Statistics And: Probability

STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
GRADE 11
Mr. Rudito M. Corton

Subject Teacher
UNIT 10
Lesson 1
The 𝒕-Distribution
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learner should
be able to:
● properly describe a 𝒕-distribution and the
degrees of freedom;
● appropriately identify the conditions in using
the 𝒕-distribution; and
● accurately compute the 𝒕-value.
● properly locate the 𝑡-value in the 𝑡-distribution
table; and
● accurately compute for the area under the
curve of 𝑡-distribution.
Essential Questions
• What is the 𝑡−distribution?
• How would you know if a 𝑡-distribution is

appropriate for a certain statistical test?
• How do you differentiate 𝑡-test from z-

test?
Overview
If there are more participants, the

means would be closer to each other and
eventually would represent the general
population. In cases where few samples
are involved, we use a distribution called
t-distribution to make valid inferences.
Overview
An Englishman named William Sealy Gosset
used a mathematical approach to derive a
complicated formula for the density function
that describes the sampling distribution for
small samples. He published his results
under the pen name “Student” and the
statistic has been known as Student’s t.
t-distribution (or Student’s 𝒕-distribution)
t-distribution (or Student’s 𝒕-distribution) is

a probability distribution that is used to
estimate population parameters when the
sample size is small (𝒏 ≤ 𝟑𝟎). It can also be
used when the population is unknown.
t-distribution (or Student’s 𝒕-distribution)
The formula used in finding the 𝒕-value is

ഥ−𝝁
𝒙
𝒕= 𝒔
𝒏
where 𝒙 ഥ is the sample mean, 𝝁 is the
population mean, 𝒔 is the sample standard
deviation and 𝒏 is the sample size.
Characteristics of a 𝒕-Distribution
1. The 𝒕-distribution is bell-shaped and symmetric
about 𝒕 = 𝟎.
2. The total area under a 𝒕-curve is 1.
3. The mean, median, and mode of the 𝒕-distribution
are all equal to zero.
𝒏−𝟏
4. The variance of the 𝒕-distribution is equal to 𝒏−𝟑
which approaches 1 as 𝒏 increases infinitely.
5. The 𝒕-distribution is a family of curves, each
determined by the degrees of freedom.
6. As the sample size 𝒏 gets larger, the 𝒕-
distribution gets closer to the normal distribution.
Characteristics of a 𝒕-Distribution
Conditions in Using the 𝒕-Distribution
1.The sample size is small (𝒏 ≤ 𝟑𝟎) and

randomly selected.
2.The population standard deviation 𝝈 is
unknown.
3.The parent population, the population
from which you are sampling, is
essentially normal.
Degrees of freedom (𝒅𝒇)
Degrees of freedom (𝒅𝒇) is the number of
independent pieces of information needed to
calculate something. This term also refers
to the number of free choices left after a
sample statistic such as 𝒙 ഥ (mean) is
calculated.
Example: Consider a data sample consisting
of five positive integers. The values of the
five integers must have an average of six.
If four of the items within the data set are
{3, 8, 5, and 4}, the fifth number must be
10. Because the first four numbers can be
chosen at random, the degrees of freedom
is four.
𝒅𝒇 = 𝒏 – 𝟏 for a single group; or
𝒅𝒇 = 𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 – 𝟐 for two groups,
where 𝒏, 𝒏𝟏 , and 𝒏𝟐 are the sample sizes.

Practice Exercise
What is the degrees of freedom of a
sample of 15?
Answer: 14
Practice Exercise
Two sample sizes were taken for the
research study: 21 for the experimental
group and 18 for the control group. If 𝑡-
distribution is to be used, what degrees of
freedom should be used by the researcher?
Answer: 37
Practice Exercise
Suppose 18 respondents were randomly
selected from a normal population with a
population mean of 32. If the sample mean
of these 18 scores is 36, and the standard
deviation is 7, what is the corresponding 𝑡-
value?
Answer: t = 2.424
Practice Exercise
The NAT (National Achievement Test) scores of
grade six students in a public school is being
studied by the head teacher. The population mean
is 43.5 with a standard deviation of 8.3. A sample
of 30 students was randomly selected and the
mean of the sample is 46. Suppose that the
population follows a normal distribution. Is a 𝒕 -
distribution appropriate for the study? Explain.
NO. Population standard deviation is
known.
Practice Exercise
We would like to sample 26 individuals from a
normally distributed population. The population
mean is 85. We found the sample mean to be
87.5 with a standard deviation of 6.8. Can we
use 𝑡-distribution in this case? If so, find the
degrees of freedom and the t-value.
Answer: YES. df = 25; t = 1.875

