Powderized Oregano (Plectranthus Omboinicus) Leaves As A Insecticidal Spray Against Fire Ant (Solenopsis)

SAN JACINTO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
GUIBEL, SAN JACINTO, PANGASINAN
Powderized Oregano (Plectranthus Omboinicus) leaves
as a Insecticidal Spray Against Fire Ant (Solenopsis)
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements In
Research II
Researchers:
Elaiza Mae F. Aquino
Jameah April E. Soriano
San Jacinto National High School
January 2022
Mrs. Jenny Rose S. Asis
Research Adviser
i
Powderized Oregano (Plectranthus Omboinicus) leaves as a Insecticidal
Spray Against Fire Ant (Solenopsis)
Research II
Researchers:
January 2022
Research Adviser
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page……………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………….. ii
Research Plan………………………………………………………………………… iii
Forms………………………………………………………………………………….
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study……………………………………………………... 1
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………….. 3
Hypothesis………………………………………………………………….... 3
Significance of the Study…………………………………………………….. 4
Scope and Delimitation……………………………………………………….. 4
Definition of terms…………………………………………………………….. 5
Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………..... 6
Paradigm of the Study………………………………………………………... 7
Review of Related Literature………………………………………………. 8
Review of Related Studies………………………………………………….. 9
ii
METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………………... 13
Research Design…………………………………………………………….... 13
iii
RESEARCH PLAN (1A)
REQUIRED FOR ALL PROJECT
To be submitted to IRB/ SRC Before the Experimentation Begins
Name : Jameah April E. Soriano Category: Applied Science (Team)
School: San Jacinto National High Fair Division Science and

School Technology Fair
Division:
School Guibel, San Jacinto,

Pangasinan 653-0010
Address: Tel. No:
Project Powderized Oregano (Plectranthus Omboinicus) leaves as a

