3.2 If the atomic radius of aluminum is 0.143 nm, calculate the volume of its unit cell in cubic meters.

3.3 Show for the body-centered cubic crystal structure that the unit cell edge length a and the atomic
radius R are related through a =4R/ 3.

3.4 For the HCP crystal structure, show that the ideal c/a ratio is 1.633.

3.6 Show that the atomic packing factor for HCP is 0.74.

3.7 Iron has a BCC crystal structure, an atomic radius of 0.124 nm, and an atomic weight of 55.85 g/mol.
Compute and compare its theoretical density with the experimental value found inside the front cover of the book.

3.8 Calculate the radius of an iridium atom, given that Ir has an FCC crystal structure, a density of 22.4
g/cm3, and an atomic weight of 192.2 g/mol.

3.10 A hypothetical metal has the simple cubic crystal structure shown in Figure 3.3. If its atomic weight
is 70.4 g/mol and the atomic radius is 0.126 nm, compute its density.

3.13 Rhodium has an atomic radius of 0.1345 nm and a density of 12.41 g/cm3. Determine whether it has
an FCC or a BCC crystal structure.

3.14 The atomic weight, density, and atomic radius for three hypothetical alloys are listed in the following
table. For each, determine whether its crystal structure is FCC, BCC, or simple cubic and then justify your
determination. A simple cubic unit cell is shown in Figure 3.3.

Alloy Atomic Weight Density Atomic Radius

A 77.4 8.22 0.125

B 107.6 13.42 0.133

C 127.3 9.23 0.142

3.20 For a ceramic compound, what are the two characteristics of the component ions that determine the
crystal structure?

3.24 On the basis of ionic charge and ionic radii given in Table 3.4, predict crystal structures for the
following materials:
(a) CsI,
(b) NiO,
(c) KI
(d) NiS.
Justify your selections.

3.25 Which of the cations in Table 3.4 would you predict to form iodides having the cesium chloride
crystal structure? Justify your choices.

3.26 Compute the atomic packing factor for the rock salt crystal structure in which rC/rA = 0.414.

3.29 Calculate the density of FeO, given that it has the rock salt crystal structure.

3.33 From the data in Table 3.4, compute the theoretical density of CaF2, which has the fluorite structure.

3.34 A hypothetical AX type of ceramic material is known to have a density of 2.65 g/cm 3 and a unit cell of
cubic symmetry with a cell edge length of 0.43 nm. The atomic weights of the A and X elements are 86.6 and 40.3
g/mol, respectively. On the basis of this information, which of the following crystal structures is (are) possible for
this material: rock salt, cesium chloride, or zinc blende? Justify your choice(s).

1 1 1 1 3
3.46 Sketch a tetragonal unit cell , and within that cell indicate locations of the 1 and point
2 2 4 2 4
coordinates.

 
3.49 Draw an orthorhombic unit cell, and within that cell a [121 ] direction.

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 3.51 What are the indices for the directions indicated by the two vectors in the following sketch?

3.53 Determine the indices for the directions shown in the following cubic unit cell:

3.56 Convert the [100] and [111] directions into the four-index Miller–Bravais scheme for hexagonal unit
cells.

3.57 Determine indices for the directions shown in the following hexagonal unit cells: (see textbook)
 3.61 What are the indices for the two planes drawn in the following sketch?

3.63 Determine the Miller indices for the planes shown in the following unit cell:

3.68 For each of the following crystal structures, represent the indicated plane in the manner of Figures
3.27 and 3.28, showing both anions and cations:
(a) (100) plane for the rock salt crystal structure
(b) (110) plane for the cesium chloride crystal structure
(c) (111) plane for the zinc blende crystal structure
(d) (110) plane for the perovskite crystal structure
 3.73 Determine the indices for the planes shown in the following hexagonal unit cells:

3.75 (a) Derive linear density expressions for FCC [100] and [111] directions in terms of the atomic
radius R.
(b) Compute and compare linear density values for these same two directions for silver.

3.76 (a) Derive linear density expressions for BCC [110] and [111] directions in terms of the atomic
radius R.

3.78 (a) Derive planar density expressions for BCC (100) and (110) planes in terms of the atomic radius R.
(b) Compute and compare planar density values for these same two planes for vanadium.

3.80 The zinc blende crystal structure is one that can be generated from close-packed planes of anions.
(a) Will the stacking sequence for this structure be FCC or HCP? Why?
(b) Will cations fill tetrahedral or octahedral positions? Why?
(c) What fraction of the positions will be occupied?

3.84 Explain why the properties of polycrystalline materials are most often isotropic.

3.94 Would you expect a material in which the atomic bonding is predominantly ionic in nature to be more
or less likely to form a noncrystalline solid upon solidification than a covalent material? Why? (See Section 2.6.)
3.1FE A hypothetical metal has the BCC crystal structure, a density of 7.24 g/cm3, and an atomic weight of 48.9
g/mol. The atomic radius of this metal is:
(A) 0.122 nm
(B) 1.22 nm
(C) 0.0997 nm
(D) 0.154 nm

3.2FE Which of the following are the most common coordination numbers for ceramic materials?
(A) 2 and 3
(B) 6 and 12
(C) 6, 8, and 12
(D) 4, 6, and 8

3.3FE An AX ceramic compound has the rock salt crystal structure. If the radii of the A and X ions are 0.137 and
0.241 nm, respectively, and the respective atomic weights are 22.7 and 91.4 g/mol, what is the density (in g/cm 3) of
this material?
(A) 0.438 g/cm3
(B) 0.571 g/cm3
(C) 1.75 g/cm3
(D) 3.50 g/cm3

3.4FE In the following unit cell, which vector represents the [121] direction?
3.5FE What are the Miller indices for the plane shown in the following cubic unit cell?

(A) (201)
1
(B) (1∞ )
2
1
(C) (10 )
2
 (D) (102)

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