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A Presentation On-: Dr. Nikhil Oza Intern Bvdumc

This presentation provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB), including: - TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can affect the lungs and other parts of the body. It spreads through the air and is treatable but potentially fatal. - Globally in 2011 there were an estimated 8.7 million new TB cases. Asia accounts for 59% of cases. Symptoms vary depending on location of infection but may include cough, chest pain, and fatigue. - Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of sputum samples, chest x-rays, and tuberculin skin tests. Treatment follows WHO guidelines and involves a combination of drugs over 6-9 months. Drug-resistant TB like multi

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Maheboob Ganjal
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296 views43 pages

A Presentation On-: Dr. Nikhil Oza Intern Bvdumc

This presentation provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB), including: - TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can affect the lungs and other parts of the body. It spreads through the air and is treatable but potentially fatal. - Globally in 2011 there were an estimated 8.7 million new TB cases. Asia accounts for 59% of cases. Symptoms vary depending on location of infection but may include cough, chest pain, and fatigue. - Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of sputum samples, chest x-rays, and tuberculin skin tests. Treatment follows WHO guidelines and involves a combination of drugs over 6-9 months. Drug-resistant TB like multi

Uploaded by

Maheboob Ganjal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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A presentation on-

Dr. Nikhil Oza


Intern
BVDUMC
Definition
 Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially fatal
contagious disease that can affect almost any part
of the body but is mainly an infection of the
lungs.

Neo-latin word :

“Tubercle” - Round nodule/Swelling

“Osis” - Condition
Causative Organisms
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Human
Mycobacterium Bovis

Animals
Other causative organisms
 Mycobacterium africanum
 Mycobacterium microti

Non-Mycobacterium Genus
 Mycobacterium leprae
 Mycobacterium avium
 Mycobacterium asiaticum
M.
africanum
M. tuberculosis complex M. Bovis
M. Canetti
M. microti
 Discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch.
Classification
Pulmonary TB Extra pulmonary
- Primary Disease i. Lymph node TB
- Secondary Disease ii. Pleural TB
iii. TB of upper airways
iv. Skeletal TB
v. Genitourinary TB
vi. Miliary TB
vii. Pericardial TB
viii. Gastrointestinal TB
ix. Tuberculous Meningitis
x. Less common forms
Epidemiology
 In 2011,there were an estimated 8.7million incidence cases
of TB globally.
 Its equivalent to 125 cases in 1,00,000 population.

Asian : 59%
African : 26%
Eastern Mediterranean Region: 7.7%
The European Region : 4.3%
Region of the America : 3%
Incidence of Tuberculosis
Spread of Tuberculosis
Severe Symptoms
Persistent cough
Chest pain
Coughing with bloody sputum
Shortness of breath
Urine discoloration
Cloudy & reddish urine
Fever with chills.
Fatigue
Based on types of TB
Pathogenesis
Types
A. Pulmonary TB :-

1. Primary Tuberculosis :-
 The infection of an individual who has not been previously
infected or immunised is called Primary tuberculosis or Ghon’s
complex or childhood tuberculosis.
 Lesions forming after infection is peripheral and accompanied by
hilar which may not be detectable on chest radiography.

2. Secondary Tuberculosis :

The infection that individual who has been previously infected or


sensitized is called secondary or post primary or reinfection or chronic
tuberculosis.
B} Extra Pulmonary TB :-

• 20% of patients of TB Patient


• Affected sites in body are :-

1) Lymph node TB ( tuberculuous lymphadenitis):-


• Seen frequently in HIV infected patients.
• Symptoms :- Painless swelling of lymph nodes most commonly at
cervical and Supraclavical (Scrofula)
• Systemic systems are limited to HIV infected patients.

2) Pleural TB :-
• Involvement of pleura is common in Primary TB
and results from penetration of tubercle bacilli into pleural
space.
3) TB of Upper airways :-
 Involvement of larynx, pharynx and epiglottis.
 Symptoms :- Dysphagia, chronic productive cough

4) Genitourinary TB :-
• 15% of all Extra pulmonary cases.
• Any part of the genitourinary tract get infected.
• Symptoms :- Urinary frequency, Dysuria, Hematuria.
5) Skeletal TB :-
• Involvement of weight bearing parts like spine, hip,
knee.
• Symptoms :- Pain in hip joints n knees, swelling of
knees, trauma.

6) Gastrointestinal TB :-

• Involvement of any part of GI Tract.


• Symptoms :- Abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss
7) TB Meningitis & Tuberculoma :-
 5% of All Extra pulmonary TB
 Results from Hematogenous spead of 10 & 20 TB.

8) TB Pericardiatis :-
• 1- 8% of All Extra pulmonary TB cases.
• Spreads mainly in mediastinal or hilar nodes
or from lungs.