Practice Exercise
Company ABC manufactures lithium batteries. The
CEO claims that their product lasts 400 charge
cycles. A researcher selects 20 batteries for
testing. The sampled batteries lasted 380 charge
cycles with a standard deviation of 30 charge
cycles. If the charge cycle of the batteries follows
a normal distribution, find the 𝒕-value.
Answer: t = -2.98
Practice Exercise
In a study among kindergarten pupils of a certain
private school, the average IQ is 100. A
researcher studied the effect of his manipulative
device on the intelligence of children. A sample of
25 students who used the manipulatives has a mean
of 140 with a standard deviation of 20. If the IQ
of the students follows a normal distribution, what
is the 𝑡-value?
Answer: t = 10
Regions under the 𝒕-Distribution
𝒕-Distribution Table
The 𝒕-distribution table contains the critical

values of the 𝒕 -distribution. The column
headers are the 𝒕 -distribution probabilities
(alpha). The row names are the degrees of
freedom (𝒅𝒇).
Using the 𝒕-Distribution Table
1.Locate the row containing the degrees

of freedom.
2.From the row of the indicated degrees
of freedom, locate the computed 𝒕-
value.
3.Get the corresponding column header
(upper-tail probability) of the 𝒕-value.
Practice Exercise
In a 𝒕-distribution, what is the area under
the curve that is to the right of 𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟑
and with 𝒅𝒇 = 𝟏𝟗?
Answer: Area = 0.025

Practice Exercise
A sample size of 25 was randomly selected from
a normally distributed population for a statistical
study. After using the 𝒕 -statistic, the
researcher found out that the area to the right
of the 𝒕-value is 15%. What is the 𝒕-value?
Answer: 1.059
Practice Exercise
A sample of 30 students was taken from a
normally distributed population for a special type
of research. The 𝒕 -value was computed to be
2.462. What is the area under the curve that is
to the right of the 𝒕-value?
Answer: 0.01
Practice Exercise
How many samples were taken by a study
using the 𝑡- distribution if the critical
value is 2.045 using a confidence level of
95%?
Answer: 30 samples
Practice Exercise
We would like to sample 15 individuals from a
normally distributed population. The population
mean is 63. We found the sample mean to be
67.5 with a standard deviation of 8. What is
the area to the right of the 𝒕-value?
t = 2.179; df = 14
Answer: between 0.025 and 0.01

Practice Exercise
A certain private school claims that the average
IQ of their students is 100. A sample of 10
students was taken with a standard deviation of
20. If the IQ of the students follow a normal
distribution, what is the probability that the
average IQ for the sample is 110?
t = 1.581; df = 9
Answer: between 0.05 and 0.10

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STATISTICS AND

Mr. Rudito M. Corton

• How would you know if a 𝑡-distribution is

• How do you differentiate 𝑡-test from z-

If there are more participants, the

t-distribution (or Student’s 𝒕-distribution) is

The formula used in finding the 𝒕-value is

1.The sample size is small (𝒏 ≤ 𝟑𝟎) and

𝒅𝒇 = 𝒏 – 𝟏 for a single group; or

𝒅𝒇 = 𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 – 𝟐 for two groups,

where 𝒏, 𝒏𝟏 , and 𝒏𝟐 are the sample sizes.

Answer: YES. df = 25; t = 1.875

The 𝒕-distribution table contains the critical

1.Locate the row containing the degrees

Answer: Area = 0.025

Answer: between 0.025 and 0.01

Answer: between 0.05 and 0.10

The content of these slides came from the Quipper

Source Link: Statistics and Probability

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