uni

tary/
spli
tequi
pment:
THEUNITARYPRODUCTSLIKEWI NDOW AI
RCONDITIONERSANDSPLIT UNI
TSAREIDEALLYSUI
TEDFOR
STANDALONESMALLERAPPLI CATI
ONSLI KEHOUSESANDSHOPS.HOWEVER,THEIAQANDENERGY
EFFICI
ENCYNEEDASPECIALATTENTION.THESESHALLCONFORM TORELEVANTINDI
ANSTANDARDS

vari
ablerefri
gentflow (
vrf)system:
teraturestudy
THESEARETHESYSTEMSFORMI DDLESI
ZECOMMERCI ALESTABLI
SHMENTSLI KESHOPS,SMALLHOTELS
,
NURSI NGHOMES,RESTAURANTS,LARGERESIDENCES,
BANK,EDUCATIONINSTITUTES,SMALLOFFI
CE,ETC
ANDCANPROVI DEASUPERIORPERFORMANCE OVERCONVENTI ONALUNI TARYEQUI PMENT/
PACKAGE
UNITS.HOWEVER, THEIAQ,REDUNDANCYANDLONGREFRI GERANTPI PE LENGTHSREQUIRED,NEEDA
SPECIALATTENTION.

centralplants:
THESEAREI DEALLYSUI TEDFORALLMEDI UM ANDLARGE SCALEPROJECTSTHATREQUI REAIR-CONDITIONI
NG
WHEREI NTHECHI LLEDWATERI STRANSPORTEDTOREMOTEAI RTERMINALUNI TSFORHEATTRANSFER.THE
WATERCHILLINGMACHI NES(CHI LLERS)ARECATEGORIZEDWI THRESPECTTOTYPEOFCOMPRESSORANDHEAT
TRANSFERMECHANI SM.THEIRSELECTIONCALLSFORACAREFULREVI EW I
NTERMSOFANTI CIPATEDVARIATION
INLOAD,PARTLOADEFFI CIENCY,REDUNDANCY,ETC.THEBENEFITSOFCENTRALPLANTSI NCLUDEHI GHEST
EFFI
CIENCY,REDUCEDMAI NTENANCECOSTSANDOVERALLLOWERTOTALI NSTALLEDCAPACITY(DUETO
OVERALLDI VERSITY)INCOMP ARISONTOOTHEROPTI ONS.
li

waterchi
lli
ngmachi
nes(
chi
llers)
:
CHI
LLERSMAYBEUSEDEI THERSI NGULARLYORI NGROUPS
ANDI NEI THERAI R-COOLEDORWATER-COOLEDOPTI ONS.AS
AGUI DELI NE,AIR-COOLEDCHI LLERSARERECOMMENDED
WHENWATERI SEITHERINSCARCESUPPLYAND/ OREXPENSI VE
ORI NCASETHEAMBI ENTCONDI TIONSAREFAVOURABLE.
W ATER-COOLEDCHI LLERSAREMOREENERGYEFFI CIENTTHAN
THEAI R-
COOLEDCHI LLERSBUTDOREQUI REACOOLI NGTOWER
WHI CHDEMANDSASUPPLYOFSUI TABLYTREATEDWATER.
COOLI NGTOWERMAYBEPROVI DEDWI THSI
DESTREAM
FILTRATIONSYSTEM TOCONSERVEWATERTHATI SWASTED
AWAYDURI NGBLOW DOWN. THEYHAVEALONGEROPERAT-
IONALLI FEANDAREOFTENSELECTEDFORLARGERCAP ACITY
APPLICATI ONS.ITISWORTHWHI LETOLOOKATOTHERSAVI NG
STRATEGI ESLIKEHEATRECOVERY(HEATMACHI NE/HEAT
PUMPS/DE-SUPERHEATER/ DOUBLEBUNDLECONDENSERS/
CONDENSERHEATRECOVERY/ HEATRECOVERI NAHUS) ,POSSI
-
BILITYOFHYBRI DCOOLINGOPTI ONSORCLOSEDCELLCOOL-
INGTOWERSTOREDUCEENERGYCONSUMPTI ON.THEUSEOF
RECYCLEDWATERFROM A SEWAGE/ EFFLUENTTREATMENT
PLANTFORCOOLI NGTOWERMAKE-UPI SDESI
RABLE.

