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1- For years ,Environmentalists have bleated on about imminent food shortages, spreading
pollution, accelerating climate change and the early exhaustion of the world’s oil and other
minerals . Their forecasts have seldom come true. Yet, they have overlooked the most
essential substance of all: water. Now, however, there are dire predictions of water
shortages in many countries, and even claims that wars of the future will be fought over
water, not oil.
3-In fact, it could be done for a lot less: perhaps no more than $25 billion. But far more
important, the real problem is neither a lack of money nor even a scarcity of water-there is
plenty of both. The two main reasons why so many people in poor countries do not have
clean water are: first , most of it is wasted in subsidised irrigation by farmers, who use over
70% of all water in developing countries.The second reason is that water utilities tend to be
inefficient ,and they charge too little.
4-The chronic underpricing of water does not help the poor, as one might perhaps hope.
Rather , the beneficiaries are the middle classes. Rich rural farmers can afford to pump out
free ground water or to lobby for big dams that will bring irrigation benefits. Rich households
have access to piped water from municipal utilities. The poorest have to pay door-to-door
water vendors.
5-The solution to raising water prices, politically controversial as it is, does not have to hit
the poor either. Chile and South Africa have both raised water prices substantially. They
have acted to protect the poorest. In Chile they are given special water stamps to help them
pay their utility bills.In South Africa the first 25 litres a day are given free, but the rest is
charged at full cost. Both countries are entering this new decade well on the way to
achieving universal coverage.
I-Comprehsension (15pts)
Base your answers on the text
A - Tick one of the three explanations suggested below: (2pts)
1- Why do some people believe that future wars will be over water?
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1-The main reason why there will be more conferences in the future is………………………………….
2-Chile and South Africa raised water prices for the purpose of ……………………………………………..
E-Find in the text words which mean the same as: (2pts)
1-their(paragraph 1)…………………………………………2-it(paragraph3)……………………………
II-LANGUAGE (15 pts)
A-Fill in the blanks with the right word from the list . (3 pts)
stereotyped ,culture shock , citizenship ,segregation,cultural heritage, emancipated .
1-My old brother underwent……………………………..when he first went to the U.K.to complete
his studies .
2-People from Marrakech are …………………………………as the jokers of Morocco.
3-Mass media play a vital role in fostering……………………….amongst young people.
D-Fill in the blanks with the right form of the phrasal verbs from the list. (3pts)
Write a letter to your pen pal to tell him/her about an event we celebrate in Morocco (Eid Al
fitr, Eid Al Adha, Achoura ,etc)
(approximately 250 words)
Dear…….
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My best wishes