PROBLEM OF TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION

IN DAWO WOREDA

JIMMA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

A RESEARCH PAPER SUBMITTED TO IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENT OF BACHELOR OF ART (BA) DEGREE IN
ECONOMICS

PREPARED BY: DEJENE FIROMSA

ADVISOR: SOLOMON ASSEFA (MSC)

JUNE, 2018

JIMMA,ETHIOPIA

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Acknowledgement
First of all, I would like to express my deepest thanks to lord “GOD” for his mercy, love and
grace which enables me to succeed throughout my life.

Next I am grateful to appreciate my Advisor MR SOLOMON ASSEFA for his constructive idea
and concurrent knowledge and valuable advice. Especially, his tolerance guidance and useful
criticisms throughout the course in preparing the paper, constructive corrections and insightful
comments, suggestions and encouragement are highly appreciated

I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt and special appreciation to my
families and all of my friends for their moral and financial assistance not only to my stay in the
university but also in all way towards my achievement.

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 Abstract
The study is focus on the problem of traditional agricultural production in the Dawo woreda.
This agricultural was practiced predominantly in rural areas which is based on traditional
technique of production or it is based on indigenous technology and their productivity is very
low .It is the predominant economic activity in developing countries that contribute half of the
total national income. The main objectives of this study are to examine the problem of traditional
agricultural production in Dawo woreda. The researcher used stratified sampling method which
100 questionnaires are distributed to the farmer and collected the relevant data. After the data
collected and analyzed and interpreted by using descriptive tables, percentage and graph. The
result shows that traditional agriculture has so many problems specially Drought was the most
problem reduce agricultural production activity .in addition it rain fall variability also affects
the agricultural productivity .in the study area rain fall only in the summer season rains but
other season rains there was no enough rain fall. Therefore the government as well as the
concerned body should be focus on agricultural improvement and also The local authority
attracts the investors and intuitions which invest on agricultural, Provide credits for the rural
farmers.

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ACRONYMS
CSA -Central Statistics Agency

EE- Ethiopian Economy

EPRDF--Ethiopian people Republic Democratic Front

GDP--Gross Domestic Product

GNP--Gross National Product

DWARDO- Dawo Woreda Agriculture Rural Development Office

HH- Household

HA- Hectare

KG- Kilogram

LDC`S-Lessdevelopedcountries

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Table of Contents page

Acknowledgement............................................................................................................................I

Abstract...........................................................................................................................................II

ACRONYMS.................................................................................................................................III

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1

1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background of the study........................................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the problem.......................................................................................................2

1.3Research Question..................................................................................................................3

1.4 Objectives of the study..........................................................................................................3

1.4.1 General objective of the study........................................................................................3

1.4.2 Specific objectives of the study.....................................................................................3

1.5 Significance of the study.......................................................................................................4

1.6 Scope of the study..................................................................................................................4

1.7 limitation of the study............................................................................................................4

1.8 organization of the study.......................................................................................................4

CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................................5

2.1 Definition and Concepts........................................................................................................5

2.2 Traditional agriculture...........................................................................................................6

2.3 Agricultural production unit..................................................................................................7

2.4 Types of traditional agriculture.............................................................................................7

2.4.1 Continue cultivation........................................................................................................7

2.4.2 Mixed substances farming..............................................................................................8

2.5 Common characteristics of traditional agriculture................................................................8

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 2.5.1 Focus of risk reduction...................................................................................................9

2.5.2 Low level input and high degree of self sufficiency.......................................................9

2.6 Traditional agriculture technologies problem........................................................................9

2.7 The major obstacles to agricultural growth.........................................................................11

2.7.1 Land degradation..........................................................................................................11

2.7.2 Variable rainfall............................................................................................................11

2.7.3 Land fragmentation.......................................................................................................11

2.7.4 Backward technology...................................................................................................11

2.7.5 Poor rural infrastructure ...............................................................................................12

2.8 Agriculture, modern.............................................................................................................12

2.9 Empirical literature..............................................................................................................15

CHAPTER THREE......................................................................................................................18

3. DATA SOURCE AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY................................................18

3.1 Description Of The Study Area...........................................................................................18

3.2 The Source ,data type and nature.........................................................................................18

3.3 sampling size and determination of sample design.............................................................18

3.4 Techniques of data collection method.................................................................................20

3.5 data interpretation and analysis...........................................................................................20

CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................21

4 INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA..................................................................21

4.1 Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Respondents.....................................21

4.2 demographic characteristics of respondent..........................................................................21

4.3 Socioeconomic condition of the respondent........................................................................23

4.3.1 Types of agricultural production activity.....................................................................25

4.3.2 Major contribution that affect agricultural productivity in the study area.................27

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CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................31

. CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION...........................................................................31

5.1 .Conclusion..........................................................................................................................31

5.2 Recommendation.................................................................................................................32

REFERENCE................................................................................................................................33

Appendix........................................................................................................................................34

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List of Tables…….............................................……………….………………………….…………………………….page

Table 4.1 sex distribution of the respondent………………………………………………..…21

Table4.2agedistribution of respondent……………………..……….……………………………21

Table4.3 educational level of the respondent………………………………………………..…22

Table 4.4 marital status of the respondent……………………………………………………...23

Table 4.5 number of HH member of respondent………………………..………………….…,.23

Table 4.6 ownership of the land……………… ………………………………….……………..24

Table 4.7 the respondent land hold size………………………………………………………...24

Table 4.8 production activities practiced by respondent………………………………………..25

Table 4.9 farming mechanism of the respondent…………………………………….…………25

Table 4.10responden`t access to fertilizer………………………………………………….…...26

Table4.11 accessibility of credit for the respondent…………………………………………....27

Table4.12 area listed by respondent……………………………………………………….. ….27

Table 4.13 total annual crop production…………………………..…………………………….28

Table 4.14 trends of total production from the year 2012-2018…………….………….………30

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1
 CHAPTER ONE

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Agriculture is the predominant economic activity in developing countries and it does contribute
half of the total national income. According to the united development program 2/3 of the total
population developing countries live in rural area. The major reason for low agricultural
production in LDCs are lack of credit, absence of irrigation facility, only depend on rainfall, lack
of modern technology, and excessive pressure population on land over the major reason for low
production(Jhinga,1997).