PARAMETERSTHATNEEDTOBEOPTI MI
ZEDWHI LE
DESIGNI
NGACHILLER-WATERPLANTINCLUDEFLOW
RATESANDTEMPERATURES,PUMPI
NGOPTIONS,PLANT
CONFIGURATI
ONANDCONTROLMETHODS.

CHI
LLERSARELOCATEDEXTERNALLY.NORMALLYONROOFTOPS.

ai
rhandli
nguni
ts(
ahu)
CHOICEOFAI RHANDLINGUNI TSWITHSUPPLYANDRETURN/EXHAUSTAI R DETERMI
NEAIRFL
OW REQ'
DFOREACHSPACE,
FORTOTALSI
ZEOFFANUNI
TSI
NTONS.
FANSMAYHELPI NENERGYSAVI NG.DURINGFREECOOLI NGCONDI TI
ONSWHEN EQUATI
ON:AREA
PROGRAM/
SF/
TON=TONSREQ'
DFORSPACE
THEAMBI ENTTEMPERATUREI SCOMFORTABLE, THESUPPLYFANDRAWSALL
OUTSIDEAIR,WHEREASTHERETURN/ EXHAUSTFANEXHAUSTSTHEAI RFROM THE
CONDITIONEDAREA.THEAI RHANDLI NGUNITWI THVFDMAYBECONSI DEREDSO
ASTOMEETTHEVARI EDAIRQUANTI TIESFORVARI OUSSEASONS.THISCANWORK
INTANDEM WITHAVARI ABLEFREQUENCYDRI VETHEAI RHANDLI NGUNI TSWORK
INSEQUENCEWI THHEATRECOVERYWHEELWI THWHI CHTHEFRESHAI RDRAWN
MAYBECOOLEDBYRETURNAI RRESULTINGINENERGYSAVINGWHI LE
MAINTAININGTHEIAQLEVELSWHI CHREQUIRESHI GHEROUTSIDEAI R.TOILET
EXHAUSTFANSMAYBECONNECTEDWI THANINFRAREDSENSOR/TI MERORSUCH
OTHERMEANSWHI CHFACILITATESOPERATIONONLYDURI NGOCCUP ANCY.

TOTALBLDG.COOLI
NGLOAD:
60TONSQUICKCHECK:
OVERALLAREA/TONS=?
20,
000/60=333.
3

O1 HVAC SYSTEM LI
YAQHATHHUSSAI
NA FUWAADS J
MOHAMEDSAKEENA MOHI
AVEDAKTHARA
THAD PRASHEEBAS
 ai
rdi
stri
buti
on cooli
ngtower
THEDESI GNOFANAIRDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEM SHOULDTAKEI NTO CHOOSEUNITBASEDON#TONSREQUI RED.
CONSIDERATIONTHEFACTORSOFOCCUP ANTVARIABLESANDSP ACE FOROURPROJ ECT,60TONREQ'D,MIN.SI
ZEUNITIS100TON.
CONDI TIONSSOTHATOCCUPANTSHEATLOSSI SMAI NTAINEDATA THI
SOVERSIZED,BUTFI NEASMOSTUNI TSRUNBESTAT
COMFORTABLERATE.OCCUP ANTVARI ABLESI
NCLUDEACTI VITYLEVEL, ABOUT75% CAPACI TY)
.
METABOLI C RATE AND CLOTHING LEVELS. SPACE CONDI TI
ONS ARE MANUF:MARLEY,100TONUNI T:12'
L4'D10'H
INFLUENCEDBYDRYBULBANDRADI ANTTEMPERATURES,RELATI VE
HUMI DITYANDAIRVELOCITY.VARI
OUSTYPESOFAI RDI STRIBUTI ON
teraturestudy
METHODOLOGI ESTHATMAYBEADOPTEDONAPROJ ECTARE:

1.
MIXI
NGAI
RSYSTEMS

THE MI XI
NG VENTI LATION
SYSTEM SUPPLIESAIRATHI GH
VELOCITY I NTO THE ROOM
FROM THE I NLET SITUATED
CLOSE TO THE CEI LI
NG.THE
FRESH AIR MI XES WITH THE
AIR PRESENT I N THE ROOM
AND EXITSFROM THEOUTLET
LOCATEDNEARTHEFLOOR

