Introduction To Artificial Intelligence: Slide - 1

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Chapter 1

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligence

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1
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Example of AI applications

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3
Today contents and achievements

1.1 Overview of artificial intelligence (AI)

• LO1 : Able to understand


intelligent system and its
application
According to the Oxford and English Dictionaries the word
“intelligence” can be defined as follows:

▪ mental alertness
▪ ability to understand
▪ ability to grasp
▪ reason relationships
▪ perceive ▪ clever
▪ quickness in ▪ information
learning
▪ news

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One way to understand “intelligence” is by looking at our own
capabilities, which means that humans are able to:

▪ think

▪ understand

▪ recognize ▪ generalize

▪ perceive ▪ adapt

▪ learn

▪ make decisions

▪ solve daily problems

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) ?

AI is a study about inventing


machines/computers that
capable of mimicking
human/animal intelligent
behavior.
http://xmb.stuffucanuse.com/xmb/viewthread.php?tid=6825

The ultimate objective is to


develop a system that can
think and act rationally like
humans.

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How do we design Intelligence?

• Study from biological models (brain, genetic, DNA, life, Molecular biology, ….) →
neural nets, GA, Artificial Life, DNA Computing, Quantum Computing, Robotics,
etc.

• Study from human phenomena (common sense, reasoning, predicting,


observing, inference, …) → fuzzy logic, expert systems, search techniques, etc.

• Need to develop mathematical/logical algorithms based on the above biological


models or phenomena

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Example of AI Usage

• Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdQL11uWWcI

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Today contents and achievements
1.2 Artificial intelligence applications
1.3 Comparison with classical controller

 LO1 : Able to understand intelligent system


and its application
 LO2 : Able to compare classical control system
and modern intelligent system
Intelligent Control → Classical
Control
Classical Control Intelligent Control
Abstract Modeling - Designer input the
Mathematical Modeling - Designer
behavior to the system and then
Basic Concept designed the system which includes
system attempt to abstractly define the
system dynamics
system
Need to know prior information about Does not need to know all about the
the system dynamics system dynamics and conditions
Characteristics Suitable for system that can be
Appropriate for complex system
easily model

Open loop system Fuzzy logic


Closed loop system Artificial Neural Network
Examples of System Modeling Genetic Algorithm
Methods Bode plot Support vector machine
PID Controller Swarm Intelligence
Nyquist plot Particle Intelligence

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Intelligent Control → Classical
Control
Classical Control

Software Designer

INTELLIGENCE
Intelligent Control

Designer Software

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Some Pre-requisites in
understanding AI

• HLL Programming

• Discrete-time systems

• Some aspects of biological systems as


well as philosophy and psychology
• ………..

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Where AI can/should be applied?

• Data is overwhelming/abundance
• Too many manual operations/procedures
• Optimization is possible
• Parallel/Distributed procedures/architectures are needed
• Decision making is required
• When current techniques are too complicated to be
used/designed
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Where AI can/should be applied?
.. Cont’d

• Mathematical models are too complex/impossible


• To increase efficiency
• To reduce cost
• To improve performance and reliability

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Some Important Facts, you
need to know….

• AI is not the only solution


• AI is only one part of technology
• AI is just a tool for improvement
• You must know your domain/target application

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Intelligent Systems; Conceptual Design
Expert Expert
systems systems
Fuzzy logic Fuzzy logic
Neural Neural
networks networks
GA GA
…………. ………….

Cognition

TASKS
Intelligent
Man- Algorithms, Execution
(Algorithms)
Machine computations
Interface

Intelligent machine
Perception
(sensors)
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AI : Some of the approaches

• Expert system
• Fuzzy Logic
• Neural Network
• Genetic Algorithm
• Swarm Intelligence
• Ant Colony
• etc

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Expert System
• Expert System (ES) is a branch of Artificial Intelligence that attempt
to mimic human experts specifically in decision making process based
on prior knowledge.

▪ Expert systems can either support decision makers or completely replace them.

▪ Expert systems are the most widely applied & commercially successful AI
technology.

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Types of ES
• Ruled Based Expert System
Represented as a series of rules

• Frame-Based System
Representation of the object-oriented programming approach

• Hybrid System
Include several knowledge representation approach

• Model-Based System
Structured around the model that stimulates the structure and function of the system
under study

• Ready-Made (Off-the-shelf) System


Custom-made, similar to application package such as an accounting general ledger
or project management in operation mgmt.

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Rules as a knowledge representation technique

◼The term rule in AI, which is the most commonly used type of
knowledge representation, can be defined as an IF-THEN structure
that relates given information or facts in the IF part to some action in
the THEN part. A rule provides some description of how to solve a
problem. Rules are relatively easy to create and understand.