In Africa agriculture is one of the most economic activity that involve production of crop and
livestock of their home consumption and commercial purpose. (Petros, 1999).According to
petros characteristic of most of traditional agriculture results from the following three historical
forces restraining in the growth of output. These are:

 In spite of the existence of unused and potential; cultivated land, only small area
could be planted land weeded by the farmer.
 Given limited amount of farmers could cultivate in the context of backward
technology are small area tends to cultivated as a result they are subject to diminishing
return to increase labor input.
 Labor is scarce during the busies part of the season, planting and weeding times,
at the other time of planting is determining by on the set of rain and because of the
country experience only one extend season the demand for worker during rainy season
exceed an available rural labor supply(Todaro and smith,2003).

Ethiopia is an agricultural country with low production and the dominance of traditional or
subsistence farming activities and the main productive motive directly consumption only. This
means that market supplies of the output was very low (Ghattak, 1984).

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The Ethiopia economy has been growing at average annual rate 2.6%for the last four decade
1960/61-2000/01 in the same period population has been growing by almost the same at which
the GDP has been nullifying the growth rate in per capital income. The agricultural sector has
been the last performed in the period under consideration. Though it is to be expected that sector
the highest share usually grows slower than a sector with smaller share; the nature and structure
by itself contribute to its low contribution the growth of GDP (Birhanu and Seid, 2004).Basically
the growth of economy depend on agriculture and also highly dependence on rain fall .The
depression in 1984/85 with decline of real value added in the agricultural sector by more than
20% and real GDP by 9% are expanded by the serious drought in year, 1999 because of facture
and berg growing area labor 10% of the total harvest the Ethiopia disaster preventation and
preparedness commission, announced that more than million people in Ethiopia were in urgent
need to food aid due to drought in same regions of the country in the year 2002/03 14 million
people (22%ofthe population is fasting starvation (Birhanu and Seid 2004).

1.2 Statement of the problem

Many empirical evidence indicate that Ethiopia and most sub Saharan nation are poor and the
economy is based on agriculture .About 85%of population in the country engaged agricultural
sector it show that agriculture is back bone of countries economy. But the sector is based on
traditional farming system in most rural people used their own consumption. As the result the
production efficiency is low (KINFEA, 2002).

Even though agriculture is highly based on substances from hold whose living standard work
have remain unchanged for several countries. The sector has not been satisfied the requirement
of the people of different problem .Among the most were low production of agricultural product,
low capital accumulation ,lack of modern technology ,labor intensive, back ward farming
practices ,family based on labor organization only use ,totally dependent on rain fall , low
irrigation practices ,lack credit facilities and the growth of agriculture is low (Ghattak,2006).

In despite the government effort to increases agricultural production in DawoWoreda and Dawo
Keble level include and most recent studies agricultural production sector in woreda are still
insufficient. This has designed to fill some these gap by providing some of information the
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current and to the solve problem of traditional agricultural production and to the production of
agriculture in Dawo Woreda.

Previously there were many studies on the problem of Traditional agricultural production at
national level. This study will be based on the previous works of those researchers, which means
these previous studies will used as a source or reference to this study. But, this study will differ
from the previous studies on, this study will try to use recent data up to present(2012/2018) and
the previous studies ignore factors that affect uses of modern input like fertilizer to improve the
product of Traditional agriculture. The main difference it is not done by another researcher in
that woreda.

1.3Research Question

I. What is the feature traditional agricultural production in DawoWoreda?

II. What the main cause and consequence of using traditional agriculture?
III. What are the current and the past agricultural Production status in DawoWoreda?
IV. What is the solution to improve the problem of traditional agricultural production in
Dawo Woreda?

1.4 Objectives of the study

The objective behind conducting this study can be presented in to two ways. These are general
objective and specific objective.

1.4.1 General objective of the study

The general objective the study is to examine the problem of traditional agricultural production
in Dawo Woreda.

1.4.2 Specific objectives of the study

I. To assess the problem and challenge of agricultural production on during produce to the society.
II. To identify the major cause of using traditional farming in the Woreda?
III. To assess the current and the past agricultural production in Dawo Woreda.
IV. To provide some solution to solve the problem of traditional agricultural
Production in Dawo Woreda.

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1.5 Significance of the study

Agriculture is the back bone of the economy, so the effect every aspect of the society living
standard of the society. This study was try to solve the problem of traditional agricultural
production in DawoWoreda Therefore, the significance of this study lies the following
fundamental reason.
 It helps to know the impact of traditional agricultural production from the society.
 It is important for agricultural production and rural development office.
 To create awareness for the farmer to use modern input.
 It is helpful especially for farmers.
 It is important to the government to establish the necessary measurement to increase
agricultural production.

1.6 Scope of the study

To study the problem of traditional agricultural production in all part of Oromia regional state
level was necessary for understanding the problem in detail .However ,due to many difficulty to
study all part the paper was focus only on particular area in south west shoa Zone in
DawoWoreda the year 2012 to 2018 .

1.7 limitation of the study

The study was facing some difficulty but the most one is insufficient available data.

1.8 organization of the study

This study contain five chapter the first chapter include background of the study ,statement of
the problem ,objective of the study ,significance of the study .scope of the study ,limitation of the
study, and organization of the paper. The second chapter deals with literature review. The third
chapter deals with methodology of the study this include description of the area, methods data
collection, sampling size and sampling techniques .The forth chapter contain data analysis
interpretation and finally the last chapter deals with conclusions and recommendation of the
study.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definition and Concepts

Agriculture is refers to the production food and goods through farming and forestry. It was the
key determinant to the rise of Cultivation. Agriculture also called farming or husbandry,
cultivation of plant or other used product to sustain human life. In relation to crop farming and
livestock farming, the term “agriculture” may be defined as: the art and science of growing
plants and other crops and the raising of animals for food, other human needs, or economic gain .

This definition I use as a compressed answer to the main question what is agriculture. It
describes agriculture as both an art and a science (needs skill and founded on scientifically
verified facts) and thus includes specialized disciplines; the words “growing” and “raising” are
descriptive of enterprise, activity or practice. It has two main divisions: plant or crop production
and animal or livestock production; and its ultimate purpose is for food production, other human
needs such as clothing, medicines, tools, artistic display and dwelling, or for economic gain or
profit. It is admitted that no definition can be exacting for everybody and for all purposes.
Nevertheless, I find this elucidation on what is agriculture specially convenient where its
coverage is limited to crop production (agronomy and horticulture) and livestock production
even knowing that some definitions include fisheries, forestry, and other activities. Further, the
science of agriculture is dynamic.

