CHRIST SCHOOL ICSE

BENGALURU-29
 PAUL DHINAKARAN M

CHAPTER 2:
CHEMICAL
BONDING
CLASS 10
TEXT BOOK: SIMPLIFIED ICSE CHEMISTRY BY DR.
VIRAF J DALAL
TEACHER: MR. PAUL DHINAKARAN M

2
ELECTROVALENT COMPOUNDS –
ELECTROVALENT BONDING

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 Formation of electrovalent
compounds
• Formation of electrovalent compounds - involves transfer of valence electrons
. from one atom - generally metallic to another atom – generally non-metallic.

• Metallic atom - loses electrons to attain stable electronic configuration and becomes a -
cation
Metallic atom X [elec. config. 2,8,1] X – 1e- → X1+ Cation [positive ion 2,8]

• Non-metallic atom - gains electrons to attain stable electronic configuration and

becomes an - anion
Non-metallic atom Y [elec. config. 2,8,7] Y + 1e - → Y1- Anion [negative ion 2,8,8]

• Ions - cations and anions - are oppositely charged particles, which attract one another to
form an electrovalent bond leading to formation of an -electrovalent
compound.

• Bond formation is due to - Electrostatic force of attraction between two oppositely

charged ions. X1+ + Y1- → XY

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• Electrovalent or ionic bond:
The chemical bond formed between two atoms by transfer of one or more
electrons from the- atom of a metallic - electropositive element to an -
atom of a non-metallic - electronegative element.
• Electrovalent or ionic compound:
The chemical compound formed as a result of transfer of one or more
electrons from the atom of a metallic - electropositive element to an-atom
of a non-metallic - electronegative element.
• Electrovalency:
The number of electrons donated or accepted by the valence shell of an
atom of an element so as to achieve stable electronic configuration is
called - electrovalency.
[Mg (2,8,2) loses 2 electrons - valency +2];
[O (2,6) gains 2 electrons - valency -2]
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 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
ATOMS (X & Y) IONS (X1+ & Y1- )
• Electrically – neutral particles • Electrically – charged particles (cation
and anion)
•May or may not exist – independently. • Exist – independent in solution.
•Outermost shell – may or may not have •Outermost shell – have complete duplet or
duplet or octet. octet.

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 LEO GER
Difference between
OXIDATION REDUCTION
A process when an atom or ion loses A process when an atom or ion gains
electron. electron.
X – 1e- → X1+ or X → X1+ + 1e- Y + 1e- → Y 1- or A3+ + 1e- → A2+
A2+ - 1e- → A3+ or A2+ → A3+ + 1e-
Na – 1e- → Na1+ Cl2 + 2e- → 2Cl1-
Zn – 2e- → Zn2+ Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu
Fe2+ – 1e- → Fe3+ Fe3+ + 1e- → Fe2+
S2- – 2e- → S S + 2e- → S2-

In the examination questions will be asked

like this:
Na → Na1+
Zn → Zn2+
Fe2+ → Fe3+
S2- → S PAUL DHINAKARAN M 7
Oxidation- reduction (redox
reaction)
• Example : 2FeCl2 + Cl2 → 2FeCl3
2Fe2+ + Cl2 → 2Fe3+ + 2Cl-
2Fe2+ → 2Fe3+ (oxidation – lost 2e-)
Cl2 → 2Cl- (reduction – gained 2e-)

• Example: Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu

Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
Zn → Zn2+ (oxidation – lost 2e-)
Cu2+ → Cu (reduction – gained 2e-)

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 1. SODIUM CHLORIDE
Atom Electronic Nearest To attain stable electronic configuration
Configuration Noble gas

Na (Metallic) 2, 8, 1 Ne (2, 8) Atom loses 1 electron from its valence shell

Cl (Non-metallic) 2, 8, 7 Ar (2, 8, 8) Atom gains 1 electron in its valence shell

Na – 1e- → Na1+ [Oxidation]