◼Any rule consists of two parts: the IF part, called the antecedent
(premise or condition) and the THEN part called the consequent
(conclusion or action).

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Rules can represent relations, recommendations,
directives, strategies and heuristics:

❑Relation
IF the ‘fuel tank’ is empty
THEN the car is dead
❑Recommendation
IF the sea is very deep
AND the sky is cloudy
AND the forecast is danger
THEN the advice is ‘do not go to the sea’
❑Directive
IF eat too much raya cakes, rendang
AND the stomach is always aching
THEN the action is ‘fasting in Syawal’

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Fuzzy logic : human reasoning process (approximation)

• Differs from binary set • An element might have


theory(true or false, or partial characteristics of
1 or 0) others or a subset of
something but non-
• Similar to probability fuzzy is more
but not same in deterministic.
concept.
• Fuzzy (degree of truth)
• Probability (likelihood)

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Biological Network

Artificial Neural Network


1 n
An artificial x1 a1 O1
neural network
is a universal
function
approximator. x2 a2 O2
Weights Wij are •
“learned” to fit •
any function.

xj ak Om
1 n
Wji • • •
Wkj

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ANN
INPUT
Weights

Computation Node(s)/Neuron

OUTPUT

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AI in Industries
Briefing about…

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3 General Types of Industries

Service
Area

Mfg.
Area

Extraction
Area

Companies engaged in manufacturing


•Automotive Parts・Industrial Equipment
•High-tech Industry ・Heavy Equipment
•Planes … and others

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Advantages of Adding Intelligence
in Products/ Systems

• Better performance
• Longer Life
• Reliability
• Simpler operation
• Cost effective
• Higher efficiency
• Self-organizing / self-optimization
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Is there really a need for AI?

▪Manufacturers need to improve on their products


▪Need to satisfy customers
▪Need to improve products’ reliability
▪Need to improve products’ performance
▪Need to improve products’ features
▪Need to distinguish their products away from their
competitors

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Car Braking System

Common Braking System Model Predictive Braking System

http://www.cartrade.com/auto-guides/brake-systems-in-cars-
113490.html

INTELLIGENT CONTROL OF AUTOMOTIVE BRAKING SYSTEM


Cirovic, Velimir*, Aleksendric, Dragan,
Serbia
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ASIMO
Advanced Step in Innovative MObility

Antenna
Camera Eyes
Battery (Fuel Cell) [AI]

Gyro Sensor Measuring


Body Angle

Actuators and Other Peripheral


Systems Controlling leg
movements [AI]

Load Sensors In Leg


Intelligent Real-time
Flexible Walking [AI]

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The New ASIMO

The key features of the new ASIMO include:


Advanced communication ability thanks to pattern
recognition technology

1. Recognition of moving objects 4. Sound recognition


2. Posture/gesture recognition 5. Face recognition
3. Environment recognition

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Mitsubishi’s- Annanova

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Sony’s AIBO

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Fujitsu’s – HOAP
(Miniature Human Robot)

PINO ROBOTS

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Sony’s SDR (Sony Dream Robots)
SDR-4X II
Introducing 4 new
technologies
•Small robot actuators (ISA-4)
•Real-time Integrated Adaptive Motion
Control
•Motion creation software
•Real-time Real World Space perception
•Multi-modal Human-Robot Perception

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SDR - specifications

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Intelligent Servo Actuators (ISA-4)

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Other Features
• Multi-face Detection

◼ Emotional
Expression

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Some Postures of SDR

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Future Research in
Humanoids
ROBOT

• Speed (Fast)
• (Fuel
Not tired-Can do repetitive job
Cell)
HUMAN

 Slow
• Not imaginative/Not creative
 Intelligent
• recognition
Better speech and pattern
 Easily tired
• Some emotion  Imaginative/Creative
• Entertainment
 Emotional
• Personal Friend
 Desire
 Etc. ……
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Issues to be considered…

• Do not apply AI when


•Lack of Data
•Simpler techniques are available / sufficient
•Further optimization is not possible
• The AI Machine faulty
• Are Robots More Intelligent than Humans?
• Can Robots Replace Humans?
• Human vs Machine

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AI Application

• Freshen up your industrial attachments…

• List down industries application which use the classical control in your
company.

• Identify any of the application in the industries that has applied AI in their
system.

• Propose any one of the AI method for any suitable/appropriate system in


industries and explain why did you choose the proposed technique.

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End of Lecture 1

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What have you learned today?
• AI in three(3) techniques; ES, Fuzzy, ANN
• Description about each techniques
• Differences between AI and Classical control
• Applications of AI in industries
• Capability to analyze and proposing new technology to the
industries

Achieving CO1 and LO1, LO2


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Is success a journey
or a destination?

SLIDE | 47

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