For more details and perspectives, here are 4 definitions of agriculture from various sources. This
list is not exclusive.

1. Agriculture is the systematic raising of useful plants and livestock under the management of
man (Rimando, T.J.. 2004. Crop Science 1: Fundamentals of Crop Science. U.P. Los Baños:
University Publications Office. p. 1).

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2. Agriculture is the growing of both plants and animals for human needs (Abellanosa, A.L. and
H.M. Pava. 1987. Introduction to Crop Science. Central Mindanao University, Musuan,
Bukidnon: Publications Office. p. 238).

3. Agriculture is the deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the
cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain. (Rubenstein,
J.M. 2003. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography. 7th ed. Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 496).

The next 6 definitions give more insights on what is agriculture. These are presumably for legal
purposes or applied in legal disputes.

4. Agriculture includes farming in all branches and, among other things, includes the cultivation
and tillage of soil, dairying, the production, cultivation, growing and harvesting of any
agricultural and horticultural commodities, the raising of livestock or poultry, and any practices
performed by a farmer on a farm as an incident to or in conjunction with such farming
operations, but does not include the manufacturing or processing of sugar, coconuts, abaca,
tobacco, pineapple or other farm products. (Art. 97 (d), Chapter I, Title II, Labor Code of the
Philippines).

2.2 Traditional agriculture

Agriculture is one where the farmer has mixed farming livestock and crops .The farmer Manure
from livestock to sterilize some of the crop and to feed livestock .This of operation with
minimum supplies purchases from outside the farm (Kuruvada, 2010).

According to kuruvada agriculture is the only major sector that uses the land surfaces as
sensational input to production function and widely distributed over the earth surface from two
factors. These are:

1. The varied opportunity differed by surface configuration climate soil complex which is varies
restructure

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2, The socio economic infrastructural control which is marked by different level of material
nature combining different various skills and technological knowhow and seeking different
objective .The term traditional agriculture describe the characteristics farming type countries
which is the dominant employer including self-employed through not necessary the largest sector
interims of GDP. But before examine the attribute traditional agriculture let as be crate as the
most LDCS agriculture sector is not uniform but marked by economic and socio diversity .we
can view that traditional sub sector agriculture as one element in largest employment (Ghattak,
1984).

2.3 Agricultural production unit

Production unit is characterized not by its small size weather measured in terms of volume
output and roles of by its degree of self-sufficient.

The manufacture of production in traditional agriculture is land and labor but few Purchasing are
employed ,the farmer worker fourth consists primarily family labor were the correlation between
farm size and family size are inverse ,the fragmentation of small farm exacerbate inequality in
the distribution of land and agriculture income. On the output side, the emphasis self-suffice
implies that the crop oration farm output is not soled but retained on the farm on consumption
households. It is conserved only managing households not a business, so it is to be that primary
motivation will be feed security for himself and his family (Ibid, 1984).

2.4 Types of traditional agriculture

Based on the work of Deshmukh, (1986), Traditional agriculture system can be categorized in
the following basic ways.

2.4.1 Continue cultivation

Under continues cultivation fields are loosed year after with only before follow period, weed, pea
set and louses' soil mutant frequents problem .this higher level cultural energy input is required
frequently such as area are dependent on nutrient input from seasonal flooding or annual
sediments paddy water .In paddy filed nitrogen can also added N2 Fixing bacteria .The net

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energy gain for continues for continues cultivations less than shifting cultivation. This system
can be varying suitable much traditional farming in India and Southeast Asia based on continues
shifting cultivation farming.

2.4.2 Mixed substances farming

The major farmers employee a combination of farming technology techniques .Mixed agriculture
with livestock and crop integrated in to a single ecosystem very, in Africa, Asiaand America
framers often highly depend on animal the key component of farming system these animal can
be provide meat, milk, fertilizer, draft power, transportation and can be fed largely with
agriculture west product .Additionally farmers are frequently engaged in a combination of
agriculture economic pursuit. That can be border food or labor, sell agriculture product or work
for others. The choice of cropping system can be based on several factors such as climate soil
type, local economic market, availability labor and land, knowledge base and tradition all are
influence on the decision.

In Ethiopia mixed farming system is dominant in most part of the country. The major
characteristics of farming activity is the integration of crop and livestock production oxen are the
principal means of drafting power provide means of production. Livestock husbandry
consistence an important food cash income and insurance against crop and failure. This land
mixed farming contain grain plough and horticulture hoe complex. The grain plough complex is
practiced in central and north of the country. The major characteristics of farming activity is the
integration of crop and livestock production oxen are the principal means of drafting power
provide means of production Livestock husbandry consistence an important food cash income
and insurance against crop and failure. This land mixed farming contain grain plough and
horticulture hoe complex. The grain plough complex is practiced in central and north of the
country. This cultivated with hoe (human power) in the loss of horticulture crop (Befakadu D
and Berhanu.N, 1999/2000).

2.5 Common characteristics of traditional agriculture

Accoingto Alter 1987 and Marten 1986 traditional farming has the following common feature;

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2.5.1 Focus of risk reduction
Traditional farming directly depend on the production of farming for their deadly nutrition needs
this they are generally a wiring to scarify grater production in favorable grater system of
testability .Farmer used different genetic type of plants assume that some plants will be survival
unpredictable condition in a given year. Diversified distributed maturation time plant as different
various matured at different rate.

2.5.2 Low level input and high degree of self sufficiency

Traditional farmers are rarely completely self sufficient the year generally, high dependent on
family and community for labor, other farmer reciprocally exchange goods and seeds and locally
market or neighbor non agricultural product. They are rarely dependent on the distance purchase
seeds pesticides or fertilizer, this means traditional farmer sufficient parse, but low input retain to
farmers low dependent on farming product such as fertilizer.

2.6 Traditional agriculture technologies problem

In traditional agriculture technology is labor intensive and self-suffices with little relevance on
the side of supplier of martial or services. Any capital input which are employed like simple
improvement contributes for transport or storage home produced their home farm Itself or
villager more over because of traditional society ,individual farmers differ in their resources
endowments and some better informed or more interested in farmer than the other different
methods performing same tax maybe co existences on some locality.

