Geometry-Angles

Euclid, Greek Eukleides, (c. 300 BCE) is the most prominent mathematician
of the Greco-Roman era, best known for
his thesis on geometry, the Elements.
He thought of geometry as an abstract model of
the world. The concepts of point, line, plane (or
surface) and so on were derived from what was
seen around them.
A solid has three dimensions, a surface has two, a
line has one and a point has none, Euclid
summarised these statements as definitions.
He began his exposition by listing 23 definitions 325 BCE – 265 BCE

in Book 1 of the ‘Elements’. A few of them are given below:

1. A point is that which has no part.
2. A line is a breadthless length.
3. The ends of a line are points.
4. A straight line is a line that lies evenly with the points on itself.
5. A surface is that which has length and breadth only.
6. The edges of a surface are lines. A plane surface is a surface that lies evenly
with the straight lines on itself
Have you ever noticed a tall building?
In most tall buildings, have you ever observed what mathematical concept is used to
construct each floor of the building? This is where the concept of lines and angles are used.

2
 Getting started

Naz is investigating the angles formed by the diagonals of quadrilaterals. He starts with a
square and notices that the diagonals form four right angles.

Transversal
Corresponding
 Which other quadrilaterals have diagonals that meet at right angles
angles?
 Can you find a quadrilateral that has diagonals that do not Alternate angles
meet at right angles? Vertically Opposite
 What angles do the diagonals form? What do you notice angles
about the sum of the angles produced at the point where the
diagonal of a quadrilateral intersect? Is this always true? Adjacent Angles
How do you know? Exterior angle
 Naz notices that drawing on the diagonals of a square
produces four small triangles that meet at the centre. What
is the sum of all twelve of the angles in these four triangles?

What is the sum of all twelve of the angles in these four triangles?

• Use the angle sum from the four triangles and the angle sum at the point where the
diagonals intersect to show that the angles in a square must add up to 360°.
• Use a similar approach to show that the angles in a parallelogram must add up to 360°.

When a line cuts across parallel lines, it is called a Transversal. Look at the figure below

3
Look at the rectangle and parallelogram ABCD above. The sides AB and CD are parallel and
the sides AD and BC are parallel (parallel lines are marked by arrows in the parallelogram).
For the parallel lines AB and CD, AD and BC are transversals. Likewise, for the parallel lines
AD and BC, AB and CD are transversals.

There are several interesting properties of angles formed because of a transversal.

Look at the figure above. Transversal t intersects the two parallel lines l and m forming
angles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
Before looking at the various properties of the angles above, let us take a moment to note
that most angles shown above are linear pairs of angles (they are adjacent and their sum
equals 1800). Angles 1 and 2, 3 and 4, 1 and 3, 2 and 4, 5 and 6 are a few. So 1 + 2 = 3 + 4 =
1 + 3 = 5 + 6 = 1800

Can you name the other supplementary angles in the space given below?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

4
Interior angles - When a transversal intersects two lines, angles formed on the interior of the
two lines on either side of the transversal are known as interior angles. Angles 3, 4, 5 and 6
are interior angles.

Exterior angles - When a transversal intersects two lines, angles are formed on the exterior
of the two lines on either side of the transversal. 1, 2, 7 and 8 are exterior angles.

Corresponding angles – Angles in the same position as each other. They make an F shape. In
the figure, the angles 2 and 6, 4 and 8 are corresponding angles. Corresponding angles are
equal. So, ∠2 = ∠6 and ∠4 = ∠8.

Can you identify the other corresponding angles?

REMEMBER:
Adjacent angles on a
straight line are
supplementary

______

Co-interior angles are between the lines and on the same side of the transversal. They are
“inside together”. They make a C or U shape.

5
Alternate interior angles – Alternate angles are between the lines and on alternate
(opposite)sides of the transversal. They make a Z or N shape. When two parallel lines are
intersected by a transversal, then the alternate interior angles are equal. In the figure above,
4 and 5, and 3 and 6 are the alternate interior angles.
So, ∠4 = ∠5 and ∠3 = ∠6

Alternate exterior angles – When a transversal intersects two parallel lines, the alternate
exterior angles are equal (or congruent)
If we go back to the figure above, 2 and 7, and 1 and 8 are the two pairs of alternate exterior
angles.
∴ ∠1 = ∠8 and ∠2 = ∠7

Remember the
word FUN
whenever you see
a transversal!

Consecutive interior angles – The angles that lie between the two parallel lines on the same
side of the transversal are called consecutive interior angles. These angles need not be equal.
In our figure, the angles 4 and 6, and 3 and 5 are consecutive interior angles.

Consecutive exterior angles – The angles that lie outside the parallel lines but on the same
side of the transversal are called consecutive exterior angles.
The angles 2 and 8, and 1 and 7 are consecutive exterior angles. These need not be equal.