Title: Natural Insecticidal Spray Against Fire Ant (Solenopsis)
iv
ABSTRACT
Insecticides are substances used to kill insects. They include ovicides and
larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. Insecticides are
used in agriculture, medicine, industry and by consumers. Insecticides are
claimed to be a major factor behind the increase in the 20th-century's
agricultural productivity. Nearly all insecticides have the potential to
significantly alter ecosystems; many are toxic to humans and/or animals, some
become concentrated as they spread along the food chain. The herb has shown
antimicrobial activity in a number of studies.
The plant material was authenticated at the PSU Sta. Maria. Phytochemical
screening at the College of Pharmacy Laboratory Virgen Milagrosa University
Foundation under the supervision of Mr. Alvin Franza revealed Alkaloids,
Unsaturated Sterols, Flavonols, Steroid, and Tannin.
For the in vitro study, 10 Fire Ants were equally distributed for each
treatments per replicate. A total of 120 Fire Ants will be utilize for the whole in
vitro study. The mortality rate of the fire ants were recorded after 3 hours for
each treatment/control group.
v
Single-factor ANOVA (Fc0.05= 5 > P-value=0.90) rejected the null
hypothesis means that there is a significant difference exists between the
treatment groups and control in the in vitro study. This means that the oregano
is not comparable to the commercially-available insecticide in terms of
mortality rate within three (3) hours. Scheff’s test (Appendix 5b) reported a
significant difference between T1 and the control (1.2.3 insecticide) and T2 and
the control (1.2.3 insecticide). This means that the control (1.2.3 insecticide) is
more effective than T1 and T2.
The researchers concluded the following: (1) Oregano contains alkaloids
saponins and Anthrequinune Hetoroxides.(INC); (2) There is a significant
difference between powderized oregano leaves and the commercially-available
insecticide (1.2.3 insecticide) in eradicating fire ants. The researchers
recommended the following : (1) The future researchers must use greater
concentration of powderized oregano leaves in order to increase the
effectiveness; (2) Conditions in in vitro should be identified properly to
determine the cause of significant difference.
vi
Part I. Rationale
Insecticides are substances used to kill insects. They include ovicides and
larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. Insecticides are
used in agriculture, medicine, industry and by consumers. Insecticides are
claimed to be a major factor behind the increase in the 20th-century's
agricultural productivity. Nearly all insecticides have the potential to
become concentrated as they spread along the food chain.
A typical fire ant colony produces large mounds in open areas, and feeds
mostly on young plants, insects and seeds. Fire ants often attack small
animals such as small lizards and can kill them. Unlike many other ants,
which bite and then spray acid on the wound, fire ants bite only to get a grip
and then sting (from the abdomen) and inject a toxic alkaloid venom called
solenopsin, a compound from the class of piperidines. For humans, this is a
painful sting, a sensation similar to what one feels when burned by fire , and
the after-effects of the sting can be deadly to sensitive people. Fire ants are
more aggressive than most native species, so have pushed many species away
from their local habitat. Fire ants tend to attack and lead to the death of
animals infants especially poultry.
Fire ants have been the cause of naturally existing fauna to go extinct. Fire
ants do have a habit of eating away the seeds and roots of plants leading to
1
their ultimate death and extinction. Also, fire ants have been known to attack
small species of ants, birds, mammals and in some other cases reptiles for
instance lizards. Fire ants can be a nuisance to the general ecosystem that is
why you need the best red ants killer.
Oregano was used in herbal medicine as long ago as the Ancient Greeks.
Hippocrates used it as an antiseptic. Possible medicinal uses of oregano
include treating respiratory tract disorders, gastrointestinal (GI) disorders,
menstrual cramps, and urinary tract disorders. Applied topically, it may help
treat a number of skin conditions, such as acne and dandruff. Oregano oil
contains an essential compound called carvacrol, which has antimicrobial
properties. The herb has shown antimicrobial activity in a number of studies.
This research is conducted to help farmers who are struggling with
expenses with insecticides. The researchers aimed to ease the burden by
formulating a natural insecticide which is cheaper than the commercial
insecticide, this study will be a big help on our growing environment
Part II.
A. Research Questions
Generally, this study aimed to kill Fire Ant (Solenopsis) by using
Powderized Oregano (Plectranthus Omboinicus) Leaves as a Natural Insecticidal
Spray.
Specifically, this sought the following question:
2
1. What are the chemical contents of Powderized Oregano (Plectranthus
Omboinicus) Leaves that makes it useful to kill the Fire Ant (Solenopsis)?
2. What is the level of effectiveness on using Powderized Oregano
(Plectranthus Omboinicus) Leaves as a Natural Insecticidal Spray Against
Fire Ant (Solenopsis) in terms of:
a) Hours it takes to eradicate the Fire Ants
b) Killed Fire Ants
3. Is there a significant difference between Natural Insecticidal Spray to the
commercially available insecticide?
B. Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference between Natural Insecticidal Spray
to the commercially available insecticide.
Ha: There is a significant difference between Natural Insecticidal Spray to
the commercially available insecticide.
C. Expected Outcome
At the end of conducting this research study, the researchers will
observe the effectiveness of powderized oregano leaves as fire ant eradicator
in terms of mortality rate. Afterwards, the researchers will be expecting that
the outcome will show that powderized oregano leaves is as effective as
3
commercially-available Insecticides. At the end of this case, the researchers
will be also expecting a more environment friendly product that will help the
community on eradicating fire ants pests.
METHODOLOGY
This chapter represents the deliberation of the research design
equipment’s and materials, the procedures, research method and the flowchart
of the study.
RESEARCH DESIGN
This study use a Randomized Block Design (RCBD) of the
Experimental in this Study Design, three replicates each and one control group
will be use. This Study had focused into the effect of Powderized Oregano
(Origanum Vulgare) leaves to the Fire Ants (Solenopsis).
vitro study. The in vitro study will be done at the College of Pharmacy
Laboratory Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation.
Different formulations of the oregano extract for the in vitro included the
following:
T1=3g Powderized oregano leaves dissolved in 50 ml tap water
4
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
 18 Grams of Powderized Oregano Leaves
 4 Spray bottles
 120 Fire Ants
 12 Petri dish
 4 Filter Paper
 200 ml Tap Water
 1 Stirring rod
 1 Commercially-available insecticide (1.2.3 insecticide)
One hundred twenty (120) Fire Ants were used in the study. Powderized
Oregano (Plectranthus Omboinicus (lour) Spreng.) leaves was used in this study.
Other materials included Erlenmeyer flask, graduated cylinder for
maceration, filter paper for filtration, evaporating the placards for the different
experimental treatments, and spray bottle for the produced Insecticide.
GENERAL PROCEDURES
A. PLANT COLLECTION AND AUTHENTICATION
The Oregano leaves was collected at San Jacinto, Pangasinan theplant
samples was sent to the Pangsinan State University, Sta. Maria (Botany
Divison) for plant authentication.
5
B. Phytochemical screening
Phytochemical screening was conducted at Virgen Milagrosa University
Foundations (VMUF) with the assistance of the resident laboratory technician
of the said school.
C. Plant Powderization
Fresh oregano leaves was collected and washed in San Jacinto, Pangasinan.
The Oregano leaves was sliced into smaller pieces and was dried under the
sun, the oregano was emplace to the oven and disintegrate it using mortar and
pestle.
D. Collection of Ant and Acclimatization
The Ant were collected in San Jacinto Pangasinan. The Ant were sealed in
glass container with cloth cover and were kept in a well-ventilated place for 3
hours at San Jacinto National High School, SHS 4-1 for monitoring.
E. Experimentation
The ants were placed in a eight (8) containers with ten (10) ants each. The
containers were grouped into five (4): T1, T2, T3, and control with two (2)
containers each group. T1 received the 3g of powderized oregano leaves. T2
received the 6g of powderized oregano leaves. T3 received the 9g of powderized
oregano leaves. And control group received 1.2.3 insecticide.
6
F. Collection of Data
The mortality rate of the ants was taken. The number of dead ants was
counted after the administration of the powdered oregano leaves.
Statistical Treatment
1. Mortality rate of Ants by treatment. It was done by continuing the
number of dead ants at the end of the testing. Mortality rate was
computed using of formula.
Number of Dead Fire Ants as Af fected by insecticidal Formulation

