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An Overview of MANETs: Applications, Characteristics, Challenges, and

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 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)
ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-6 Issue-4, April 2017

An Overview of MANETs: Applications,

Characteristics, Challenges and Recent Issues
Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed, Othman O. Khalifa

Abstract: In recent years, due to emerging technologies in the

field of wireless networks, ad hoc networks have attracted much II. MANETS APPLICATIONS AND RECENT
attention from the research community and industry since has ADVANCES
important technical advances have arisen as a consequence.
Mobile ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) is a group of self-organized Although initially mobile ad-hoc networks were conceived
and self-configured wireless mobile nodes (MNs) such as mobile as a general-purpose network, in terms of real-world
devices, laptops ,and PDAs , able to communicate with each other deployment and industrial adoption [4] , MANET
without the need of any neither fixed network infrastructure nor
centralized administrative support. MANET is a network that
applications are emerged as specialized networks that are
exchanges information among the entities that are potentially managed by a single authority and tailored to solve specific
mobile without any pre-defined infrastructure based problems in different areas , for example in military
communication support. These networks are of practical networks, vehicular networks or sensor networks.
importance in applications like environmental monitoring, health Additionally, MANETs are expected to become a key
care, military, location tracking, disaster recovery and many component in the 4G architecture, and use most of the
more. This paper provides a comprehensive study of MANETs
applications scenarios, main features and characteristics,
important functionality of overall next-generation wireless
challenges facing the deployment of MANET, current issues and network technologies. In this section, typical applications
latest research issues. scenarios and some of the most illustrative use cases
Keywords: MANET applications, Characteristics, Challenges, nowadays are described in table(1) which contains different
recent issues applications of MANETs through military, civilian and
commercialized applications, so the rest of the table
I. INTRODUCTION including the recent and advancement in the MANET
applications :
Last decades wireless communication has grown and Table (1): Typical Application of MANETs
still it is an area of interest to large number of scientist and
researchers. Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an Application Possible Scenarios
autonomous system consisting of a collection of mobile -Support communication and coordination needs
Tactical
between soldiers, military vehicles and information
nodes such as (laptop, cell phones, PDA, etc...) connected networks
headquarters.
by wireless link, but has no any fixed infrastructure and
Extended -Provide communication between devices or with
predefined topology of wireless links. MANET is a type of network the Internet in areas with limited infrastructure or
infrastructure less network which is self configurable in connectivity intermittent access.
nature i.e. each node is able to move in random Emergency -Used in disaster situations after disasters or
direction and can make an arbitrary Network topology[1, Services catastrophes, such as flood, earthquake or fire.
2]. The absence of fixed infrastructure means that the nodes -Used in the E-commerce such as electronic
payments anytime and anywhere environments[5].
communicate directly with one another in a peer-to-peer Commercial -Used as road or accident guidance and it is used in
fashion. There are different limitations techniques of and civilian transmission of road and weather conditions, taxi
wireless network such as high error rate, power restrictions, Environment cab network, and inter-vehicle networks.
- Used in sports stadiums, trade fairs, and shopping
bandwidth constraints, etc. but these could not limit the rise malls. It service as networks of visitors at airports.
of wireless technology. Mobile Ad-hoc Network MANET is
a special point of focus for industry and academic - Vehicles are equipped with wireless interfaces
researchers from all around the globe. This technology has that enable them to communicate with each other
(V2V) or with road-side fixed infrastructure (V2
come with its own flavors it is easy to deploy in disaster I).
areas and for emergency operations [3]. This paper is - V2V communications allow vehicles to
organized as follows. Section 2 gives an overview of the Vehicular participate in vehicle coordination platforms as
Networks well as the routing of other communications
recent applications scenarios of MANET. Section3 presents (VANETs) - V2 I connectivity allow vehicles to obtain
MANET characteristics. Section4 explain MANET recent information about road conditions, traffic
research trends and challenges. Section 5 includes the scope congestion or accident warnings
- IEEE 1609 standards define architecture and a
for future research. The last section concludes and presents complementary, standardized set of services and
some future works. interfaces that collectively enable secure V2V and
V2I wireless communications.
- Main goal of planning InVANETs is to avoid
Revised Version Manuscript Received on April 08, 2017. vehicle crash so that can keep passengers as safe as
Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed, Faculty of Computer Science and In VANETs possible.
Information Technology, Sudan University for Science and Technology, -Vehicles form MANET for communication using
Sudan, E-mail: diaa@uofb.edu.sd WiMax IEEE802.16 and WiFi 802.11
Othman O. Khalifa, Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, International Islamic University, Malaysia, E-mail:
khalifa@iium.edu.my