2.
)VARI
ABLEAI
RVOLUMESYSTEM

CABINS AND
dampers
CONFERENCEAREAS ALLAI RSUPPLYANDEXHAUSTEQUI PMENT,HAVI
NGAVARI ABLEFREQUENCY
WHICHHAVEP ARTI
AL DRIVE(VFD),SHALLHAVE
USAGEMAYBEPROVID DAMPERSTHATAUTOMATI CALLYCLOSEUPON:
EDWI THVARIABLEAIR
VOLUMEUNI TSSOTHAT A)FANSHUTDOWN,OR,
THEYMAYBEOPERATED B)WHENSP ACESSERVEDARENOTI NUSE
BASEDONTHEUSAGE C)BACKDRAFTGRAVI TYDAMPERI SACCEPTABLEINTHESYSTEM WITHDESIGN
WHICHFURTHER
RESULTSINENERGY OUTDOORAI ROFTHE
SAVING. SYSTEM ISLESSTHAN150LITERSPERSECONDI NALLCLI
MATI C
ZONESEXCEPTCOLDCLI MATE,PROVIDEDBACKDRAFTDAMPERS
FORVENTI LATIONAI
RINTAKESAREPROTECTEDFROM DI RECT
EXPOSURETOWI ND.
D)DAMPERSARENOTREQUI REDINVENTI LATI
ONOR
3.
DISPLACEMENTSYSTEMS EXHAUSTSYSTEMSSERVI NGNATURALLY

controls:
USAGEOFACCURATE/ SENSITI
VECONTROLSMAYSAVEPOWERBY10TO20
li

PERCENT.BUILDING CONTROL SYSTEM PLAYS AN I MPORTANT P ART IN THE

DISPLACEMENT OPERATION OF A BUI LDING AND DETERMI NES WHETHER MANY OF THE
VENTILATIONSYSTEMS SUSTAINABLEDESI GNASPECTSI NCLUDEDI NTHEORI GINALPLANACTUALLY
AREAPPROPRI ATEIN FUNCTIONASI NTENDED. THEMAI NOBJ ECTI
VEI STOIMPROVETHEQUALI TYAND
SPACEWHEREHI GH
VENTILATIONIS SUPPLY OFINFORMATI ON ON THEAI RCONDITIONING SYSTEM AND TO THEREBY
REQUIRED,SUCHAS REDUCETHEOPERATI NG COSTS.THESYSTEM CAN ESTABLI SH BASI
SWHI CH MAY
CLASSROOMS,
CONFERENCEROOMS, BEUSEDASBENCHMARKFORENERGYEFFI CIENTOPERATION
ANDOFFI CES. SUB SEQUENTLY.USE OFI NTELLI GENTCONTROLATHVAC PLANTROOM LEVEL
MAYBECONSI DEREDFOREFFI CI
ENTCOMMUNI CATIONANDOPERATI ONOF
ALLHVACPLANTROOM COMPONENTS.

4.
UNDERFLOORAI
RDI
STRI
BUTI
ONSYSTEMS THESECONTROLSSHOULDMEETTHEFOLLOWI
NGREQUI
REMENTS:

A)WHEREA UNITPROVI
DESBOTH HEATI
NG AND COOLI
NG,CONTROLSSHALLBE
CAPABLEOFPROVIDI
NGATEMPERATUREDEADBANDOF3. 0°
CWITHINWHICHTHE
UNDERFLOORAI RDI STRIBUTION SUPPLYOFHEATI
NGANDCOOLINGENERGYTOTHEZONEI SSHUTOFFORREDUCED
(UFAD)I SAMETHODOF TOAMI NI
MUM.
DELIVERI NGSPACE
CONDI TIONI NGINOFFI CESAND
OTHERCOMMERCI ALBUI LDINGS B) WHERE SEP
ARATE HEATI
NG AND COOLI
NG EQUIPMENT SERVE THE SAME
THATI SI NCREASINGLYBEI NG TEMPERATUREZONE,
CONSI DEREDASASERI OUS
ALTERNATI VETOCONVENTI ONAL TEMPERATURECONTROLSSHALLBEINTERLOCKED TO PREVENTSI
MULTANEOUS
CEILING- BASEDAIR HEATI
NGANDCOOLI NG.
DISTRIBUTI ONSYSTEMS
BECAUSEOFTHESI GNIFICANT
BENEFI TSTHATI TCANPROVI DE. C)SEP
ARATETHERMOSTATCONTROLSHALLBEI
NSTALLEDI
NEACH