Mortality Rate= X 100%
Number of Fire Ants
2. Level of effectiveness of insecticidal action of oregano was based on hour
mortality until 100% mortality from the time of application. Level of
effectiveness of insecticidal action of Oregano was based on the following
criteria. This was adopted by Ruppel and Yunglong (1997)
91%-100% mortality rate – Highly Effective
71%-90% mortality rate – Effective
50%-70% mortality rate – Moderately Effective
Less than 49% mortality rate – Ineffective
7
TABLE OF ELEMENTS
Page
Title Page……………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………….. ii
Research Plan………………………………………………………………………… iii
Forms………………………………………………………………………………….
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study……………………………………………………... 1
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………….. 3
Hypothesis………………………………………………………………….... 3
Significance of the Study…………………………………………………….. 4
Scope and Delimitation……………………………………………………….. 4
Definition of terms…………………………………………………………….. 5
Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………..... 6
Paradigm of the Study………………………………………………………... 7
Review of Related Literature………………………………………………. 8
Review of Related Studies………………………………………………….. 9
8
Powderized Oregano (Plectranthus Omboinicus) leaves as a Insecticidal
Spray Against Fire Ant (Solenopsis)
Research II
Researchers:
January 2022
Research Adviser
9
INTRODUCTION
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter presents the introduction of the research study and its
problem. It includes the statement of the problem, hypothesis, and significance
of the study, scope and delimitations, the definition of terms, and conceptual
framework.
D. Background of the Study
Insecticides are substances used to kill insects. They include
ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively.
Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry and by consumers.
Insecticides are claimed to be a major factor behind the increase in the 20th-
century's agricultural productivity. Nearly all insecticides have the potential to
become concentrated as they spread along the food chain.
A typical fire ant colony produces large mounds in open areas, and feeds
mostly on young plants, insects and seeds. Fire ants often attack small
animals such as small lizards and can kill them. Unlike many other ants,
which bite and then spray acid on the wound, fire ants bite only to get a grip
and then sting (from the abdomen) and inject a toxic alkaloid venom called
solenopsin, a compound from the class of piperidines. For humans, this is a
painful sting, a sensation similar to what one feels when burned by fire , and
10
the after-effects of the sting can be deadly to sensitive people. Fire ants are
more aggressive than most native species, so have pushed many species away
from their local habitat. Fire ants tend to attack and lead to the death of
animals infants especially poultry.
Fire ants have been the cause of naturally existing fauna to go extinct. Fire
ants do have a habit of eating away the seeds and roots of plants leading to
their ultimate death and extinction. Also, fire ants have been known to attack
small species of ants, birds, mammals and in some other cases reptiles for
instance lizards. Fire ants can be a nuisance to the general ecosystem that is
why you need the best red ants killer.
Oregano was used in herbal medicine as long ago as the Ancient Greeks.
Hippocrates used it as an antiseptic. Possible medicinal uses of oregano
include treating respiratory tract disorders, gastrointestinal (GI) disorders,
menstrual cramps, and urinary tract disorders. Applied topically, it may help
treat a number of skin conditions, such as acne and dandruff. Oregano oil
contains an essential compound called carvacrol, which has antimicrobial
properties. The herb has shown antimicrobial activity in a number of studies.
This research is conducted to help farmers who are struggling with
expenses with insecticides. The researchers aimed to ease the burden by
formulating a natural insecticide which is cheaper than the commercial
insecticide, this study will be a big help on our growing environment.
11
E. Statement of the Problem
Generally, this study aimed to kill Fire Ant (Solenopsis) by using
Powderized Oregano (Plectranthus Omboinicus) Leaves as a Natural Insecticidal
Spray.
Specifically, this sought the following question:
4. What are the chemical contents of Powderized Oregano (Plectranthus
Omboinicus) Leaves that makes it useful to kill the Fire Ant (Solenopsis)?
5. What is the level of effectiveness on using Powderized Oregano
(Plectranthus Omboinicus) Leaves as a Natural Insecticidal Spray Against
Fire Ant (Solenopsis) in terms of:
c) Hours it takes to eradicate the Fire Ants
d) Killed Fire Ants
6. Is there a significant difference between Natural Insecticidal Spray to the
commercially available insecticide?
F. Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference between Natural Insecticidal Spray
to the commercially available insecticide.
Ha: There is a significant difference between Natural Insecticidal Spray to
the commercially available insecticide.
12
G. Significance of the Study
This study will promote organic farming and since it’s organic it doesn’t
have any side effects. This study can be a great help to the following:
 Citizens since they will no longer need to buy a insecticide which is a
big help to them because they can save more money to buy their needs
and expenses.
 Plantitas/Plantitos will benefit since they will no longer problematize
how they will kill or remove the insects that is destroying their beloved
plants.
 Environment pollution will be lessen since there is no chemical that is
used and this study promotes organic farming.
 Future Researchers who want to conduct a similar study, they may use
the findings to support their proposal.
E. Scope and Delimitation
This study determined how Powderized Oregano (Origanum vulgare)
Leaves can be Natural Insecticidal Spray against Fire Ants (Solenopsis). The
respondents are the Farmers and Consumers of San Jacinto who answered
the questionnaire. This study is conducted at the researcher’s home during
the 1st quarter of the school year 2022-2023. The respondents of the study
to identify the effectiveness of using Powderized Oregano (Origanum vulgare)
Leaves Natural Insecticidal Spray Against Fire Ants (Solenopsis).
13
F. Definition of Terms
This part of the study will help you in the following terms used in the
study and are defined operationally.
In vitro testing. In this study, this refers to the test that evaluated the
effectiveness of powderized oregano (Plectranthus Omboinicus (lour) Spreng.)
leaves as a cockroaches eradicator conducted in the laboratory.
Powderized Oregano Leaves. In this study, it is the main component that
will be used by the researchers in eradicating Fire Ants.
Fire Ants. In this study, it is the specific type of ants that was used in this
study.
Mortality Rate. In this study. it refers to the number of dead fire ants in three
hours over the total number of ant multiplied to 100%. This is the dependent
variable considered in the study to establish the effectiveness of Powderized
Oregano leaves (Plectranthus Omboinicus (lour) Spreng.) as an Fire ant
eradicator.
Plants. In this study, it refers to a thing being destroyed by the fire ants.
14
G. Conceptual Framework
Independent Variable
- amount of Oregano Dependent Variable