Cl + 1e- → Cl1- [Reduction]
Na + Cl → Na1+ Cl1- → NaCl

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 2. CALCIUM OXIDE
Atom Electronic Nearest To attain stable electronic configuration
Configuration Noble gas

Ca (Metallic) 2, 8, 8, 2 Ar (2, 8, 8) Atom loses 2 electrons from its valence

shell
O (Non-metallic) 2, 6 Ne (2, 8) Atom gains 2 electrons in its valence shell

Ca – 2e- → Ca2+ [Oxidation]

O + 2e- → O2- [Reduction]
Ca + O → Ca2+ O2- → CaO

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 3. MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE
Atom Electronic Nearest To attain stable electronic configuration
Configuration Noble gas

Mg (Metallic) 2, 8, 2 Ne (2, 8) Atom loses 2 electrons from its valence

shell
Cl (Non-metallic) 2, 8, 7 Ar (2, 8, 8) Atom gains 1 electron in its valence shell
Mg – 2e- → Mg2+ [Oxidation]
2Cl + 2e- → 2Cl1- [Reduction]
Mg + 2Cl → Mg2+ 2Cl1- → MgCl2

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COVALENT BONDING – COVALENT
COMPOUNDS

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FORMATION OF - Covalent
Compounds
• Formation of covalent compounds - involves sharing of electron
pairs - between one atom - generally non-metallic & another
atom - also non-metallic.
• Electrons in valence shell are mutually shared - by the atom of
each element- such that each atom acquires a stable
electronic configuration.

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 FORMATION OF - Covalent
Compounds
Number of valence electrons Number of electron pair shared
Non-metallic atoms having 7 valence One pair
electrons [or 1 – in case of H]

Non-metallic atoms having 6 valence Two pair

electrons
Non-metallic atoms having 5 valence Three pair
electrons
Dissimilar non-metallic atoms form covalent molecules by sharing electron pairs

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• Covalent bond : The chemical bond - formed due to mutual
sharing of electrons - between the given pairs of atoms of non-
metallic elements.
• Bond formed by a shared pair of electrons, each bonding atom
contributing one electron to the pair.
• [depending on no. of electron pairs shared: bond is single,
double, or triple covalent bond]
• Covalent compound - The chemical compound -formed due to
mutual sharing of electron between the given pairs of atoms of
non-metallic elements thereby forming a covalent bond
between them.
• Covalency: The number of electron pairs - which an atom shares
with one or more atoms - of the same or different kind to
achieve stable electronic configuration is called covalency.

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 Difference between
NON-POLAR COVALENT COMPOUNDS POLAR COVALENT COMPOUNDS

Covalent compounds are said to be Covalent compounds are said to be

non-polar when shared pair of electrons polar when shared pair of electrons are
are equally distributed between the unequally distributed between the two
two atoms. atoms.

No charge separation takes place. Charge separation takes place.

The covalent molecule is symmetrical The atom which attracts electrons more
and electrically neutral. strongly develops a slight/partial
negative charge.
H2, Cl2, O2, N2, CH4, CCl4. H2O, NH3, HCl.
The covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between the
combining atoms is a non-polar covalent bond and when shared unequally is a
polar covalent bond.M
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 FOR UNDERSTANDING
NON- POLAR COVALENT POLAR COVALENT COMPOUND
COMPOUND

+ -
Cl Cl H Cl
 1.HYDROGEN MOLECULE
Atom Electronic Nearest To attain the stable electronic
Configuration Noble Gas configuration of nearest noble gas

Hydroge 1 He[2] 1 electron is shared by each H atom

n to attain duplet configuration.
[OR] 1 electron pair is shared
between the two H atoms.

Bond Pair : 1 pair; Lone pair: 0

NOTE: For every covalent compound the shared pair of electron
will be Common for both the involving atoms.
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 2. CHLORINE MOLECULE
Atom Electronic Nearest To attain the stable electronic
Configuration Noble Gas configuration of nearest noble gas

Chlorine 2, 8, 7 Ar[2, 8, 8] 1 electron is shared by each Cl

atom to attain octet configuration.
[OR] 1 electron pair is shared
between the two Cl atoms.

