Jelomy John M.

Angeles

IT2M4

GE6 Midterm Exam

Test I. Select the best answer and write it in full.

1. When Magellan landed in Samar Island on March 16, 1521, he named it

b. Islas de San Lazaro

2. Villalobos led an expedition to the islands of Leyte and Samar and named it

b. Las Islas Filipinas

3. He created the foundations for the colonization of the Philippines 1565.

a. Legaspi

4. He asserted that it was a geodetic impossibility for Magellan to land at Limasawa,

an elongated island with perilous coral reefs.

d. Francisco Alba

5. The Cavity Mutiny was a seditious movement according to—

c. Jose Montero
6. His official report implicated the GOMBURZA who were active in the call for secularization.

c. Gov-Gen. De Izquierdo

7. The movement of the Filipinos to fight back the tyrannical rules of the Spanish Regime.

b. Propaganda Movement

8. The author of “The First Voyage Around the World”

d. Antonio Pigafetta

9. National Historical Commission of the Philippines recognizes that it is here where the first mass

in the Philippines occurred.

B. Limasawa

10. After the death of Magellan in Mactan, he captained the ship for the return in Spain.

Name this sailor.

D. Juan Sebastian Elcano

11. The only ship of Magellan’s fleet that was able to return to Spain.

A. Victoria

12. The First Voyage Around the World took three years of navigation. What is the duration of these
years?

A. 1519-1522
13. The relevance of the document “The First Voyage Around the World”

A. It serves an eye-opening for the change of the mind set of Filipinos thinking that they are always

subordinate to foreigners.

14. In the Battle of Mactan, it is known that he killed Magellan.

d. Lapu Lapu

15. A document which is a “copy verbatim” is:

A. Primary document

16. He initiated the Cavite Mutiny by heading the uprising of Filipino soldiers and laborers.

A. Sergeant La Madrid

17. The reason of the uprising of Filipino soldiers against the then government under the leadership of

Governor-General Izquierdo.

C. Both A and B
18. The innocent victims of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872.

D. All of the above

19. The first legal code in the Philippines, in 1433.

a. Code of Kalantiaw

20. He wrote the Legend of the Ten Datus of Borneo

b. Jose Marco
PART II. CRITICAL ANALYSIS: Five (5) points each item/answer,

25 points in total. Fill-in the columns with your content and contextual

analyses about the main issues and controversies in the history of the

Philippines. Write legibly and use enough space/s for your answers.

RUBRICS: 40% Reliability 40% Clarity 20% Sources of Information

ISSUE/CONTROVERSY

1. Site of the First Mass- From what I have learned that the location of the mass is still shrouded with
controversy. Originally it was believed that the mass was celebrated in the in the island of Limasawa, in
Leyte, but the discovery of the Golden Tara in Butuan made some Philippine Historian question the
veracity of the Limasawa location. Also the controversy between limasawa and Butuan are that the
mass's location was a topic of controversy. Initially, it was considered on the island of Limasawa, in the
province of Leyte. Still, some historians argue that a mistranslation caused the misconception and that
the correct location should be Butuan, where the Golden Tara was also discovered (Cimagala, 2018). As
recounted by Pigafetta in his chronicle of Magellan's expedition to the Philippine islands starting March
16, 1521, the first Christian Mass celebrated on Philippine soil was made in an island which he called
''Mazaua.'' The precise identity and location of this venue of the First Mass became the subject of
writings of historians and scholars whose differing interpretations of Pigafetta's account would
eventually spawn lead to a controversy. For three centuries, it was the prevailing belief that Pigafetta's
Mazaua was a place called Masao near Butuan City in Northern Mindanao. The Butuan belief persisted
from the 17th to the 19th century. Limasawa was identified as the most likely venue in 1894 with the
publication of a manuscript of Pigafetta's account of Magellan's voyage--the Ambrosian codex in Milan--
in its Italian text. This work written by Pigafetta was made available to scholars including American James
Alexander Robertson who translated into English the original text with the help of Emma Blair. The
translation was incorporated in Robertson's ''The Philippine Islands.''