9) Miliary or disseminated TB :-
• Results from Hematogenous spread of Tubercle Bacilli.
• Spread is due to entry of infection into pulmonary vein
producing
lesions in different extra pulmonary sites.

10) Less common Extra Pulmonary TB


• uveitis, panophthalmitis, painfull Hypersensitivity
related phlyctenular conjuctivis.
Diagnosis
1.Bacteriological test:
a. Zeihl-Neelsen stain
b. Auramine stain(fluorescence microscopy)

2. Sputum culture test:


a. Lowenstein –Jensen(LJ) solid medium: 4-18 weeks
b. Liquid medium : 8-14 days
c. Agar medium : 7 to 14 days
3.Radiography:
Chest X-Ray(CXR)

4.Nucleic acid amplification:


 Species identification ; several hours

 Low sensitivity, high cost

 Most useful for the rapid confirmation of


tuberculosis in persons with AFB-positive sputa
 Utility

 AFB-negative pulmonary tuberculosis

 Extra pulmonary tuberculosis


5.Tuberculin skin test (PPD)
 Injection of fluid into
the skin of the lower
arm.
 48-72 hours later –
checked for a reaction.
 Diagnosis is based on
the size of the wheal.
1 dose = 0.1 ml contains 0.04µg
Tuberculin PPD.
Tuberculin test interpretation
Pathogenesis of tuberculin test
6. Other biological examinations

 Cell count(lymphocytes)
 Protein(Pandy and Rivalta tests) – Ascites, pleural
effusion and meningitis.
Preventive measures
1) Mask
2) BCG vaccine
3) Regular medical follow up
4) Isolation of Patient
5) Ventilation
6) Natural sunlight
7) UV germicidal irradiation
BCG vaccine
 Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG).
 First used in 1921.
 Only vaccine available today for protection against tuberculosis.
 It is most effective in protecting children from the disease.
 Given 0.1 ml intradermally.
 Duration of Protection 15 to 20 years
 Efficacy 0 to 80%.

 Should be given to all healthy infants as soon as possible after birth


unless the child presented with symptomatic HIV infection.
Management
Drugs MOA Diagram

Isoniazid Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.

RIFAMPICIN Blocks RNA synthesis by blocking


DNA dependent RNA polymerase

PYRAZINAMIDE •Bactericidal-slowly metabolizing


organism within acidic
environment of Phagocyte or
caseous granuloma.
Drugs MOA Diagram

ETHAMBUTOL •Bacteriostatic
•Inhibition of Arabinosyl
Transferase

STREPTOMYCIN •Inhibition of Protein


synthesis by disruption of
ribosomal function
ADRs and its Management
Dosage regimen
 Intensive phase + continuation phase
 HREZ (2 months) + HRE (4 months)
Treatment regimen according to WHO
ISONIAZID (H) RIFAMPICIN (R) PYRAZINAMIDE (Z)
ETHAMBUTOL (E) STREPTOMYCIN (S)
DOTS
DOTS - Directly observed treatment, short-course
 DOT means that a trained health care worker or other designated
individual provides the prescribed TB drugs and watches the patient
swallow every dose.
Multi-Drug Resistance TB
TB caused by strains of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis that are resistant to at least isoniazid
and rifampicin, the most effective anti- TB drug.
Globally, 3.6% are estimated to have MDR-TB.
Almost 50% of MDR-TB cases worldwide are
estimated to occur in China and India.
MDR-TB among new TB cases
MDR-TB in previously treated cases
Extensively drug resistance TB
 Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is a form of TB
caused by bacteria that are resistant to isoniazid and
rifampicin (i.e. MDR-TB) as well as any fluoroquinolone
and any of the second-line anti-TB injectable drugs
(amikacin, kanamycin or capreomycin).
Tuberculosis and HIV
 Worldwide the number of people infected with both
HIV and TB is rising.
 The HIV virus damages the body’s immune system and
accelerates the speed at which TB progresses from a
harmless infection to a life threatening condition.
 The estimated 10% activation of dormant TB infection
over the life span of an infected person, is increased to
10% activation in one year, if HIV infection is
superimposed.
 It is the opputunistic infection that most frequently
kills HIV-positive people.
Epidemiological Impact
 Reactivation of latent infection- People who are
infected with both HIV and TB are 25 to 30 times more
likely to develop TB again than people only infected
with TB.
 Primary Infection- New tubercular infection in
people with HIV can progress to active disease very
quickly.
 Recurring infection- in people who were cured of
TB.
Diagnosis of TB in people with HIV
 HIV positive people with pulmonary TB may have a
higher frequency of having sputum negative smears.
 The tuberculin test often fails to work, because the
immune system has been damaged by HIV; It may not
even show a response even though the person is
infected with TB.
 Chest Xray will show less cavitation.
 Cases of Extra pulmonary TB are more common.
Thank you!

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