Bond Pair : 1 pair; Lone pair: 3 pair on each atom or 6 pairs on both Cl-atoms

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 3. OXYGEN MOLECULE
Atom Electronic Nearest To attain the stable electronic
Configuration Noble Gas configuration of nearest noble gas

Oxygen 2, 6 Ne[2, 8] 2 electrons are shared by each O

atom to attain octet configuration.
[OR] 2 electron pair is shared
between the two 0 atoms.

Bond Pair : 2 pair; Lone pair: 2 on each atom OR 4 pairs on both O atoms
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 4. NITROGEN MOLECULE
Atom Electronic Nearest To attain the stable electronic
Configuration Noble Gas configuration of nearest noble gas

Nitrogen 2, 5 Ne[2, 8] 3 electrons are shared by each N

atom to attain octet configuration.
[OR] 3 electron pair is shared
between the two N atoms.

Bond Pair : 3 pair; Lone pair: 1 on each atom and two pairs on both atoms

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 5. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE MOLECULE
Atom Electronic Nearest To attain the stable electronic
Configuration Noble Gas configuration of nearest noble gas

Carbon 2, 4 Ne[2, 8] 4 electrons are shared by C atom to

attain octet configuration.

Chlorine 2, 8, 7 Ar [2, 8, 8] Each chlorine atom shares 1

electron with carbon atom.

Bond Pair : 4 pair;

Lone pair: 3 on
each atom and
12 pairs.

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 6. METHANE MOLECULE
Atom Electronic Nearest To attain the stable electronic
Configuration Noble Gas configuration of nearest noble gas

Carbon 2, 4 Ne[2, 8] 4 electrons are shared by C atom to

attain octet configuration.

Hydrogen 1 He [2] Each hydrogen atom shares 1

electron with carbon atom.

Bond Pair : 4 pair;

Lone pair: 0

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 7. WATER MOLECULE
Atom Electronic Nearest To attain the stable electronic
Configuration Noble Gas configuration of nearest noble gas

Oxygen 2, 6 Ne[2, 8] 2 electrons are shared by O atom to

attain octet configuration.

Hydrogen 1 He [2] Each hydrogen atom shares 1

electron with O-atom.
Bond Pair : 2 pair;
Lone pair: 2 pair
on O-atom
Lone pair
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 8. AMMONIA MOLECULE
Atom Electronic Nearest To attain the stable electronic
Configuration Noble Gas configuration of nearest noble gas

Nitrogen 2, 5 Ne[2, 8] 3 electrons are shared by N atom to

attain octet configuration.

Hydrogen 1 He [2] Each hydrogen atom shares 1

electron with N-atom.

Bond Pair : 3 pair;

Lone pair: 1 pair
on N-atom

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Important point to remember
• Mark the lone pair of electrons in covalent compounds wherever
it is present.
• It carries marks in the examination. Council instructs that it has to
be marked.

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COORDINATE BOND
• FORMATION OF HYDRONIUM ION

Lone pair

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COORDINATE BOND
 FORMATION OF AMMONIUM ION

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COORDINATE BOND - DEFINITION
• Type of covalency which involves one of the combining atoms
contributing both the shared electrons.
• Bond formed by a shared pair of electrons with both electrons
coming from the same atom.
• It has properties of both ionic and covalent bonds & is also
called as dative or co-ionic bond.

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 Important examples
Type of bond Examples
Electrovalent and covalent bond Sodium hydroxide; Calcium carbonate.

Covalent and coordinate bond Carbon monoxide; nitric acid.

Ionic, covalent and coordinate bond Ammonium chloride; potassium
ferrocyanide.