I.GUESTROOM OFRESORTANDSTARHOTEL,
II.ROOM LESSTHAN30M2
5.
CHI
LLEDBEAM ANDSLABSSYSTEMS
INBUSI NESS,
III.AI
R-CONDITI
ONED CLASS ROOM,LECTURE ROOM,AND COMPUTER ROOM OF
CLASSROOMS,PRI VATE EDUCATI ONAL,
ANDPUBLI COFFICE IV.IN-
PATIENTANDOUT-PATI
ENTROOM OFHEALTHCARE
BUILDINGS,MEETI NG
FACILITI
ES,HEALTHCARE
FACILITI
ES,OTHER
ENVIRONMENTSTHATMAY
HAVEMODERATETOHI GH
SENSIBLEHEATRATI OS,
ANDBUI LDI NGRETROFI TS
WHERESP ACEFORNEW
MECHANI CALEQUI PMENT
MAYBELI MITEDAREALL
GOODAPPLI CATI
ONSFOR
ACTIVECHI LLEDBEAMS.

THEBESTUSEDI S
FORBASE
COOLING,DIRECT
SOLARLOAD
REMOVALANDAI R
STRATIFI
CATION
INBUILDINGWI TH
HIGHFLOORTO
CEILI
NGHEI GHT.

O2 HVAC SYSTEM LI
YAQHATHHUSSAI
NA FUWAADS J
MOHAMEDSAKEENA MOHI
AVEDAKTHARA
THAD PRASHEEBAS
 ducti
ng
THEDUCTWORKSHOULDBEAPPROPRI ATELYSI ZEDANDBALANCI NGDAMPERS
NEEDTOBEI NSTALLEDTOREDUCEVELOCI TYLOSSES.
DUCTSWI TH LARGERCROSSSECTIONALAREASHAVEMUCH LOWERRESI STANCE
AND CAN REDUCEFAN ENERGYSIGNIFICANTLY.DUCTHAVI NG CROSSSECTIONAL
SHAPESSUCHASROUNDOROVALCANFURTHERREDUCELOSSES.LOWERAI R
SPEEDS IN DUCT REDUCE ENERGY NEEDS AND NOI SE .DUCTS SHOULD BE
INSULATEDANDSEALEDBUTI NDOORAI RQUALI TYI
SSUESSHOULDALSOBE
CONSIDERED.FACTORYMADEDUCTSWI TH GOOD WORKMANSHI PMAYRESULTI N
teraturestudy
THELOWERLEAKAGELOSSES.

DUCTSAREEMPL OYEDT OSUPPLYCONDITIONEDAIRFROM AIR

CONDI TI
ONINGPLANTTOTHE
OUTLETSWHICH FURTHERDISTRIBUTEAIRINTHEROOM OROCCUPI ED ZONEOFSPACE.THE
DUCTSWHI CH SUPPLYAIRTO THEROOM/SP ACEARECAL LED "SUPPLYDUCTS"AND THOSE
DUCTSWHICH EXTRACTTHEAI RFROM CONDI TI
ONED SP
ACEAND SEND BACKT O THEAIR
CONDITIONI
NGPL ANTAREKNOWNAS  "RETURN DUCTS"
.

L
OOPPERI
METERDUCTSYSTEM.

I
N" LOOPPERIMETERDUCTSYSTEM"THECONDI TI
ONEDAIRISCARRI
EDINSEVERALFEEDERDUCTSTO ACOMMONCONTI NUOUS
CLOSEDL OOPDUCTAROUNDTHEPERI METEROFTHEBUI
LDING.
THEOUTLETSTHENSUPPLYAI
RTOTHEROOM.THISSYSTEM I
SWELL
ADOPTEDT OCONCRETESLABCONSTRUCTIONONGROUND,FOROFFSETTI
NGDOWNDRAFTANDCOL DFL
OORS.TOAVOIDWASTEOF
HEAT,EDGEINSUL
ATION 
OF THE 
SLAB 
I
SESSENTI
AL.
li

RADI
ALPERI
METERDUCTSYSTEM
IN RADI
ALPERIMETERDUCTSYSTEM SEP
ARATEDUCTSSUPPL
YCONDI TI
ON AI
RTHERESPECTI
VEOUTLETSFROM THEPLANT
PLENUM .THESYSTEM I
SRECOMMENDESFORCRAWL
SPACEHOUSES.I
TCANAL OBEUSEDINSLABFL
OORS,BUTWI LLNOTBE
EFFECTI
VEASTHEL OOPSYSTEM I
NWARMI
NGTHEPERI
METEROFFLOOR.