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 An Overview of MANETs: Applications, Characteristics, Challenges and Recent Issues

-Allows the proximal electronic devices with decentralized routing is the key for the proper operation of
Wireless
Personal Area
specific purposes, such as cameras, storage the network. Figure (1) depicts the usual appearance of an
devices, televisions, mobile phones, or laptops, to self-configured or infrastructure-less MANETs ,where
Networks
dynamically share information through an
(PANs) Figure (2) show the infrastructure based MANETs [6].
autonomous home networks.
-System of wireless medical sensors can be located
Body Area in or around a human body operating as a health
Networks monitoring system.
(BANs) -BANs formed by medical sensors used in
telemedicine systems
- Used to interconnect a set of low-cost and low-
power sensor devices deployed in the environment
or, alternatively, carried by animals.
Wireless Sensor
-These devices usually are embedded, for instance,
Networks
in buildings, bridges, streets, on animals, or
(WSNs)
mountains and they are used to environmental or
industrial monitoring and, more generally, to
monitor events and phenomena
-New scenario of the modern wireless
communication where all the devices communicate
Smart Cities
via a common platform and thus can easily be
controlled remotely Fig (1): Infrastructure-less Network (Mobile Ad-Hoc
-Enable mobile conferencing for business users Networks (MANETs)
who need to collaborate outside their office where
Mobile
no network infrastructure is available
Conferencing
-The users need to share documents, upload and
download files, and exchange ideas
-Objects of everyday life will be equipped with
micro-controllers, transceivers for digital
communication, and suitable protocol stacks that
will make them able to communicate with one
Internet of
another and with the users becoming an integral
Things (IoT)
part of the Internet easy access and interaction with
a wide variety of devices such as, for instance,
home appliances, surveillance cameras, monitoring
sensors, actuators, displays, vehicles, and so on
- Universities and campus settings
- Virtual class rooms
Education
- Ad hoc communications during meetings or
lectures
- Multi-user games
- Wireless P2P networking
Fig (2): Infrastructure Network (Cell phone Network)
Entertain-ment - Outdoor internet access As consequence we can mention most of the characteristics
- Robotic pets
- Theme parks
of MANETs as follows:
- Internet based mobile ad hoc networks
- Are ad hoc networks that link mobile nodes and
1. Infrastructure-less Nature:
I MANETs
fixed Internet gateway nodes. For example, MANET is formed based on the collaboration between
multiple sub independent peer-to-peer nodes to communicate with other
- Flying, mobile ad hoc network, mobile base
stations is to mount them on flying vehicles like nodes for a particular purpose[7]. No prior base station or
helicopters, hot air balloons or drones organization is defined and all devices have the same role in
- In this approach, a subset of the base stations can the network. In addition, there are no pre-set roles such as
FANET be equipped with the necessary infrastructure to
communicate with the ground base or satellite
routers or gateways as the nodes participating in the network
while the other base stations can simply transfer are provided, each device can work as a node and router at
their data through this subset to the underlying the same time. That is, it is autonomous in behavior and
network. nodal connectivity is intermittent.
III. MANET CHARACTERISTICS 2. Dynamic Topology
The study and development of infrastructure-less wireless MANET nodes are free to move around; thus they could be
networks have been very popular in recent years. MANETs in and out of the network, constantly changing their links
may be constructed by any kind of wireless device equipped and topology. In addition, the links between nodes could be
with radio transmitter and receiver, such as nodes maintain bi-directional or unidirectional. This feature however causes
compatible radio interfaces (IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi, IEEE high user density and large level of user mobility.
802.15 Bluetooth, IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee, IEEE 802.16 3. Bandwidth Constraints and Variable Link Capacity:
WiMAX, etc.). Since these nodes are wireless devices and Wireless links that connect the MANET nodes have much
may be using battery power, they are completely smaller bandwidth than those with wires[7]. Due to the
autonomous. Therefore, they might move anywhere while effects of multiple accesses, multipath fading, noise,
still communicating each other. Both node mobility and congestion, fluctuation and signal interference,
heterogeneity are common characteristics of MANETs. In
this kind of network, every node must be able to forward
and route packets that belong to other transmissions. This