Leaves
What is the level of
-characteristics of effectiveness on conducting
oregano this procedure in terms of:
Days it takes to eradicate

the Fire Ants
Killed Fire Ants
Level of acceptability in
terms of:
-procedure
-effectiveness
Figure 1.1 Causal Paradigm of the Study
15
H. I.P.O. Model
This part of the study presented the input or the materials that used in the study
and the process or the methods in conducting the study and lastly the output or the
product/outcome of the study.
INPUT
PROCESS
Powderized Oregano
Leaves Phytochemical
Analysis
(18 grams)
Preparation of the
120 Fire Ants Fire Ants
Experimentation
Testing of the
Treatments
OUTPUT
Effectiveness of
using Powderized
oregano as a Natural
Insecticidal Spray
Figure 1.2 Input, Process, Output of the Study
16
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Related Literature
Oregano, a member of the Lamiaceae family of plants, has long been
renowned as a natural insecticide. It appears to work by inhibiting egg laying
and larval development but this is the first time it has been looked at as a
viable alternative for synthetic insecticides. While oregano repels many types of
insects, they are susceptible to aphids, spider mites, and leafhoopers. Oregano
(Origanum vulgare) is one of such natural insecticide that you can use in the
garden. Oregano can kill insects. Though commonly known as a culinary herb
used in cooking and salads, oregano can also be used as an insect repellent.
Many insects tend to like herb plants, especially insects like green moths,
whiteflies, fleas, and the likes of them. However, this is not the complete case
when it comes to oregano, insects hate the herb’s aromatic oils. Oregano
contains thymol, a-terpinene, and carvacrol. These compounds make it an
effective pest control and tend to scare the insects. For this reason, many pest-
like insects do not like to come near any oregano plant, but not all insects.
SOURCE: https://sweetishhill.com/does-oregano-kill insects/#:~:text=Oregano
%2C%20a%20member%20of%20the,viable%20alternative%20for%20synthetic
%20insecticides.
17
The oregano, Origanum onites L., essential oil (EO) was tested in
laboratory behavioural bioassays for repellent activity against Amblyomma
americanum (L.) and Aedes aegypti (L.). The O. onites EO was characterised
using GC-FID and GC-MS. Carvacrol (75.70%), linalool (9.0%), p-cymene
(4.33%) and thymol (1.9%) were the most abundant compounds. Most plants
produce secondary compounds that not only foil some plant pathogens and
herbivores, but also repel a broad spectrum of arthropods, including blood
feeders, which pose no threat to plants. Oregano, Origanum vulgare L., has
been reported to repel the tick Am. americanum (Meng et al. 2016) and another
species of oregano, Origanum onites L. has been found to be toxic to the
tick Rhipicephalus turanicus Pomerantsev (Coskun et al. 2008).
SOURCE: https://homeguideinfo.com/can-oregano-kill-insects/
Not only does oregano oil work as well as synthetic versions but it has
none of the associated side effects of synthetic insecticides on the environment.
Growing resistance to synthetic insecticides combined with potential
environmental damage and new government directives on changes to the way
chemicals are registered means that scientists are increasingly looking at
natural alternatives that can be produced in the large scale quantities needed
for agricultural industry use.
SOURCE:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/
10.1080/14786419.2017.1280485
18
Related Studies
A study entitled "Study The Repellent Of Oregano Essential Oil (Origanum
Vulgare) In Comparison With DEET (N, N-Diethyl-Meta-Toluamide) As A
Synthetic Repellent For Personal Protection Against Bed Bug, Cimex
Lectularius In Laboratory.” The Oregano essential oil was prepared using
hydro-distillation method. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS)
was used for analysis and identification of the oregano essential oil
compounds. The common bed bug was reared in the laboratory. Repellency
assays were carried out on the 4th, 5th instar nymphs and adults of laboratory
reared C. lectularius with the treated surface method using Petri dish and
animals. Oregano essential oil 40% represented high repellency against the
common bed bug infestation compared to DEET33% as the common repellent.
Considering that botanical based on pesticides and repellents have fewer
side effects for humans and the environment and they provide more
convenient and inexpensive, so these compounds can be a good alternative for
the synthetics chemicals against the insect pests.
SOURCE:https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/
2008/05/080522072339.htm#:~:text=Oregano%2C%20a%20member%20of
%20the,viable%20alternative%20for%20synthetic%20insecticides.
19
Oregano oil is considered as an excellent antiseptic and insect repellent. It
has some active ingredients such as carvacrol, thymol and α-terpinene
reported being highly effective in repelling mosquitoes. Moreover, it showed