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 Properties and comparison –
electrovalent & covalent compounds
Electrovalent [ionic] compounds Covalent compounds
1.STATE - Bonding - electrovalent 1.STATE - Bonding - covalent
• Existence - Crystalline hard solids (room • Existence - Gases, liquids or soft solids,
temp.) Constituent Units – Molecules
Constituent Units -Ions (metallic, non- • Force of attraction – Weak
metallic Van der Waal's forces exist between-
• Force of attraction - Strong molecules,
Electrostatic forces exist between - ions. REASON: Molecules have weak forces of
REASON: Ions [charged particles which attraction between them & hence
attract one another to form electrovalent covalent compounds are gaseous (if
compounds] – are closely packed with molecules are less )& liquid or soft solids (if
strong force of attraction, hence ionic molecules are more)
compounds are - hard solids.

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Weak Van der Waals
force of attraction
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Electrovalent [ionic] compounds Covalent compounds
2. VOLATILITY 2. VOLATILITY
• Non-volatile • Volatile
3. MELTING & BOILING POINT 3. MELTING & BOILING POINT
• High melting point and high boiling • Low melting point and low boiling
point. point,
REASON : Strong electrostatic force of REASON : Weak Van der Waals force of
attraction between ions. Large amount attraction between molecules. Less
of energy - required to break the force amount of energy - required to break
of attraction. the force of attraction.

4.CONDUCTION OF HEAT 4. CONDUCTION OF HEAT

• Good - conductors of heat • Bad or non-conductors of heat
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Electrovalent [ionic] compounds Covalent compounds
5. CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY 5. CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY
• Solid state - Non-conductors . Gaseous or liquid state - Non-
• Molten or aq. soln. state - Good conductors
conductors • Soft solid state - Non-conductors
REASON: Strong electrostatic force REASON: Non-polar covalent
keeps ions in fixed position in the - solid compounds e.g. CCl4 contain
state. molecules & not free ions, hence
The force is weakened in the molten are non-conductors. Polar covalent
state & disappears in soln. state, hence compounds e.g. HCI, NH3 show charge
free ions formed migrate to - oppositely separation & dissociate in H 2O [polar
charged electrodes. solvent]

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Electrovalent [ionic] compounds Covalent compounds
6. ELECTROLYSIS 6. ELECTROLYSIS
Can-be electrolysed in molten/aq. soln. • Cannot - be electrolysed in normal state,
state. In soln. state, polar covalent compounds
On electrolysis the ions being charged are undergo electrolysis. e.g. HCl & NH gas.
attracted towards the respective
electrodes.
3
7. SOLUBILITY 7. SOLUBILITY
• Soluble - in water • Soluble - in organic solvents (non-polar]
• Insoluble - in organic solvents. • Insoluble - in water (polar]
REASON: Water (polar solvent] has a high REASON: Organic solvents (non-polar]
dielectric constant i.e. capacity to weaken e.g. benzene, alcohol, dissolve non-polar
the force of attraction in an electrovalent covalent compounds [like dissolves like].
compound, thus resulting in free ions. Water [polar solvent]cannot dissolve non-
Organic solvents [non-polar] have low polar covalent compounds, but dissolves
dielectric constants and do not cause polar.
dissolution.
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M 37
 O-

H+ H+
Na+ Cl-

O-

H+ H+

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Electrovalent [ionic] compounds Covalent compounds
8. REACTIONS 8.REACTIONS
Undergo - high speed ionic reactions. Undergo - slow speed molecular
REASON : Free ions easily formed in reactions.
solution, - rapidly regroup in solution.
REASON: Covalent molecules are first
broken & new bonds are - slowly
established.
9. DISSOCIATION 9.IONISATION
Undergoes electrolytic dissociation Undergoes ionization -
on passage of electric current in solution state on passage of electric
Process involves - separation of ions current. Process involves - formation of
already present in the ionic compound. ions from molecules which are not in
ionic state.
1+ 1- 1+ 1-
e.g. NaCl Na + Cl [in molten e.g. HCl → H + Cl [in solution state]
state]

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 Thank you!
Doubts clarification and revision!

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