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 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)
ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-6 Issue-4, April 2017

the capacity of a wireless link can be degraded over time used for short range communications. Therefore, the nodes
and the effective throughput may be less than the radio’s that wish to communicate directly need to be in close
maximum transmission capacity. proximity to each other. To overcome this limitation, multi-
hop routing techniques are used through intermediate nodes
4. Multi-Hop Communications:
that act as routers to connect distant nodes. Since MANETs
Due to signal propagation characteristics of wireless can be deployed rapidly without the support of a fixed
transceivers, MANETs require the support of multi hop infrastructure, they can be used in situations where
communications[8]; that is, when a source node and temporary network connectivity is needed.
destination node for a message is out of the radio range, the
MANETs is capable of multi-hop routing for mobile nodes 11. Distributed Operation:
that cannot reach the destination node. A message from There's no background network for the central control of the
source node to destination node goes through multiple nodes network operations, the control of the network is distributed
because of limited transmission radius. Every node acts as a on the list of nodes. The nodes involved in a MANET
router and forwards packets from other nodes to facilitate should cooperate with one another and communicate among
multi-hop routing[9]. themselves and each node acts as an exchange as needed, to
implement specific functions such as routing and
5. Constrained Resources (Light-Weight Terminals)
security[11].
Most of the MANET devices are small hand-held devices
ranging from laptops, smart phones and personal digital 12. Heterogeneity in Node and Link Capabilities:
assistants (PDA) to cell phones. These devices have limited Every node in the network may have one or more different
power (battery operated) processing capabilities and storage radio interfaces which have varying transmitting and
capacities. receiving capabilities, which operates on different frequency
bands. This variation in the node radio capabilities leads to
6. Fluctuating Link Capacity
asymmetric links. Each node may also have different
The nature of high bit-error rates of wireless connection processing capabilities because of heterogeneity in
might be more profound in a MANET. One end-to-end path software/hardware configuration. For such heterogeneous
can be shared by several sessions. The channel over which network, the design of protocols and algorithms is
the terminals communicate is subjected to noise, fading, and complicated, requiring dynamic adaptation to the changing
interference, and has less bandwidth than a wired network. conditions[10].
In some scenarios, the path between any pair of users can
traverse multiple wireless links and the link themselves can IV. MANET CHALLENGES AND CURRENT
be heterogeneous. ISSUES
7. Limited Device Security
Regardless of the attractive applications and different
MANET devices are usually small and portable and are not characteristics of MANET, we can introduce several
restricted by location. As a result, these devices can be challenges and issues that must be studied carefully before a
easily lost, damaged or stolen. wide commercial deployment can be expected. MANET
8. Limited Physical Security environment has to overcome these issues and challenges.
Wireless links made MANET more susceptible to physical These challenges represent the open issues and unresolved
problems. MANETs have been popular field of study during
layer attackers, such as eavesdropping, jamming, spoofing
and Denial of Service attack (DoS). However, the the last few years. Almost every aspect of the network has
been explored in one way or another at different level of
decentralized nature of MANET makes them better
protected against single failure points. But in other side problem. The most important challenges and recent research
mobile wireless networks are more prone to threats than trends of the MANET are mentioned bellow [5, 12-15]:
infra-structured networks. As in MANETs, all the 1. Limited Bandwidth
networking functions like routing, packet forwarding are Wireless link continue to have significantly lower capacity
performed by the nodes itself, because of this reason than infrastructure networks. In addition, the realized
securing a mobile wireless network is very challenging. The throughput of wireless communication after accounting for
increased possibility of eavesdropping, spoofing and the effect of multiple access, fading, noise, and interference
minimization of denial of-service type attacks should be conditions, etc., is often much less than a radio’s maximum
carefully into consideration[10]. The distributed nature of transmission rate.
operation of security, routing and host configuration cause
to the absent of centralized firewall here. 2. Routing:
Routing is a significant point of view with researchers since
9. Limited Device Security
routing protocols is essential issue in this field, because
MANET devices are usually small and portable and are not changes in network topology occur frequently. An efficient
restricted by location. As a result, these devices can be and intelligent routing protocol is required to cope with
easily lost, damaged or stolen. highly dynamic and fluid network conditions.
10. Short Range Connectivity
MANET depends on radio frequency (RF) or infrared (IR)
technology for connectivity, both of which are generally

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 An Overview of MANETs: Applications, Characteristics, Challenges and Recent Issues