EXTENDEDPLENUM DUCTSYSTEM.

I
N" EXTENDEDPLENUM DUCTSYSTEM"THEPLENUM ISUSUALL
YEXTENDEDTOONEORBOTHSI DESOFTHEAI
RCONDI
TIONI
NGPL ANT.
EACHSUPPL YOUTLETI
SFEDWITHCONDITIONED
AIRFROMSEPARATEDUCT.
THI
SSYSTEMI
SRECOMMENDEDFORHOUSESWITHBASEMENT 
OR CRAWL  
SPACE
.

L
OCATI
ONSOFOUTDOORAI
RINT
AKESANDEXHAUSTAI
ROUTLETS
AOUTDOORAI RI
NTAKEANDEXHAUSTAI ROUTLETSSHAL LBELOCATEDINSTRICTACCORDANCE
WITHASHRAEST ANDARD170 2013ORAPPROVEDLATESTEDITIONTOAVOI DHEALTHHAZARDS,
NUISANCE ODORS,REDUCTI ON IN CAPACI
TY OF HVAC EQUI PMENT,AND CORROSI ON OF
EQUIPMENTCAUSED BY REENTRY OFEXHAUSTAI R FROM LABORATORIES,TRANSPORTATI
ON
SYSTEMS,ELECTRI
CAL GENERATORS,VEHICL
ES AT L
OADI NG DOCKS,COOL I
NG TOWERS,AND
AIR
COOLEDCONDENSERS.


BAI
RINTAKEFORAHUSSHAL LBELOCATED25FEET
MINIMUM FROMTHECOOL I
NGT OWERSAND
ALLEXHAUSTAND VENTDI SCHARGES.EXCEPTI
ON:AIRSIDEECONOMI ZERRELI
EFAIRSTREAM
OUTLETMAYBEL OCATED 10FEETMINIMUMFROM AHU AIRINTAKESSO LONG ASTHEYARE
ORI
ENTEDINAWAYTHATDOESNOTI NHIBI
TTHEECONOMI ZEROPERATI
ON.


CFORGROUNDMOUNTEDAHUS,
BOTT
OM OFTHEAI
RINT
AKESHAL
LBEMI
NIMUM 6FEETABOVE
GRADE.

DFORROOFMOUNTEDAHUS,
BOTT
OMOFTHEAI
RINT
AKESHAL
LBEMI
NIMUM3FEETABOVETHE
ROOF .


EIN AREASSUBJ
ECTT
O SNOW FALLORIENTAND LOCATED AI
RINT
AKEST
O MI
NIMI
ZETHE
ACCUMULATI
ONOFSNOW DRI
FTSAGAI
NSTTHEAI
RINT
AKEL OUVER.


FSELECTAIRINT
AKEL
OUVERSWITHDUECONSI DERATI
ONT
OPROTECTI
ONFROM WI
NDBORNE
WATERINTRUSI
ONANDEXCESSI
VEAI
RPRESSUREDROPS.


GPROVI
DEAL
LVENTI
LATI
ONAI
RINT
AKESWI
THBI
RDSCREEN
MINI
MUM0.
5INCHMESH
.

HVERI
FICATI
ON:I
N ALLNEW BUI
LDI
NGS,BUILDING ADDITI
ONSAND IN PROJ
ECTSI
N WHICH
CHANGESAREMADET OEXHAUSTANDINTAKESYSTEMSTHECONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTSHALL
REQUIREPOSTCONSTRUCTI
ONAIRQUALITYTESTI
NGT O ENSURECHANGESHAVENOTCREATED
ANYAIRCONT AMI
NATI
ONPROBLEMS

03 HVAC SYSTEM LI
YAQHATHHUSSAI
NA FUWAADS J
MOHAMEDSAKEENA MOHI
AVEDAKTHARA
THAD PRASHEEBAS