According to (Ghattak, 1984).Traditional agriculture technology can be grouped in to four

categories

1. Lack of appropriate alternative technology

2. Farmers ignore better method

3. Farmers lack of motivation

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4. Barer adaption due to other market faller
1. Lack of appropriate alternatives technology

Technological backwardness of agriculture can be low due to the absents of motivate technology
with higher production or profit positional which also adapted to its condition plentiful labor or,
very scale production and limited literacy, knowledge and modern technology scale among the
farmer. Farmer in traditional sector may not be fully informed about the existences of alternative
techniques appropriate to have output and income rising potential.

2. lack of better method or knowledge

Barriers to spread technological information in seeking to explain the way farmers maybe
ignorant of better method is attempting to become their low level of literacy and farmers
education standard.

3. in adequate motivation adapting

The main barrier to protection risk and costs adaption .There are interrelated of the risk adaption
includes the cost of making mistake due to inexperience. Most farmers are poor they cannot
afford to take unnecessary risk.

A crop failure could be result hunger even starvation for the member of household, even though
farmers may be convinced that a new method production potential benefit to them, they may still
unable to find their adult. The farmer laced sufficient saving taking themselves and farmers are
adequate incentive poor to save.
4. Barriers adaptation due to market failure

The adaptation of new technology still may be blocked bottleneck in the supply of physical input
such as fertilizer pest side and irrigation equipment’s. These bottleneck may be caused by
inadequate domestic manufacturing capacity by import constraint or simply by under developed
distribution net work inability to cope with an increase demand for its services.

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2.7 The major obstacles to agricultural growth
According to Ethiopian economy (Ayele 2006) the major obstacle to agricultural sector
maintained as follows

2.7.1 Land degradation

Studies that because of topography of land 56% purity of cultivated of land is exposed to various
level receptions. The soil in much area has lost some biological and physical property need to
optimal plant growth.

2.7.2 Variable rainfall

It is a matter of fact agriculture in Ethiopia in heavily depending on unreliable rainfall which
may produced surplus only in the year of several weather ,what is more it has not always been
timely. Sometimes early or latter other time sit to fall short of the requirement amount fall offer
or excessive rainfall. This result in under production and hence food insecurity and also declined
the growth of agriculture sector.

2.7.3 Land fragmentation

Increasing the population size in the rural country and limited total land area, especially in the
high land farming area has been caused for decline per capital income of household. Most ofthe
some plot of land is devoted to food crop production but the households seldom produce crop to
meet their family consumption requirement. At small plot of land there is on marketable surplus
because of farm production cannot enough to consumption to farmer. These result due to lack of
cash to for investment, purchase commercial input and purchase for land preparation.

2.7.4 Backward technology

The small holder farming is characterized by dependent on traditional tool and farming practices.
Land preparing is done by oxen drawn plough (maresha), more agricultural production
transported by primitive means like back ward animal and improved seeds.

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2.7.5 Poor rural infrastructure .

Moving a subsistence economy the is a lot of infrastructure problem that are limited the
agricultural production to rise among these problem are transportation and communication
system are poorly develop. Lack of road capacity to carry heavily traffic availability means of
transport cannot carry increasing quantity of input and output. The agricultural input usually
carried long distance by traditional transportation like pock animal or human.

2.8 Agriculture, modern

During the latter half of the twentieth century, what is known today as modern agriculture was
very successful in meeting a growing demand for food by the world's population. Yields of
primary crops such as rice and wheat increased dramatically, the price of food declined, the rate
of increase in crop yields generally kept pace with population growth, and the number of people
who consistently go hungry was slightly reduced. This boost in food production has been due
mainly to scientific advances and new technologies, including the development of new crop
varieties, the use of pesticides and fertilizers, and the construction of large irrigation systems.

Basic Practices of Modern Agricultural Systems

Modern agricultural systems have been developed with two related goals in mind: to obtain the
highest yields possible and to get the highest economic profit possible. In pursuit of these goals,
six basic practices have come to form the backbone of production: intensive tillage, monoculture,
application of inorganic fertilizer, irrigation, chemical pest control, and genetic manipulation of
crop plants. Each practice is used for its individual contribution to productivity, but when they
are all combined in a farming system each depends on the others and reinforces the need for
using the others. The work of agronomists, specialists in agricultural production, has been key to
the development of these practices.

Intensive Tillage.

The soil is cultivated deeply, completely, and regularly in most modern agricultural systems, and
a vast array of tractors and farm implements have been developed to facilitate this practice. The
soil is loosened, water drains better, roots grow faster, and seeds can be planted more easily.
Cultivation is also used to control weeds and work dead plant matter into the soil.

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Monoculture.

When one crop is grown alone in a field, it is called a monoculture. Monoculture makes it easier
to cultivate, sow seed, control weeds, and harvest, as well as expand the size of the farm
operation and improve aspects of profitability and cost. At the same time, monocultures tend to
promote the use of the other five basic practices of modern agriculture.

Use of Synthetic Fertilizers.

Very dramatic yield increases occur with the application of synthetic chemical fertilizers.
Relatively easy to manufacture or mine, to transport, and to apply, fertilizer use has increased
from five to ten times what it was at the end of World War II (1939-45). Applied in either liquid
or granular form, fertilizer can supply crops with readily available and uniform amounts of
several essential plant nutrients.

Irrigation Technologies.

By supplying water to crops during times of dry weather or in places of the world where natural
rainfall is not sufficient for growing most crops, irrigation has greatly boosted the food supply.
Drawing water from underground wells, building reservoirs and distribution canals, and
diverting rivers have improved yields and increased the area of available farm land. Special
sprinklers, pumps, and drip systems have greatly improved the efficiency of water application as
well.

Chemical Pest Control.

In the large monoculture fields of much of modern agriculture, pests include such organisms as
insects that eat plants, weeds that interfere with crop growth, and diseases that slow plant and
animal development or even cause death. When used properly, synthetic chemicals have
provided an effective, relatively easy way to provide such control. Chemical sprays can quickly
respond to pest outbreaks.

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Genetic Manipulation.

Farmers have been choosing among crop plants and animals for specific characteristics for
thousands of years. But modern agriculture has taken advantage of several more recent crop
breeding techniques. The development of hybrid seed, where two or more strains of a crop are
combined to produce a more productive offspring, has been one of the most significant
strategies. Genetic engineering has begun to develop molecular techniques that selectively
introduce genetic information from one organism to another, often times from very unrelated
organisms, with a goal of capitalizing on specific useful traits.