3. Routing Overhead 14. Packet Losses Due to Transmission Errors

In MANETs, nodes often change their location and topology The Ad hoc wireless networks experiences a much higher
within network due to the dynamic nature of MANET. So, packet loss due to factors such as increased collisions due to
some stale routes are generated in the routing table which the presence of hidden terminals, presence of interference,
leads to unnecessary\`y routing overhead. uni-directional links, and frequent path breaks due to
mobility of nodes.
4. The Wireless Link Characteristics Are Time-Varying
In Nature 15. Hidden Terminal Problem
There are transmission impediments like fading, path loss, The hidden terminal problem refers to the collision of
blockage and interference that add to the susceptible packets at a receiving node due to the simultaneous
behavior of wireless channels. The reliability of wireless transmission of those nodes that are not within the direct
transmission is resisted by different factors. transmission range of the sender, but are within the
transmission range of the receiver.
5. TCP/ UDP
TCP and UDP are the standard protocols used in the 16. Security Threats
Internet. Applications running over MANET, such as http The wireless mobile ad hoc nature of MANETs brings new
and real time audio/video need transport layer protocols like security challenges to the network design. As the wireless
TCP and UDP to send packets over the links. medium is vulnerable to eavesdropping and ad hoc network
functionality is established through node cooperation,
6. Route Changes Due To Mobility
mobile ad hoc networks are intrinsically exposed to
The network topology in an ad hoc wireless network is numerous security attacks.
highly dynamic due to the movement of nodes; hence an on-
going session suffers frequent path breaks. This situation 17. Multicasting and Geo-Casting
often leads to frequent route changes. Multicast service supports users communicating with other
members in a multicast group. Broadcast service supports
7. Dynamic Topology
users communicating with all members on a network.
Dynamic topology membership may disturb the trust
relationship among nodes. The trust may also be disturbed if 18. Location Service:
some nodes are detected as compromised. Location information uses the Global Positioning System
(GPS) or the network based geo-location technique to obtain
8. IP Addressing
the physical position of a destination.
One of the most important issues is the set of IP addresses
that are assigned to the ad-hoc network. IP addressing and 19. Clustering:
address auto configuration have attracted much attention in Clustering is a method to partition the hosts into several
MANETs. clusters and provide a convenient framework for resource
management, routing and virtual circuit support.
9. Multiple Accesses
A major issue is to develop efficient medium access 20. QoS/ Multimedia
protocols that optimize spectral reuse, and hence, maximize Quality of Service (QoS) and Multimedia require high
aggregate channel utilization in MANETs. bandwidth, low delay, and high reliability.
10. Battery Constraints 21. Fault Tolerance
Devices used in these networks have restrictions on the This issue involves detecting and correcting faults when
power source in order to maintain portability, size and network failures occur. Fault-tolerance techniques are
weight of the device. brought in for maintenance when a failure occurs during
node movement, joining, or leaving the network.
11. Radio Interface
Mobile nodes rely on the radio interface or antenna to 22. Diffusion Hole Problem:
transmit packets. Packet forwarding or receiving via radio The nodes located on boundaries of holes may suffer from
interface or antenna techniques in MANETs are useful excessive energy consumption since the geographic routing
investigations. tends to delivers data packets along the whole boundaries by
perimeter routing if it needs to bypass the hole. This can
12. Power Management
enlarge the hole because of excessive energy consumption
A power management approach would help reducing power of the node boundaries nodes.
consumption and hence prolonging the battery life of mobile
nodes. Because most devices operate on batteries, power 23. Device Discovery:
management becomes an important issue. Identifying relevant newly moved in nodes and informing
about their existence need dynamic update to facilitate
13. Frequent Network Partitions
automatic optimal route selection.
The random movement of nodes often leads to partition of
the network. This mostly affects the intermediate nodes.

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 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)
ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-6 Issue-4, April 2017