significant repel activity at concentration range of 2.5–30% against Supella
longipalpa. The essential oil was prepared from dried leaves using hydro-
distillation method. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was
used for analysis and identification of oregano essential oil compounds.
Treated surface method in Petri dish was carried out to evaluate repellency
potential of the oil using 4th and 5th instar nymphs and adults. The
concentration-repellency response of oregano essential oil was calculated and
compared with a commercial insect repellent stick containing 33% N, N-
diethyl-meta-toluamide.
SOURCE: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6423461/
One of the major problems of DepEd and DOH has been battling with is
dengue and other mosquito-related illnesses. In the Philippines, there were
numerous plants that repel mosquitoes including lemongrass and oregano for
its strong scented-aroma. This study attempts to ascertain the degree of
repellency of the said plants against mosquitoes to use it with no side effect
and feedback of environmental ill effect, as an alternative to synthetic chemical
repellents. The Oregano is a culinary herb that is not only delicious for adding
flavor to dishes, but also wonderful in the fight to repel mosquitoes, while the
Lemongrass is known to be an excellent mosquito repellant. According to a
20
study conducted in 2011, around 95% mosquitos from a specific range of
species were either killed or completely repelled due to the intense odor of
lemongrass oil. So when you combine the two it would make a great result or
product.
SOURCE:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327225798_Study_The_Repellent_
Of_Oregano_Essential_Oil_Origanum_Vulgare_In_Comparison_With_DEET_NN-
Diethyl-Meta-
Toluamide_As_A_Synthetic_Repellent_For_Personal_Protection_Against_Bed_Bu
g_Cimex_Lectularius_In_La#:~:text=Conclusion%3A%20Oregano%20oil
%2040%25%20exhibited,protecting%20against%20bed%20bug%20biting.
21
METHODOLOGY
This chapter represents the deliberation of the research design
equipment’s and materials, the procedures, research method and the flowchart
of the study.
RESEARCH DESIGN
This study use a Randomized Block Design (RCBD) of the
Experimental in this Study Design, three replicates each and one control group
will be use. This Study had focused into the effect of Powderized Oregano
(Origanum Vulgare) leaves to the Fire Ants (Solenopsis).
vitro study. The in vitro study will be done at the College of Pharmacy
Laboratory Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation.
Different formulations of the oregano extract for the in vitro included the
following:
22
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
 18 Grams of Powderized Oregano Leaves
 4 Spray bottles
 120 Fire Ants
 12 Petri dish
 4 Filter Paper
 200 ml Tap Water
 1 Stirring rod
 1 Commercially-available insecticide (1.2.3 insecticide)
One hundred twenty (120) Fire Ants were used in the study. Powderized
Oregano (Plectranthus Omboinicus (lour) Spreng.) leaves was used in this study.
Other materials included Erlenmeyer flask, graduated cylinder for
maceration, filter paper for filtration, evaporating the placards for the different
experimental treatments, and spray bottle for the produced Insecticide.
GENERAL PROCEDURES
G. PLANT COLLECTION AND AUTHENTICATION
The Oregano leaves was collected at San Jacinto, Pangasinan theplant
samples was sent to the Pangsinan State University, Sta. Maria (Botany
Divison) for plant authentication.
23
H. Phytochemical screening
Phytochemical screening was conducted at Virgen Milagrosa University
Foundations (VMUF) with the assistance of the resident laboratory technician
of the said school.
I. Plant Powderization
Fresh oregano leaves was collected and washed in San Jacinto, Pangasinan.
The Oregano leaves was sliced into smaller pieces and was dried under the
sun, the oregano was emplace to the oven and disintegrate it using mortar and
pestle.
J. Collection of Ant and Acclimatization
The Ant were collected in San Jacinto Pangasinan. The Ant were sealed in
glass container with cloth cover and were kept in a well-ventilated place for 3
hours at San Jacinto National High School, SHS 4-1 for monitoring.
K. Experimentation
The ants were placed in a eight (8) containers with ten (10) ants each. The
containers were grouped into five (4): T1, T2, T3, and control with two (2)
containers each group. T1 received the 3g of powderized oregano leaves. T2
received the 6g of powderized oregano leaves. T3 received the 9g of powderized
oregano leaves. And control group received 1.2.3 insecticide.
24
L. Collection of Data
The mortality rate of the ants was taken. The number of dead ants was
counted after the administration of the powdered oregano leaves.
Statistical Treatment
3. Mortality rate of Ants by treatment. It was done by continuing the
number of dead ants at the end of the testing. Mortality rate was
computed using of formula.
Number of Dead Fire Ants as Af fected by insecticidal Formulation