2. Cavite Mutiny- As I have reviewed that presentation of Cavite Mutiny I noticed that the taxes required
them to pay a monetary sum as well as to perform forced labor called, polo y servicio. The mutiny was
sparked on January 20, 1872, when the laborers received their pay and realized the taxes as well as the
falla, the fine one paid to be exempt from forced labor, had been deducted from their salaries. Also
Cavite Mutiny, (January 20, 1872), brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and workers at the Cavite arsenal,
which became the excuse for Spanish repression of the embryonic Philippine nationalist movement.
Ironically, the harsh reaction of the Spanish authorities served ultimately to promote the nationalist
because of Cavite Mutiny, the sacrifice of Gomburza happened. The next thing we know, the country had
awakened to its national identity. With the likes of Jose Rizal and his peers knowing the abuses and the
unfair treatment of the Filipino natives in their own backyard. The mutiny had shaped the country’s
history greatly that it awakened its determination for self-rule. That’s all what I can think for an answer.
Not much but you can research more about the details.

3. Code of Kalantiaw- First of all this code became the basis of some of the political leaders to justify the
promotion of harsh laws to maintain social order. It also paves the way to understand ancient Philippine
civilization and society until mid-twentieth century. The issues of the Code of Kalantiaw are There are
some controversies about the truthfulness of the Code of Kalantiaw because there some statements that
say the code of kalantiaw is not considered as one of the Philippine histories because of the lack of
historical evidence. There are simply no written or pictorial documents from that time in Philippine
history. There are no documents from other countries that mention the great Kalantiaw either. There is
also no evidence that Philippine culture ever spawned such a barbaric set of laws. The early Spanish
accounts tell us that Filipino custom at that time allowed even the most serious lawbreakers to pay a fine
or be placed into servitude for a time in cases of debt. As the missionary Francisco Colín wrote in 1663,
because of the lack of evidence for a Kalantiaw legend. Many ardent admirers of the Datu, who disdain
all historical evidence to the contrary, claim that he has long been a part of Visayan culture and heritage.
This is simply not true. The Spaniards never recorded any Filipino legend about Kalantiaw. If they were
aware of such a legend they had no reason to suppress it because those Spaniards who were
sympathetic to the Filipinos could have presented the mere existence of the Code as proof that their
ancestors were civilized, just as many Filipinos do today, while detractors could have pointed to the
maniacal Datu himself as proof of their savagery – even though his methods of torture were no more
sadistic than those of the Spanish Inquisition, and most important reason to reject the Kalantiaw myth is
its source. If Kalantiaw was not a historical figure or a legendary character, where did he come from?
Many writers on this subject didn’t bother to mention where they obtained their information. Some, like
Digno Alba, simply created “facts” from thin air. The ultimate origin of Kalantiaw was traced by William
Scott back to a single person who definitely did not live in the 1400s. He was José E. Marco of
Pontevedra, Negros Occidental and in 1913 he claimed to have discovered the Pavón documents that
were mentioned in Scott’s letter to Digno Alba. These documents, which contain the Code of Kalantiaw,
were in fact Marco’s own creation. Kalantiaw eventually became the most successful of many hoaxes in
Marco’s career of almost 50 years as a forger and fraud.

4. Legend of Maragtas- In this story they are about the ten datus or chiefs who escaped the tyranny of
Datu Makatunaw of Borneo and immigrated to the island of Panay. Once there, they supposedly bought
the lowland plains of the island from Marikudo, the leader of the indigenous Aytas, for the price of a
solid gold salakot (hat). I have come to know that there are no issues or controversy regarding to this
story I can only insert some extra info’s The stories known as the Maragtas are legends that may or may
not be based on actual events in the remote past. They are about the ten datus or chiefs who escaped
the tyranny of Datu Makatunaw of Borneo and immigrated to the island of Panay. Once there, they
supposedly bought the lowland plains of the island from Marikudo, the leader of the indigenous Aytas,
for the price of a solid gold salakot (hat). According to the legend, these ten chiefs and their families are
the very ancestors of the entire Visayan population. This is the legend that has been celebrated yearly in
the Ati-atihan festival since the late 1950s when it became a part of the annual feast of the Santo Niño in
Kalibo, Aklan.

5. Voyage Around the World- According to my knowledge about this film is that the film was made
controversial in the Philippines for its inaccurate portrayal of the Filipino natives, especially Lapulapu,
who led the Battle of Mactan that killed Magellan. At the 34th Goya Awards, it earned a nomination for
Best Animated Film. Also I did learned that On August 10, 1519, five ships departed from Seville for what
was to become the first circumnavigation of the earth. Linked by fame to the name of its captain,
Magellan, much of the expedition is known through the travelogue of one of the few crew members who
returned to Spain, Antonio Pigafetta.