Vertically opposite angles – These are pairs of opposite angles formed when two lines
intersect. Vertically opposite angles are equal. In our figure, the angles 1 and 3, and 2 and 4
are vertically opposite angles. ∴ ∠1 = ∠3 and ∠2 =∠4

6
 Try This:
Use the diagram below to find:
(a) 10 pairs of corresponding angles
(b) 8 pairs of vertically opposite angles
(c) 4 pairs of co-interior angles
(d) 8 pairs of alternate angles
(e) 6 pairs of adjacent supplementary angles

Calculating Angles
In this section, you will…
 Use the properties of parallel lines to calculate angles
 Use the properties of triangles and quadrilaterals to calculate angles
 Use several different angle properties together.

7
In earlier stages, you have learned about the angle properties of triangles.
Quadrilaterals and parallel lines. In this section, you will need to decide which
properties to use to work out missing angles.

Worked example:
Calculate the values of x and y.

Answer:

The sum of angles on a straight line is 1800 and so x = 180 – 118 = 62

Angle C of the quadrilateral is 3600 – (620 + 800 + 1340) = 840
Angles DCF and ADC are alternate angles so angle DCF = x0 = 620
Then y = 180 – (84 + 62) = 34

8
9
10
Name: Grade:8 Date:
Subject: NUMERACY Time:30 Min Code: KS-G7-N- LA-Worksheet-1
Topic: Angles Subtopic: Skill: Acquaintance
Complementary and
Supplementary

1. Two angles of a quadrilateral are 700 and one angle is 800. Work out the fourth angle.

2.

Work out the value of x.

3. From this diagram, give an example of

a. Two corresponding angles

b. Two alternate angles

c. Two vertically opposite angles.

11
4. In the figure, POQ is a line, ∠POR=4x and ∠QOR=2x. Find the value of x

12
Name: Grade:8 Date:
Subject: Numeracy Time:30 Min Code: KS-G7-N- LA-Worksheet-2
Topic: Angles Subtopic: Skill: Acquaintance
Complementary and
Supplementary

1. Work out the angles of this triangle.

2. In this diagram, AB = AC = AD
a. Calculate x and y.

b. Work out angle C of quadrilateral ABCD.

c. Show that the sum of the four angles of the quadrilateral is 3600.

13
3. Calculate angles a, b, c and d.

4. The angles of a quadrilateral are x0, (x + 10)0 , (x + 20)0 and (x + 30)0.

Work out the value of x.

5.
a. What type of quadrilateral is ABCD? Give a
reason for your answer.

b. Work out the angles of ABCD.

14
Name: Grade:8 Date:
Subject: NUMERACY Time:30 Min Code: KS-G7-N- LA-Worksheet-3
Topic: Angles Skill: Acquaintance
Subtopic: Complementary
and Supplementary

1. ABCD is a kite.
Work out the angles of ABCD.

2. O is the centre of the circle, OA, OB and OC are radii.

Angle AOB = 720. Give reasons for your answers.

Work out
a. Angle OAB

b. Angle OCB

c. Angle ABC

3. Work out the values of x and y. Justify your answers.

15
4. Work out the value of x.

5.ACE is a straight line.

a. Calculate angle BAD.

b. Show that the sum of the angles of ABCD is 3600.

16
Name: Grade:8 Date:
Subject: Numeracy Time:30 Min Code: KS-G7-N- LA-Worksheet-4
Topic: Angles Skill: Acquaintance
Subtopic: Complementary
and Supplementary

1. Complete this proof to show that the sum of the interior angles in a triangle is 180°.
Here is a triangle with internal angles a, b and c and a line drawn parallel to the base through
the top vertex. Two further angles, d and e, have been labelled.

2. Find the angles marked with letters. Give a geometric reason for each answer.

17
3. Find the angles marked with letters. Give a geometric reason for each answer.

4. Find angles u and v and give a reason.

18
5. Complete the sentences using words from the box.

exterior angle angles in a triangle angles in a quadrilateral interior angle alternate

opposite equal corresponding angles vertically opposite

a) An angle inside a shape is called an_________ . The angle formed outside a shape between one side
and the extension of the next side is called an __________.

b) The exterior angle of a triangle is _________ to the sum of the ___________ interior angles.

c) We can use angle rules and shape properties to find the value of a missing angle. For example,
_______angles and _____________angles may be found on parallel lines crossed by a transversal and are
equal.

d) When any two lines intersect, two pairs of ____________equal angles are formed.

e) Angles on a straight line and ____________sum to 180°.

f) Angles around a point and ____________sum to 360°

6. Write down whether the marked angles are vertically opposite, alternate angles or corresponding
angles.

19
7. Find the size of each angle marked with a letter.

20