But for almost every benefit of modern agriculture, there are usually problems. Excessive tillage
led to soil degradation, the loss of organic matter, soil erosion by water and wind, and soil
compaction. Large monocultures are especially prone to devastating pest outbreaks that often
occur when pests encounter a large, uniform area of one crop species, requiring the continued
and excessive use of chemical sprays. When used excessively, chemical fertilizers can be easily
leached out of the soil into nearby streams and lakes, or even down into underground water
supplies. Farmers can become dependent on chemical pest and weed control. Modern farm
systems lack the natural control agents needed for biological pest management, and larger
amounts of sprays must be used as pests rapidly evolve resistance. People also worry about
chemical pollution of the environment by sprays and fertilizers, and the possible contamination
of food supplies. Modern agriculture has become such a large user of water resources that
overuse, depletion, saltwater contamination, salt buildup in soil, fertilizer leaching, and soil
erosion have become all too common. Agricultural water users compete with urban and
industrial use and wildlife as well. Hybrid seed has contributed greatly to the loss of genetic
diversity and increased risk of massive crop failure, as well as an increased dependence on
synthetic and non-renewable inputs needed for maintaining high yield. Genetically engineered
crops have the same negative potential, especially as the selection process takes place less and
less in the hands of farmers working in their own fields, but rather in far away laboratories.

In the future, in order to take advantage of new technologies and practices, farming systems will
need to be viewed as ecosystems, or agricultural ecosystems. By monitoring both the positive
and negative impacts of modern farming practices, ecologically based alternatives can be
developed that protect the health of the soil, air, and water on farms and nearby areas, lower the

14
economic costs of production, and promote viable farming communities around the world.
Organic agriculture, conservation tillage, integrated pest management (IPM), and the use of
appropriate genetic techniques that enhance local adaptation and variety performance are a few
of the possible ways of ensuring the sustainability of future generations of farmers.

Characteristics of Modern Agricultural Techniques

The basic features of modern agricultural techniques are:

(i) HYV seeds:

Under the new agricultural strategy special emphasis has been placed on the development and
widespread adoption of high yielding varieties of seeds. Production of improved seeds (HYV
seeds) was encouraged by both the Central and State Governments. As a result the use of HYV
seeds had increased from 25 lakhs quintals in 1980-81 to 105 lakhs quintals in 2003-04. The use
of these seeds leads to multiple cropping.

(ii) Chemical Fertilizers:

Indian soil is deficient in nitrogen and phosphorous and this deficiency can be reduced by
increasing the use of chemical fertilizers. Thus, traditional fertilizers are replaced by chemical
fertilizers.

(III)Pesticides:

Pesticides are defined as any substance or mixture of several substances which prevented the
HYV seeds and plants from the diseases and unwanted pest-attacks. Thus, the use of various
types of chemical pesticides (compounds) for controlling pest-attacks is an essential element of
modern agricultural techniques,Multiple cropping is possible only by using the chemical
fertilizers in a large extent.

2.9 Empirical literature

The issue that determine the level of agriculture production attend by farm household in
developing countries are multi dimensional and complex. The following category devised by
Hussian and Perare(2004). The constraint and opportunity for agricultural production are
identified below. Farmers is the south south of the country pollution due to petroleum

15
exploration the major issue that is an important factor decrease the quantity of water and land
this causes the reduction of agricultural production(Idumal,2006).

The climate for agriculture is the major factor, that decrease the agricultural production due to
unpredictable and extreme weather condition associated with the change climate reduces the
production possibility of rural farmer by reducing the available cultivated land and increase
desertification that reduce production (Egwuda,2001)

In addition to crude farm implement production technology are often subsistence farming
method are out dated. Mixed farming system practiced in Africa.(Akintayo,2011)

Agricultural production is heavily dependent on weather out comes, and hence climate change
has the potential to significantly alter the sectors productivity. Both reduced from studies as well
as integrated assessment models have found that the agricultural sector might experience
significant impacts.

Credit plays a major role in the transformation of traditional agriculture in to modern type which
enhances agricultural development. It is necessary for purchasing input needed for effective
adaption of modern agricultural techniques.Many economists have identified the lack of basic
assets major constrain to agricultural development (Abayomi and Salami,2008).Oluwasanmi and
Alao(1965)clearly stated the need for credit or the purchase of farm inputs such as improved
seed varieties, breeds of livestock, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, modern implement,among
others. They are also stressed the suitability of terms of credit as a necessary condition fostering
agricultural development.

Oyatore (1981) averred that credit is the major factor necessary for technological transfer in
traditional agriculture.According to her given the availability of inputs needed to improve,
technology, how rapidly farmers would adopt improved technology depend on additional
factors.Farm size is often one of the first factors measured when modeling adoption processes.
Farm size does not always have the same effect on adoption; rather the literature finds that the
effects of farm size vary depending on the type of technology being introduced, and the
institutional setting of the local community. Fixed costs are often a primary barrier to adoption;

16
therefore, spreading fixed costs over a larger farm may be one explanation for the observed
positive association between farm size and propensity to adopt. That is not to suggest uniform
causation; farm size may act as a proxy for other socio-economic indicators such as access to
credit because the larger farm has more collateral value. It very well may be the case that these
correlated indicators also influence the adoption decision, and therefore a failure to account for
them in the regression models may tend to inflate the reported relationship between farm size
and adoption likelihoods. Looking at soil conservation techniques in the Philippines, Shively
finds that the decision to adopt depends on farm size, partially because soil conservation on small
farms is especially costly due to increases in the short-run risk of consumption shortfall with
certainty. The adoption of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) — a rice-growing technique for
increased yields through decreased non-labor inputs — in Madagascar follows a similar pattern,
with adopters allocating larger amounts of land to the practice than those farmers who adopted
and later disadopted.

17
 CHAPTER THREE

3. DATA SOURCE AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

3.1 Description Of The Study Area

The study has been conducted in Dawo woreda is found in Oromia regional state in south west
shoa zone.It geographically locates between 84 northern a attitude and16 east longitude. It is the
part of south east shoa zone and102 kmfrom Addis Ababa. Ithavea total area of 440.1km and
boundedBachoworeda in east, Iluworeda in north, Dandiworeda in west,Walisowareda in
southe(DWOARDO, 2018).

The elevation of the woreda is 2030 above sea level.The altitudinal variation of Dawo woreda is
divided in to three traditional agro climate such as dega, wina dega and kola.The southern part of
the woreda is characterized by dega.Most of the north And the central part of that area wina dega
where as the northern part of thetip have kolla(DWOARDO,2018).