24. Inter-Networking: over wireless media, it is natural that multicast routing

In addition to the communication within an ad hoc network, should receive some attention for MANETs. So it is, in most
inter-networking between MANET and fixed networks of the cases, advantageous to use multicast rather than
(mainly IP based) is often expected in many cases. The multiple unicast, especially in MANET environment where
coexistence of routing protocols in such a mobile device is a bandwidth comes at a premium. MANETs find applications
challenge for the harmonious mobility management. in civilian operations (collaborative and distributed
computing) emergency search and-rescue, law enforcement,
25. Topology Maintenance: and warfare situations, where setting up and maintaining a
Updating information of dynamic links among nodes in communication infrastructure is very difficult. In all these
MANETs is major challenging issue. applications, communication and coordination among a
given set of nodes are necessary. Considering all these, in
26. Robustness and Reliability:
future the routing protocols might especially emphasize the
Misbehaving nodes and unreliable links can have a severe support for multicasting in the network.
impact on overall network performance. Due to the lack of
centralized monitoring and management mechanisms, these 3. HANET:
types of misbehaviors cannot be detected and isolated A network formed by connecting devices with different
quickly and easily. This increases the design complexity capabilities (like mobile phones, mobile electronic devices)
significantly. must be able to exchange messages with one another in a
consistent and unified way. This way of connecting
27. Heterogeneity
different devices with some dedicated potential roles is
The Heterogeneous Ad Hoc Networks (HANETs) are heterogeneity. Device specifications like memory, storage
Important components of the Internet of things (IoT), which space, and processor speed vary significantly among them
become an inevitable trend in the future researches and which make it difficult to implement a uniform
applications. In recent years, the ad hoc networks have been programming interface on all nodes[17]. HANETs have
widely employed in many fields, especially in environment become a critical research field, which consists of Wireless
monitoring, weapon control, intelligent transportation, smart Sensor Networks (WSN), wireless fidelity networks (Wi-Fi)
city and other domains[16]. or (Wi-MAX), telecommunication networks and other smart
ad hoc networks. Researchers devote themselves to improve
V. SCOPE FOR FUTURE RESEARCH the performance of HANETs in recent years. With large-
The successful deployment and exploitation of MANET in scale deployment of smart devices, HANETs are applied to
practice are becoming quite a formidable task. However, the various scenarios. However to improve the communication
design and analysis of a reliable MANET introduces a performance among smart terminals is an important research
formidable challenge since the required knowledge topic, such as self-organizing protocols, energy saving and
encompasses a whole range of topics viz., network security mechanisms in HANETs.
complexity, routing optimization issues, QoS, scalability, 4. Geo-Protocols:
heterogeneity, clustering, security ,reliability ,bandwidth With the growing popularity of positioning devices,
management, mobility management etc[17]. In this context geographic routing protocols are one of the choices for use
we are try to demonstrate some of the research directions in in MANETs. Periodic broadcasting of packets that contain
the future run related to some unresolved problems that we the geographic location coordinates of the nodes is a popular
are expected that the coming in research efforts will method used by most Geographic routing (GEO) protocols
overcome these topics. to maintain neighbor positions. Ultimate aim is to reduce the
1. Secure Routing Protocols With Qos–Aware: energy consumption and receive more packets at minimum
More and more efficient routing protocols for MANET end to end delay with adaptive position updates. In addition,
might come in front in the coming future, which might take Enhance Adaptive Position Update (E-PU) scheme
security and QoS (Quality of Service) as the major concerns. dynamically gives better solution for node movements.
So far, the routing protocols mainly focused on the methods Mean while we can list some of the hot areas of open
of routing, but in future a secured but QoS-aware routing research that will overcome MANET inherent features such
protocol could be worked on. Ensuring both of these as the high mobility, dynamic topology, scalability, location
parameters at the same time might be difficult. A very services and to some extend the heterogeneity as follows:
secure routing protocol surely incurs more overhead for a) Energy Based Geographic Routing in MANETs.
routing, which might degrade the QoS level. So an optimal b) Clustering with Energy Efficient routing protocols.
trade-off between these two parameters could be c) QoS support video streaming applications, and
searched[18]. operating in an energy-efficient way.
d) Multicasting and cross-layer Design to support real-
2. Multicast Routing with QoS-Aware: time video transmissions.
In the recent years some multicast routing protocols have
been proposed. The reason for the growing importance of VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
multicast is that this strategy could be used as a means to This paper presents a comprehensive survey and overview
reduce bandwidth utilization for mass distribution of data. of the recent application scenarios.
As there is a pressing need to conserve scarce bandwidth

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 An Overview of MANETs: Applications, Characteristics, Challenges and Recent Issues

Of MANET. In addition we focus on the most important

characteristics and challenges facing the deployment of
MANETs. Also this review paper provides the recent
direction of research works related to MANETs that will
help to invent and produce new products of applications that
has an impact in different areas such as military, education,
video streaming, real-time video games , health care and
monitoring and IoT applications.

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Author’s Biographies
Diaa Eldein Mustafa Ahmed: PhD student in Computer Science Program
at Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Sudan
University for Science and Technology, Sudan

Othman O. Khalifa: Professor, Department of Electrical and Computer

Engineering, international Islamic University, Malaysia.

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