Mortality Rate= X 100%
Number of Fire Ants
4. Level of effectiveness of insecticidal action of oregano was based on hour
mortality until 100% mortality from the time of application. Level of
effectiveness of insecticidal action of Oregano was based on the following
criteria. This was adopted by Ruppel and Yunglong (1997)
91%-100% mortality rate – Highly Effective
71%-90% mortality rate – Effective
50%-70% mortality rate – Moderately Effective
Less than 49% mortality rate - Ineffective
25
Figure 2: Flowchart of the study
26
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Gathering of Plant Powderization of
Oregano
Phytochemicals in Oregano Leaves
Identification Oregano Leaves
Leaves
The table 1 shows the presence of Alkaloids, Unsaturated Sterols,
Flavonols, Steroid, and Tannin and also the absence of Saponins,
AnthraquinoneHeterosides, and Cyanogenic Glycosides. Alkaloids is the
responsible for the insecticidal activity of the plant material.

Administration Gathering of
of the oregano the Phytochemical
Table 1
leaves Acclimatization Screening
Qualitative Test of Cockroaches Remarks
A. Screening of alkaloids
Mayer’s Reagent +++
Wagner’s Reagent +++
Bouchardat’s Reagent +++
Valser’s Reagent +++
Data B.Analysis
Screening of Unsaturated Sterols and Triterpenes
Lieberman’s Burchard Test +
and
Salkowski Test -
Interpretation
C. Screening for Flavonoids
Bate-Smith Metcalf Test -
Cyanidin Test +
D. Screening for Steroid (Cardio active glycosides)
Kedde Reaction +
Keller-Killiani Test +
E. Screening for Saponins
Froth Test -
F. Screening for Tannin and Phenolic Compound
Gelatin Test +
Gelatin Block Test +
Ferric Chloride Test +
G. Screening for AnthraquinoneHeterosides
Borntrager Test -
Modified Borntrager Test -
H. Screening for Cyanogenic Glycosides
Guignard Test -
27
Table 2
Mortality rate and level of effectiveness of powdered oregano leaves

against Fire Ants after three (3) hour (in vitro)
Formulations Mortality rate Interpretations

(Level of
Effectiveness)
Co (3 grams of 1.2.3 Insecticide) 100% Highly Effective
T1 (3 grams of powderized oregano leaves) 40% Ineffective
T2 (6 grams of powderized oregano leaves) 60% Moderately Effective
T3 (9 grams of powderized oregano leaves) 66.7% Moderately Effective
Mean Mortality rate and insecticidal activity of powderized oregano leaves
against Fire Ants in the in vitro study.
The table 2 shows that the commercially-available insecticide (1.2.3

insecticide) registered the highest mean mortality rate of Fire Ants (X-100%,
effective) within 3 hours observation period in the in vitro study. While the 3
grams powderized oregano leaves (T1) registered 40% which is the lowest
mortality rate of Fire Ants among the treatments. The T3 (9 grams of powdered
Oregano Leaves) registered the highest mean mortality rate (X-66.7%,
Moderately Effective) as insecticide based on the interpretation of the level of
effectiveness of Ruppel and Yunglong, 1997.
Single-factor ANOVA (Fc0.05= 5 > P-value=0.90) rejected the null

hypothesis means that there is a significant difference exists between the
treatment groups and control in the in vitro study. This means that the oregano
is not comparable to the commercially-available insecticide in terms of
mortality rate within three (3) hours. Scheff’s test (Appendix 5b) reported a
significant difference between T1 and the control (1.2.3 insecticide) and T2 and
the control (1.2.3 insecticide). This means that the control (1.2.3 insecticide) is
more effective than T1 and T2.
28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings, the conclusion made, and
the recommendation offered.
Summary
With the conduction of the researchers in this study, it was found out
that the powderized oregano leaves extract have some properties or chemicals
present on them that can kill Fire Ants. Based on the data gathered from
several tests, the results from different treatments leaded to successful
outcomes.
Conclusion
Based on the findings, the researchers came up with the following

conclusions:
1. Oregano contains alkaloids saponins and Anthrequinune Hetoroxides.

(INC)
2. There is a significant difference between powderized oregano leaves and
the commercially-available insecticide (1.2.3 insecticide) in eradicating
fire ants.
Recommendations:
Based on the conclusions, the researchers recommend the following:
1. The future researchers must use greater concentration of powderized