The woreda has a total population of 107683 out of this 49790 members are females and the rest
of 57899 are males and the total population engaged in agriculture production 21kebele
(DWOARDO,2018)

3.2 The Source ,data type and nature

The study was conducted by both primary and secondary sources. The primary data has been
collected from farmers and the secondary data has been collected from Dawo Wored
agricultural rural development office.

3.3 sampling size and determination of sample design

Since the number of kebeles in the woreda is 21 and the total number of population is around
107689 based on this information the researcher was select three kebeles based on applying the
methods of stratified sampling technique such as dega, wina dega and kola because the area have
different climatic condition.

18
The researcher used stratified sampling technique method because this method is more
representative of the true population and it can easily improve.

The researcher uses 100 sample sizes from the three kebele oftotal population of 19885 from
N
the first kebele 6411 the second 8435 and the third 5039 Because n= 2.
1+ N (e)

19885
n= 2 . =100
1+19885( 0.1)

Strata formula

Strata =n.pi

Where

Pi-represents the proportion of population

N-represents the total sample size

Wajitu kebele =6411/19885*100=32

Kalecho kebele =8435/19885*100=42

KersaKebele=5039/19885=26

then, the total sample size or N=n1+n2 +n3

N =32+42+26=100

19
3.4 Techniques of data collection method
The techniques of data collection in the study are collected by observation, interview and
questionnaire from farmers are the major source of data method in primary data and secondary
data collected from Dawo woreda Agricultural Rural Development office.

3.5 data interpretation and analysis

In order to analysis and interpret information from the respondent about the problem of
traditional agricultural production in DawoWoredathe researcher has used descriptive statistics
analysis such as average, percentage, ratio, graph and tabulation analysis.

20
 CHAPTER FOUR

4 INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.1 Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Respondents

This study understands the socioeconomic and demographic futures of respondent on agriculture
production. The researcher distributed 100 questions for farmers and connected these
questionnaires. This includes, sex age, educational level, marital status, number of household
member and there socioeconomic condition of respondent who were working on agricultural
production.

4.2 demographic characteristics of respondent

The study assessed some demographic factors such as sex, age, educational level, marital status
and household member of the respondent.

Sex No of respondent Percentage

Male 85 85

Female 15 15

Total 100 100%

Table 4.1 sex distribution of the respondent

Source: own survey, 2018

The table indicate that 85% of the respondent were male and only 15% of the respondent were
female. The highest number of respondent males were highly participant on agriculture.

Table 4.2 age distribution of respondent

Age group No of respondent Percent Average production

capacity in Q
18-36 40 40 1.5q
37-50 45 45 2.5q

21
 51-65 10 10 2.00q
More than 65 5 5 1.25q
Total 100 100 7.25q
Source: own survey 2018

From the table 45% of the respondent found between age group 37-50 which produce an
average production capacity 2.5 quintal. 18-36 age groups contain 40% and average
production capacity 1.5 quintal, 51-65 and> 65 age group contain 10% and 5% average
production capacity 2 and 1.25 quintal respectively. Therefore the farmer who found in age
group 37-50 were the highest production capacity and number of respondent from the
other age group .This was due to more adapted to farming activity with mature skill sector
while in the lower and highest age group the agricultural productivity was not sufficient
Table4.3 educational level of the respondents

Educational level No of respondent Percentage Average production

in capacity in Q

Illiteracy 42 42 1.5

Elementary junior 34 34 2.5

Senior high school 24 24 3.25

Total 100 100 7.25

Source: own survey, 2018

As the table shows that 42% of the respondents were not getting educational opportunity,
34% of the respondent was elementary educated opportunity and only 24% were high
School educated respondents. As we can see the above table the agriculture was affected
by educational level. The higher educational level respondent had higher output.

Table 4.4 marital status of the respondent

22
 Marital status No of respondent Percentage

Married 77 77

Single 9 9

Devoiced 8 8

Widowed 6 6
Total 100 100

Source: own survey 2018

The table indicates that 77% of sample was living in married, 9% of

Single, 8% and 6% were divorced and widowed respectively .Because
most of the respondents were living in married.
Table 4.5 number of HH member of respondent

NO OF HH member Sample unit --Percentage

1-3 15 15
4-6 25 ..25-
6-10 55 55
>10 5 5
Total 100 100
Source: own survey 2018
The above table indicates that 55% of respondent have 6-10 HH member,25% between 4-6,
respondent who had 1-3 HH member contain only 15% and more than 10 HH member also 5%.
This shows that the highest number of HH member had 6-10 to compare the other group. Based
on the above data most of the respondent had high HH member relative to 1-3 and >10 member.

4.3 Socioeconomic condition of the respondent

In this section, we could assess some socioeconomic condition of the respondent in the study
area.

Table 4.6 ownership of the land

23
 Ownership of the land No respondent Percentage

Respondent who have own 97 97

land
Respondents who have not 3 3
their own land
• j
Total 100 100

Source: own survey, 2018

As 97% of the respondent had their own land and only 3% of the respondent had no their
own land. Based on the above data all most the respondent had their own land however
64% of the respondent are said that their land was less than one hectare.
Table 4.7 the respondent land hold size

Size of the land hectare No of respondent Percentage

0-0.25 30 30

0.25-0.75 20 20

0.75-1.5 43 43
•.
1.5-2.5 7 7

More than 2.5 0 0

total 100 100

Source: own survey, 2018

From the above table 30% of the respondent had 0- 0.25 hectare of land, 20% of the sample
had 0.25 -0.75 hectare land, 43%,0.75-1.5 hectare land and 7% had 1.5-2.5 hectare land.
Majority of the respondent land size was 0.75- 1.5, only 7% of the respondent had 1.5 -2.5
hectare land and there were no respondents more than 2.5 hectare land .So 0.75-1.5

24
 hectare land was the largest in the are<;l with compared to the other re respondents.

4.3.1 Types of agricultural production activity

Among the major production activities such as crop production and livestock production
Table 4.8 production activities practiced by respondent

Product activity No of sample Percentage

Crop production 45 45

Livestock production
..
Both crop and livestock 55 55

production

total 100 100

Source: own survey 2018

The data indicates that majority of the respondents are engaged in both crop and livestock
production .This refers to as mixed farming system was highly applied in the study area.
Crop production contain 45% and both crop and livestock production covered 55% by the
sample or respondents while only livestock production no respondent this shows that
livestock production activity was not develop in the study area.