PART III. Answer briefly:

A. Write a full description of the 18-items Code of Kalantiaw. How do you believe the

application of these punishments as part of the long traditions of the Aetas in Negros.

Laws of the Kalantiaw Code

In his book, Struggle for Freedom (2008), Cecilio Duka provides a full reproduction of the code for the
reader's "critical examination... to decide on its veracity and accuracy".[16]

Article I

Ye shall not kill, neither shall ye steal nor shall ye hurt the aged, lest ye incur the danger of death. All
those who this order shall infringe shall be tied to a stone and drowned in a river or in boiling water.

Article II

Ye shall punctually meet your debt with your headman. He who fulfils not, for the first time shall be
lashed a hundredfold, and If the obligation is great, his hand shall be dipped threefold in boiling water.
On conviction, he shall be flogged to death.
Article III

Obey ye: no one shall have wives that are too young, nor shall they be more than what he can take care
of, nor spend much luxury. He who fulfils not, obeys not, shall be condemned to swim three hours and,
for the second time, shall be scourged with spines to death.

Article IV

Observe and obey ye: Let not the peace of the graves be disturbed; due respect must be accorded them
on passing by caves and trees where they are. He who observes not shall die by bites of ants or shall be
flogged with spines till death.

Article V

Obey ye: Exchange in food must be carried out faithfully. He who complies not shall be lashed for an
hour. He who repeats the act shall, for a day be exposed to the ants.

Article VI

Ye shall revere respectable places, trees of known value, and other sites. He shall pay a month's work, in
gold or money, whoever fails to do this; and if twice committed, he shall be declared a slave.

Article VII

They shall die who kill trees of venerable aspect; who at night shoot with arrows the aged men and the
women; he who enters the house of the headman without permission; he who kills a fish or shark or
striped crocodile.

Article VIII
They shall be slaves for a given time who steal away the women of the headmen; he who possesses dogs
that bite the headmen; he who burns another man's sown field.

Article IX

They shall be slaves for a given time, who sing in their night errands, kill manual birds, tear documents
belonging to the headmen; who are evil-minded liars; who play with the dead.

Article X

It shall be the obligation of every mother to show her daughter secretly the things that are lascivious,
and prepare them for womanhood; men shall not be cruel to their wives, nor should they punish them
when they catch them in the act of adultery. He who disobeys shall be torn to pieces and thrown to the
caymans.

Article XI

They shall be burned, who by force or cunning have mocked at and eluded punishment, or who have
killed two young boys, or shall try to steal the women of the old men (agurangs).

Article XII

They shall be drowned, all slaves who assault their superiors or their lords and masters; all those who
abuse their luxury; those who kill their anitos by breaking them or throwing them away.

Article XIII

They shall be exposed to the ants for half a day, who kill a black cat during the new moon or steal things
belonging to the headmen.

Article XIV
They shall be slaves for life, who having beautiful daughters shall deny them to the sons of the headman,
or shall hide them in bad faith.

Article XV

Concerning their beliefs and superstitions: they shall be scourged, who eat bad meat of respected insects
or herbs that are supposed to be good; who hurt or kill the young manual bird and the white monkey.

Article XVI

Their fingers shall be cut off, who break wooden or clay idols in their olangangs and places of oblation;
he who breaks Tagalan's daggers for hog killing, or breaks drinking vases.

Article XVII

They shall be killed, who profane places where sacred objects of their diwatas or headmen are buried.
He who gives way to the call of nature at such places shall be burned.

Article XVIII

Those who do not cause these rules to be observed, if they are headmen, shall be stoned and crushed to
death, and if they are old men, shall be placed in rivers to be eaten by sharks and crocodiles.

How do you believe the application of these punishments as part of the long traditions of the Aetas in
Negros.

Answer: I do not believe because most Aetas practice monotheism and are animists. They worship a
Supreme Being and at the same time, also believe in environmental spirits. They believe that various
places in our environment are being governed by both good and evil spirits. As for their clothing, they
wear plain and simple attire.
B. Do you think that the Legend of Maragtas is a hoax? Why and why not?

I do believe because the stories known as the Maragtas are legends that may or may not be based on
actual events in the remote past. They are about the ten datus or chiefs who escaped the tyranny of
Datu Makatunaw of Borneo and immigrated to the island of Panay.