oregano leaves in order to increase the effectiveness.
2. Conditions in in vitro should be identified properly to determine the
cause of significant difference.
29
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Internet Source
https://sweetishhill.com/does-oregano-kill insects/#:~:text=Oregano%2C%20a
%20member%20of%20the,viable%20alternative%20for%20synthetic
%20insecticides.
https://homeguideinfo.com/can-oregano-kill-insects/
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14786419.2017.1280485
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/
2008/05/080522072339.htm#:~:text=Oregano%2C%20a%20member%20of
%20the,viable%20alternative%20for%20synthetic%20insecticides.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6423461/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
327225798_Study_The_Repellent_Of_Oregano_Essential_Oil_Origanum_Vulgar
e_In_Comparison_With_DEET_NN-Diethyl-Meta-
Toluamide_As_A_Synthetic_Repellent_For_Personal_Protection_Against_Bed_Bu
g_Cimex_Lectularius_In_La#:~:text=Conclusion%3A%20Oregano%20oil
%2040%25%20exhibited,protecting%20against%20bed%20bug%20biting.
Book Source
The Greatest Science pp. 22
30
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher would like to express their heartfelt gratitude for the help
and contributions of the people who have contributed a lot to the completion of
this research work.
Profound thanks and appreciation are addressed:
To our Glorious and Heavenly Father, Lord God thank you for giving us
the enough knowledge and wisdom for us to finish this research. For your
guiding us in every tests and experimentations that we conducted. For your
love and care, and for not leaving us in times of trials when some tests have
failed or what.
To Mrs. Jenny Rose Asis Soriano, Research Adviser and our own Adviser,
for her guidance and motivation in order for us to exert greater effort in
finishing this paper. For her endless support that she gave us during the start
until the end of this study.
To Mrs. Junilla P. Perez, our principal who supported us all the way from
the start to the end of this study.
To HT III of Science Department, Mrs. Rosemarie O. Dela Peña who
supported us all the way from the beginning of this study until it ended.
31
Activity Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov.
The
researchers
Formulated
the title and
the proposal
for
investigatory
project.
The title and
proposal
were
proposed to
the research
adviser and
was approved
The chapter
1 and 2 was
formulated.
The meeting
of parents
was
conducted.
Meeting of
researchers
with the
research
adviser.
The
researchers
gathered
Oregano
Leaves and
other
materials.
APPENDICE
Appendix A: Gantt Chart
32
Testing and Materials Cost
Plant identification Php. 500
Phytochemical Screening Php. 1,500
Materials Php. 200
Appendix B: Budgetary Requirement
Appendix C: Treatment of Data
Different formulations of the Oregano for the in vitro included the following:
T1= 3g Powderized Oregano dissolve in 50mL water
Control = 3g of X-terminator and 50mL water
33
Appendix D: Pictorials
Figure 1: Collection of Materials
Figure 2: Plant Preparation
34
Figure 3: Drying Oregano
Figure 4:
Oven
Toaster
Figure 5: Powdering Oregano Leaves using mortar and pestle
35
Figure 6: Finish Product
EXPERIMENTAL FLOWCHART
Figure 7: Collection of Materials
Figure 8: Plant Preparation
36
Figure 9: Preparations of Maceration
Figure 10: Maceration
37
Figure 11: Phytochemical Screening
Figure 12: Evaporated
Figure
Figure 15:
38
Appendix E: Laboratory Results
Certified Raw Data
(Mortality rates against Fire Ants in 3 hours)
R1 R2 R3
T1 3 5 4
T2 6 5 7
T3 7 9 5
CO 8 7 9
Prepared by:
JAMEAH APRIL E. SORIANO

Researcher
JENNY ROSE SORIANO
Research Teacher
ELAIZA MAE F. AQUINO
Researcher
39
In vitro Mortality Rate
T1 T2 T3 CO
R1 3 6 7 8
R2 5 5 9 7
R3 4 7 5 9
Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Coun
Groups t Sum Average Variance
T1 3 12 4 1
T2 3 18 6 1
T3 3 21 7 4
CO 3 24 8 1
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between 0.03057 4.06618
Groups 26.25 3 8.75 5 8 1
Within
Groups 14 8 1.75
Total 40.25 11
40
Appendix F: Journal
Date Activity
October, 2021  The researcher formulated the title and
proposal for investigatory project
December, 2021  The title and proposal were proposed to the
research adviser and was approved
January, 2022  The chapter 1 and 2 was formulated.
September, 2022  Meeting of parents was conducted
September, 2022  Meeting of students with the research adviser
October, 2022  The researchers gathered the Fire Ants . And
the acclimatization of Fire Ants.
October, 2022  The researchers gathered the oregano leaves
for plant authentication and maceration
 The researchers went to Virgen Milagrosa
University Foundation for maceration and
phytochemical screening for oregano
 The researchers went to pangasinan State
University at Sta. Maria for plant
authentication of oregano leaves.
 The researchers received the result of plant
identification of oregano leaves.
October, 2022  The researchers conducts the phytochemical
screening at Virgin Milagrosa University
Foundation and received the result of it.
October, 2022  The researchers applied the macerated
oregano leaves to the acclimatized Ant
 The researchers gathered the data.
 The researchers formulated the chapter 5.
 The researchers presented the study in school.
41
Curriculum Vitae
I. Personal Background
Name: Jameah April E. Soriano
Gender: Female
Age: 15
Birthday: April 4, 2007
Birthplace: Region 1 Medical Center, Dagupan City
Facebook: Jameah April E. Soriano
Gmail Address: jamcelsam09@gmail.com
Religion: Roman Catholic
Address: Barangay San Roque, San Jacinto Pangasinan
Parents: Occupation:
Cecille E. Soriano Teacher
Samuel A. Soriano Driving
II. Educational Background