Table 4.9 farming mechanism of the respondent

Types of tools used No of respondent Percentage

for
laughing and threshing
Hand dug 5 5
Oxen 84 84
Both oxen and hand dug 11 11
Mechanized tool 0 0
total 100 100

25
 Source: own survey 2018

The data indicates that all respondents used traditional farming system by animal power.
As 84% of the fanner were used oxen power and 11% both oxen and hand dug during the
laughing and threshing process. There was no any mechanized tool users. This show that
the entire farmer used traditional method and no accessibility of modern tools. Therefore the
agricultural production activity was not improved.

Table 4.10responden`t access to fertilizer

Quantity of fertilizer in kg No of sample Percentage

Non users 50 50

30-50kg 20 20

50-100kg 20 20

More than 100kg 10 10

Total 100 100

Source; own survey 2018

From the above table 20% of the sample used 30-50kg fertilizer ,20% 50-100kg and 10% are
used more than 100 kg fertilizer .however 50% of the farmer non users of fertilizer .based on
the data there was high gap b/n non users of fertilizer when compare with those who use more
than 100kgof fertilizer.

Table 4.11 accessibility of credit for the respondent

26
Respondent No of sample Percentage

Credit user 40 40

Noncredit user 60 60
..
total 100 100

Source: own survey 2018

As 40% of the respondent were getting credit access while 60% of the respondent not get
credit access. This shows that majority of the respondent were not get credit service. The
reason for this was high interest rate and unexpected repayments are the most problem of
credit users.

4.3.2 Major contribution that affect agricultural productivity in the study area

Based on the response of the respondent there were many problems were drought. Variable
rainfall and ice rain and crop disease.
Table 4.12 area listed by respondent

Types of problem No of respondent Percentage

Drought 38 38
Rainfall variability 18 18
Occurrence of ice rain 10 10
Cope disease 5 5
All are aware 29 29
Total 100 100
Source: own survey 2018

The major factor that affects agricultural productivity in the study area where resting on
the above table. As 38% of the respondent of the respondent responses that drought
was the main problem in the study area. 29% of respondents are said that all the problems
accrued, 18, 10, and 5 are responded rainfall variability, ice rain and
crop diseases respectively, drought was the highest problem in the sample in the study
area because majority of the respondent mentioned and I observed this problem really. The

27
respondents were saying mostly rain fall rains June up to September but the other month
rainfall amount very small. In addition to this the crop diseases was sometimes accrued in
planning season and harvesting season this information was getting from respondent.
Therefore these problems affect agricultural productivity negatively.

The total land covered by land Table4.15 Major Types of crop production in Dawoworeda in
year 2012 to 2018

Table 4.13 total annual crop production

year Types of crop Total land Total production Total production

production covered by seed per quintal
Teff 8182 16 130912
wheat 7126 34 243146
2012-2013 barely 2340 19 44520
maize 6501 42.68 275902.44
sorghum 6878 20 7540
Bean 2125 44.44 285024.4
pea 5004 15 31875
Check pea - 12 6048
Total 34,076 200.12 1,027,139.3
Teff 9920 25.5 223074
wheat 2872 22.08 61934
barely 11074 57.06 63188.44
2013-2014 maize 4009 60 31907
sorghum 155 20 3150
Bean 1628 26 42328
pea 726 21 15246
Total 30,294 231.64 727,987.44
Teff 1520 76 115520
wheat 2632 62 163,184
barely 2345 20 46,900
2014-2015 maize 3452 36 124,227
sorghum 3429 20 65,040
bean 3242 15 51,435
pea 3245 16 51,872
Total 19,865 242 605,728

Teff 10,131 19.25 200,252

wheat 11,779 23 320874
barely 3050 15.25 46,513
2015-2016 maize 5079 32 161,403

28
 sorghum 351 20 6924
bean 332 16 26680
pea 3 12 48
Total 30,725 137.5 716728
Teff 11134 19 212378
wheat 12187 35 430979
barely 3127 18 53168
2016·2017 maize 178 19 3406
sorghum 440 13 5731 ~
bean 2647 12 62
pea 23 14 332
Total 29,756 130 770233
Teff 10263 22.20 277868
wheat 10584 39.53 418392
barely 31350 20.41 68404
2017-2018 maize 7180 80.57 363016
sorghum 2153 22.41 48270
Bean 492 16 78872
pea 510 18 9000
Total ----------1 62532 I 219.12 1,263,822

Source: DawoWoreda agricultural rural development office

The above table shows that the total land covered by seeds and crop production in the year
2012-2018.

From the above table we can understand that in year 2012-2013 34047 hectare of the land
covered by seeds and 1027139.37 of crops produced by farmers. The highest land covered
by teff seeds in area are 24% from the total land. Wheat is the second, which contributes
21 % of the total land area.

In the year 2013 -2014 the total land covered by seeds are 30294 and the total production
produced by farmers are 727, 978.44.barely, teff and maize which has the largest share
36.56% 32.4% and 13.23% respectively.

The gap between the year 2012/2014 is 300000 this implies that the production of crop in
the year 2013/2014 decreased by 300000 because of ice rain and drought are the major
factor that decreased agricultural production.

29
The year 2014/2015 the total land covered by seeds 19865 and the total production
produced by farmers is 605728.wheat and barley are the largest share covered seeds
which is 38.33 and 32.97 %respectively. from the year 2015/2016 the total land covered
by seeds are low and the total agricultural production are low as compared from the year
2012/2013 because of different reasons among these are ice rain .drought and crop disease
are the major factor that decreased agricultural production in Dawoworeda.

As compared to the year 2017/2018 the first and the last agricultural production is the
largest share to the last 6 year during this year ther is favorable claimet condition.
Table 4.14 trends of total production from the year 2012-2018

2012/13 1000000

2013/14 800000
2014/15 600000
2015/16 750000
2016/17 800000
2017/18 1200000

Source; DawoWoreda agricultural rural development office

The researcher can understood from the above table that in Dawoworeda crop production
was decline from the year 2012/13-2014/15 and reached at minimum level in the year of
2014/2015 due to climate condition like drought, ice rain, and different crop diseases while it
increase from the year 2015/16-2017/18. One can understand from the above table that
agricultural product in Dawoworeda fluctuate time to time .

30
 CHAPTER FIVE

. CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION

5.1 .Conclusion

Even though agriculture is base for the overall economy, but there are many factors that affect
the growth of the agricultural sector and indirectly the whole economy.

