Arduino Tutorial Common Syntax

High: Power transferred or switch will read in contact (On)

Low: Power is not transferred or switch will read not in contact (Off)
digitalWrite: Write code to the Arduino board (I.E digitalWrite (13, High) = Turns LED light linked
to Pin 13 On)
digitalRead: Reads information from the Arduino Board. Typically used with a switch or sensor to
determine if contact is being made (I.E digitalRead (5, Low) = Switch/Sensor linked to Pin 5 on
the Arduino board is not making contact)
delay(): Will pause the program for x number of milliseconds (NOTE: 1000 milliseconds = 1
second)
Serial.begin (9600); : Connects the program to the serial monitor
Serial.print: Prints text in the dialogue box. Used for output readings from the Arduino board.
Serial.println(): Drops cursor down to the next line on the serial monitor
Serial.read: Reads and Output information from a specified pin on the Arduino Board or
keyboard (NOTE Keyboard input will always read as character variable (even numbers).)
pinMode (): Declares the numbered pin to be either input or output
Serial.parseInt() or Serial.parsefloat(): Allows user to read either integer or real numbers for
input
Serial.flush (); : Waits for transmission of outgoing data to be complete
Serial.available (); : Waits until the input buffer has a character

NOTE: All Loops (for, while, do/while), if/then, if/else syntax is the same as learned in previous
lessons
Basic Anatomy of the Arduino Board

Breadboard Setup
Reading a Resistor
 Workspace Setup
NOTE: It is not necessary to declare the <iostream> library or to int main() in your program.
Those codes are prebuilt into the structure of the Arduino program.
Verify: Compiles
program to check for Upload program to
errors board

Software provides 2 default

functions:

void setup() {} : only runs code in

the brackets one time.

void loop() {} : runs code in the

brackets infinitely. There is no
way to end it. However you can
program it do nothing after so
many times through the loop
using a counter then a large delay
statment

Verify/Error Dialogue box

Connecting Arduino Uno to the Computer

1. Using the Yellow USB-Fire Wire connector, connect the Arduino Board to the computer
2. Open Arduino Software from the desktop
3. Go to drop down menu Tools > Board > Select Arduino Uno
4. Go to Drop down menu Tools > Port > Select the Com# Port that has (Arduino Uno) in parentheses
Program 1: Flashing Light and Hello World!
Part 1: Turn on a light for a specified duration

Yellow Wire =
Ground Wire

White Wire =
Power Wire
connects into
Port 13 to
Negative column
on breadboard

NOTE: Connection ports DO NOT need to be the same as long as the wires
and electrical components match up properly.
NOTE: LED Anode (Long Leg) should always be linked to the resistor and
Cathode (short Side) linked to the ground or the direction the circuit is
going.
Long Leg = Electricity In, + (Positive)
Short Leg = Electricity Out, - (Negative)
Program Code
Type following code

Save Program as Blink

Connect the Arduino Board to the computer using the USB-Fire Wire Cable.
NOTE: If board is not connected through a COM port unplug the board and reconnect with the
steps listed above (Page 4 Connecting Arduino Board to Computer)
Result: Light should turn on for 1 second and then turn off
Part 2: Make the light blink repeatedly
1. Copy the code from the void setup() and paste in the void loop()
2. Add a delay statement after the digitalWrite (13, LOW) of 200.
3. This will make the light flash on and off repeatedly. Experiment in changing the delays to
alter the flashing of the light.
Part 3: Adding Input/Output , Variables, If/Statement, and Loops
1. Add the following code to your existing code

2. Modify the code to do the following

a. Change the code to calculate the volume of a cone
b. Flash the lights as follows
i. Volume < 100
1. Flash ON = 2 sec
2. OFF = 2sec
3. 3 Times (USE For Loop or Do/While Loop)
ii. 100 <= Volume <= 500
1. Flash ON = 1 sec
2. OFF = 3 sec
3. 3 Times (USE For Loop or Do/While Loop)
iii. Volume > 500
1. Flash ON = .5 sec
2. OFF = 2sec
3. 3 Times (USE For Loop or Do/While Loop)
Part 4: Limiting the times through the loop
NOTE: There is no way to exit the Void Loop() in Arduino. However a delay statement or
moving into a loop that does nothing can solve this problem. (I.E delay (100000000); or Loop:
while (1) {} // while 1 will always make the loop true so it will run infinitely.)
Modify the program to do the following
1. After the first time through the program ask the user of they want to find the volume of
another cone.
a. If Yes repeat the program
b. If No end the program and say “Goodbye!”
Program 2: Switch Statement
Circuit Design

NOTE: LED Anode (Long Leg) should always be linked to the resistor and
Cathode (short Side) linked to the ground or the direction the circuit is
going.
Long Leg = Electricty In, + (Positive)
Short Leg = Electricity Out, - (Negative)
Program Code
Switch statement is like an If/Else/If/Else Statement. It only allows the user to compare discrete
values (one thing at a time). It is not possible to compare ranges of objects. (For that an If
statement is needed).
Program uses the Serial Monitor. Type in the characters a, b, c, d, e will turn on the LEDS they
are connected to.
 Upload the program to test it.
Notice how when one key is pressed then another the light of the previous
key does not turn off.
Assignment: LED Lights
Modify the program to do the following
1. Only have the inputted LED Lamp Turned ON (All other LED’s turn off with each new input) I.E
When ‘a’ is pressed ‘a’ LED light is on, then when ‘b’ is pressed the ‘b’ LED light is on and the ‘a’ LED
is turned off.
2. Output if Input is NOT a, b, c, d, or e
a. Blink all of the LED Lamps for a duration of 2 seconds
b. Output in the Serial Monitor “ERROR, INPUT INVALID!”

NOTE: Serial.read converts all input to ASCCII code form. See below of values
Program 3: Push Button
Source Code

Circuit Diagram
 Assignment: Push Button
1. Modify the program so the serial monitor screen shows
a. Text On (Button Pressed) and Off (Button Released)
b. Counter showing how many times the button has been released
2. Limit of On/Off
a. Maximum presses = 5
b. Once Limit is met do the following
i. Stop the light from turning on and off when button is pressed
ii. Serial Port Print “ALL DONE!”
iii. Only print “ALL DONE!” twice on separate lines (Serial.println)
Program 4: Ultrasonic Sensor
Source Code
Upload Program and Test it. NOTE the program will print the distance in the serial port
Assignment: Ultrasonic Sensor
1. Add a 220 Ohm resistor and LED on the circuit
2. Turn the light on when the an object gets with 20cm of ultrasonic sensor and turns off
when it is out of range