Year Graduated Name of School Awards Recognition
2022-present San Jacinto National High School With Honors
2021-2022 San Jacinto National High School With Honors
2012-2019 Golden Angels Education Institution With Honors
III. School Activities, Seminar and Community Involvement
Year Name of Activity/Seminar Status of Involvement
2022-present Yes-O Peace Officer
2022-present Hyacinth School Writer
2022-present Supreme Student Government Grade-10 Representative
2021-2022 BFAR Best in Title
2021-2022 BFAR Participant
2021-2022 SIP 2 Placer
nd
2021-2022 Supreme Student Government Grade-9 Representative

2019-2020 Spelling Bee Participant
2019-2020 Math Club Public Information Officer
42
Curriculum Vitae
I. Personal Background
Name: Elaiza Mae F. Aquino
Gender: Female
Age: 15
Birthday: September 10, 2007
Birthplace: Barangay Sto. Tomas, San Jacinto, Pangsinan
Facebook: Elaiza Aquino
Gmail Address: elaizamaeaquino79@gmail.com
Religion: Roman Catholic
Address: Barangay Sto. Tomas, San Jacinto, Pangasinan

Parents: Occupation:
Marry Ann F. Aquino Housewife
Edwin C. Aquino Construction worker
II. Educational Background
Year Graduated Name of School Awards Recognition
2022-present San Jacinto National High School With Honors
2012-2019 Bernabe Q. Biagtan Elementary School With Honors
III. School Activities, Seminar and Community Involvement
Year Name of Activity/Seminar Status of Involvement
2022-present Library Club President
2022-present Hyacinth School and Feature Writer
2019-2020 Reading Marathon Contest Participant
2018-2019 Math Quiz Bee 3 rd Placer
2018-2019 Spoken Poetry Contest 1 st Placer
2018-2019 School Tower of Hanoi contest 1 st Placer
2018-2019 School Rubics cube contest 1 st Placer
43

Powderized Oregano (Plectranthus Omboinicus) Leaves As A Insecticidal Spray Against Fire Ant (Solenopsis)

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Powderized Oregano (Plectranthus Omboinicus) Leaves As A Insecticidal Spray Against Fire Ant (Solenopsis)

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SAN JACINTO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

GUIBEL, SAN JACINTO, PANGASINAN

Powderized Oregano (Plectranthus Omboinicus) leaves

as a Insecticidal Spray Against Fire Ant (Solenopsis)

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements In

Elaiza Mae F. Aquino

Jameah April E. Soriano

San Jacinto National High School

Mrs. Jenny Rose S. Asis

Powderized Oregano (Plectranthus Omboinicus) leaves as a Insecticidal

Spray Against Fire Ant (Solenopsis)

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements In

Elaiza Mae F. Aquino

Jameah April E. Soriano

San Jacinto National High School

Mrs. Jenny Rose S. Asis

Research Plan………………………………………………………………………… iii

Background of the study……………………………………………………... 1

Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………….. 3

Significance of the Study…………………………………………………….. 4

Scope and Delimitation……………………………………………………….. 4

Paradigm of the Study………………………………………………………... 7

Review of Related Literature………………………………………………. 8

Review of Related Studies………………………………………………….. 9

RESEARCH PLAN (1A)

REQUIRED FOR ALL PROJECT

To be submitted to IRB/ SRC Before the Experimentation Begins

Name : Jameah April E. Soriano Category: Applied Science (Team)

Elaiza Mae F. Aquino

School: San Jacinto National High Fair Division Science and

School Guibel, San Jacinto,

Project Powderized Oregano (Plectranthus Omboinicus) leaves as a

used in agriculture, medicine, industry and by consumers. Insecticides are

claimed to be a major factor behind the increase in the 20th-century's

agricultural productivity. Nearly all insecticides have the potential to

antimicrobial activity in a number of studies.

screening at the College of Pharmacy Laboratory Virgen Milagrosa University

Foundation under the supervision of Mr. Alvin Franza revealed Alkaloids,

Unsaturated Sterols, Flavonols, Steroid, and Tannin.

each treatment/control group.

hypothesis means that there is a significant difference exists between the

is not comparable to the commercially-available insecticide in terms of

more effective than T1 and T2.

The researchers concluded the following: (1) Oregano contains alkaloids

saponins and Anthrequinune Hetoroxides.(INC); (2) There is a significant

difference between powderized oregano leaves and the commercially-available

insecticide (1.2.3 insecticide) in eradicating fire ants. The researchers

concentration of powderized oregano leaves in order to increase the

effectiveness; (2) Conditions in in vitro should be identified properly to

determine the cause of significant difference.

used in agriculture, medicine, industry and by consumers. Insecticides are

claimed to be a major factor behind the increase in the 20th-century's

agricultural productivity. Nearly all insecticides have the potential to

become concentrated as they spread along the food chain.

solenopsin, a compound from the class of piperidines. For humans, this is a

animals infants especially poultry.

why you need the best red ants killer.

Hippocrates used it as an antiseptic. Possible medicinal uses of oregano

include treating respiratory tract disorders, gastrointestinal (GI) disorders,