Education level was one factor that affects the agricultural productivity .this means educated
persons produce more products (output) than uneducated elementary .educated farmers increased

by 0.5 quintal per 0.25 hector land than un educated farmers in the study area and the senior high

school educated also produced 2 quintal on average of hector .this shows that educational level
of the farmer increases agricultural productivity increases as well as the overall economy
increases.

Farming mechanism also one factor of influence the agricultural productivity .still know the
agricultural method of traditional .there was no any mechanized tools used on agricultural
production ,they used animal power or oxen.

Most of the farmers in the study area only produced one a year. Even though the entire sample
unit or respondents used fertilizer but the amount of the fertilizers was not enough and the price
also very high so the fanner indicates that there was lack of fertilizer and improved seed a
visibility.
Drought was the most problem reduce agricultural production activity .in addition it rain fall
variability also affects the agricultural productivity .in the study area rain fall only in the summer
season rains but other season rains there was no enough rain fall.

31
Majority of the farmer is produced less than a quintal of output and livestock production was not
much developed and organized only use with crop production. crop disease sometimes occurred
in the planting season and the harvesting season.

The researcher can understood from the above table that in Dawo woreda crop
production was decline from the year 2012/13 -2014/15 and reached at minimum level in
the year of 2014/15 due to climate condition like drought, ice rain, and different crop
diseases while it increase from the year 2015/16 -2017/18.one can understand from the
above table that agricultural product in Dawoworeda fluctuate time to time due to the
different reasons.

5.2 Recommendation
Agricultural is the dominant sector of the economy but problems challenged the growth it, so
that responsible body should be focused and solved problem.
 The government should be provided the necessary support for the rural farmer to develop
the growth of agriculture, such as encourage the farmer to use modem tools to increase
the agricultural production.
 The local authority should be encouraging the model farmers in order to weak up the
other farmer compute them and by giving awareness and adopting variety improving
output and new agricultural system to increases the agricultural productivity of in the
study area.

 The local authority attracts the investors and intuitions which invest on agricultural,
Provide credits for the rural farmers.
 The most problem in the study area were the unavailable of loans from formal and
informal sectors from formal there is unavailable of such as bank, insurance company,
micro finance and informaliy such as Iqub and Idir .with high interest rate and loan
repayments not much known in this study area. So the government should be decrease
the interest rate and give awareness to in this study area.
 The local government should be thought the method of irrigation instead of rain feed
agriculture.

32
 The local authority should be focused on agricultural production improvement uses
techniques from this techniques Credit plays a major role in the transformation of
traditional agriculture in to modern type which enhances agricultural development. It is
necessary for purchasing input needed for effective adaption of modern agricultural
technique

REFERENCE
 Akintayo, the scientist of mixed farming, 2011, p 21
 Alten and Marten, the scientific alternative agriculture, 2011, p 123
 Ayele Kuris, Ethiopian economy, 2006, p 65-67
 Deshmukh, ecology and tropical biology, 1986, p 28
 Egwada, weather condition in agriculture, 2011, p 44-45
 Ghattak, agriculture and economic development, 1984, p 88
 Idumal, reduction in agricultural production, 2006, p 99-100
 Jhinga, major reason for low production, 1997, p 12
 Kinfea, results for production efficiency, 2002, p 44
 Kuruvada, traditional agriculture, 2010, p 87
 Oluwasanmi and Alao, determinants of agricultural production,1965,p 24-27
 Petros, characterstics of traditional agriculture, 1999, p 49
 Todaro and Smith, development of economics, 2003, p 223
 Pava. 1987. Introduction to Crop Science
 Rubenstein, J.M. 2003
 An Introduction to Human Geography. 7th ed
 Rimando, T.J.. 2004. Crop Science

33
 Appendix
Jimma University

Collage of Business and Economics

Department of Economics

This questionnaire was prepare for the household in Dawo wereda around three kebeles. The
prime objective of this questionnaire was collect the data in order to identify the problem of
traditional agricultural production in those three kebele`s. Therefore, their genuine response for
these questions that are listed below has a vital role for the researcher study.

Part one: Age, sex and education of all household members’ information

1. Sex: A. male B. female

2. Age:

3. Educational status: A. read and writes B. junior secondary

C.senior secondary D. tertiary

4. Religions: A. Orthodox B. Muslim C. others

5. What is your family size: A. lager than two children B. between two and six
children C. above six children

6. Marital status of respondent: A. married B. unmarried

C. divorced D. widowed

34
7. Language: A. Afan Oromo B. Amharic C. others

Part two: Information about asset holding of this household:

1. Do you have land which is suitable for agricultural? A. yes B. No

2. If the answer is yes, what is your Agricultural land size?

A. Less than one hectors

B. Between one and two hector

C. Above two hectors

3. What are the main sources of your income?

A. from Agricultural land

B. Others are

4. If agricultural is a main source of your income, how many you gain in birr from one hector?
A. A. Below 5000 birr B. 5000 birr-10,000 birr C. Above 10,000 birr

5. Do you have credit access? A. Yes B. No

6. If your answer is yes on question 5, for what purpose you use?

A. Fertilizer application

B. Cattle fatting

C. Food service

D. Establish small business

Part three: Information about fertilizer adoption of the household for the purpose of agricultural
farm land?

1. Do you use fertilizer for agricultural farming?

35
A.Yes B. No

2. If your answer is yes in question 1, what type of fertilizer do you use?

A.Dap B. Urea C. Manure

3. How much you use fertilizer annually for your agricultural farm land?

A. Less than 100 kg

B. Between 200 kg – 300kg

C. Above 300 kg

4. Do you know that, are you beneficiaries from fertilizer application on your Agricultural land?

A.Yes

A.No

5. What type of problems may affect you due to lack fertilizer adoption

______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

36
DECLARATION

I,Dejene Firomsa, announce this work titled “ PROBLEM OF TRADITIONAL

AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION IN DAWO WOREDA”, is my own effort and study

and that all sources of materials used for the study has been duly
acknowledged. I have prepared this with the guidance and suggestion of the
research paper adviser Solomon Assefa.

Declared by

Name: Dejene Firomsa:

Signature: ___________

PLACE OF SUBMISSION : JIMMA UNIVERSITY ,ETHIOPIA

Date of submission; ______________________

This study research paper has been submitted for examination with my
approval as a university adviser.

Advisor:

Mr. Solomon Assefa(Msc)

37
Signature: ______________________

Date: _____________________________

38