ) = z1 z2 + z1 z3 and
(z1 + z2 )z3 = z1 z3 + z2 z3
7. The existance of multiplicative inverse : For every non-zero
1 x −y
z = x + iy ∈ C, we have a complex number = 2 + i
z x + y2 x2 + y2
1
8. Division of z1 and z2 ̸= 0 is simply the multiplication of z1 .
z2
2 2 2
9. Algebraic identities : The identities like (z1 + z2 ) = z1 + z2 + 2z1 z2
etc. work for complex numbers just like in real number algebra.
Example [IIT JEE 1980 ]
(1 + i)x − 2i (2 − 3i)y + i
Let x, y ∈ R. If + = i, then x + y
3+i 3−i
Example [AIEEE 2004 ]
!
1 x y  2 
If z = x − iy and z = p + iq, then
3 + / p + q2 is equal to
p q
(A) − 2 (B) − 1 (C) 2 (D) 1
Example [JEE Main 2019]
!
1 3 x + iy √
Let −2 − i = ; (i = −1), where x and y are real numbers,
3 27
then y − x equals
(A) − 91 (B) − 85 (C) 85 (D) 91
Example [JEE Main 2014]
For all complex numbers z of the form 1 + iα, α ∈ R, if z2 = x + iy, then
(A) y2 − 4x + 2 = 0
(B) y2 + 4x − 4 = 0
(C) y2 − 4x − 4 = 0
(D) y2 + 4x + 2 = 0
Example [JEE Main 2019]
2z − n
Let z ∈ C with Im(z) = 10 and it satisfies = 2i − 1 for some
2z + n
natural number n. Then
(A) n = 20 and Re(z) = 10
(B) n = 20 and Re(z) = −10
(C) n = 40 and Re(z) = −10
(D) n = 40 and Re(z) = 10
Example [AIEEE 2011 ]
Let α, β be real and z be a complex number. If z2 + αz + β = 0 has two
distinct roots on the line Re z = 1 , then it is necessary that:
(A) β ∈ (−1, 0) (B) |β| = 1 (C) β ∈ (1, ∞) (D) β ∈ (0, 1)
1.9 Polar form of complex numbers

Figure: Polar Form of a Complex Number

▶ In polar form, z = rcosθ + irsinθ = r(cosθ + sinθ) where r is the
modulus of the complex number and θ is the argument of the
complex numer.
q
▶ r = x2 + y2 = |z| is the distance of z from the origin
▶ θ = arg(z) is the angle made by the line joining the complex number
to the origin with the positive X-axis.
▶ Rez = r cos θ and Imz = r sin θ
▶ Rez ≤ |z| and Imz ≤ |z|
Example
3π
If π < α < and z = −1 + i tan α, then |z| =
2
(A) cosecα (B) − cosecα (C) sec α (D) − sec α
1.10 Principal argument
 ( )
a
If z = x + iy and ϕ = tan−1   , then
b


ϕ, z in Q1






π −
ϕ, z in Q2
arg(z) = 




−π + ϕ, z in Q3



−ϕ, z in Q4
1.11 Euler’s form
Example
!
1−z
If z = cos θ + i sin θ then i
1+z
θ θ
(A) cot θ (B) tan θ (C) cot (D) tan
2 2
Example [IIT JEE 1996]
The number of non-zero complex numbers z such that z̄ = iz2
Example [KVPY SB/SX 2008][ISI BStat/BMath 2015]
The number of non-zero complex numbers such that z2 = z̄ is