ENGR 2210

MECHANICS OF
DEFORMABLE BODIES
LECTURER
ENGR. ROY SEARCA JOSE P. DELA CRUZ, Ph.D.
Course Syllabus

• Course Code : ENGR 2210

• Course Title : Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
• Pre-requisite: CENGR 2100
• Credit: 4 units
• Class: 4 hours lecture a week
• Name of Instructor:
ROY SEARCA JOSE P. DELA CRUZ
• email address: roysearcajose.delacruz@clsu2.edu.ph
Course Description

• Axial stress and strain; stress for torsion and bending; combined
stresses, beam deflection, indeterminate beams, and elastic stability.
 Course Outline
• Stress and strain
• Torsion
§ Stresses in Beams
• Bolted connection § Beam Deflection
• Springs
• Moment of Inertia and Centroid
• Shear and moments in beams
• Moving loads
• Flexure and Bending Moment
Introduction
• Load sources and its
effects
• Structure performance as
supporting, spanning or
bracing element
• What changes the
structure undergo as
load is applied.
 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
• Also known as Strength of
Materials
• Internal forces of a member
caused by the external
forces acting on that 60#
60#/ft
member. MO 4’ M1 M2
hO

• Changes in dimensions of a R1
SPAN 1 = 10’
R2

member caused by these

SPAN O

forces. 150mm

• Physical properties of the

50mm

materials in the member. 200mm

150mm

50mm
150mm
Types of Load
• Gravity – weight of the structure and occupants, contents and
snow/water on the roof. (Application – vertically downward and
constant in magnitude)
• Wind – anticipated wind velocity (Horizontal force with vertical
component on sloping surfaces with vertical uplift on flat roof)
• Earthquake – ground vibration as a result of a subterranean shock.
(Back and forth, up and down movement resulting to inertial forces
induced by building weight
• Blast - Explosion of bomb, projectile, or volatile materials (Slamming
force on surfaces surrounding the explosion).
• Hydraulic pressure - groundwater levels above the bottom of the
basement floor ( horizontal pressure on basement walls/ upward
pressure on basement floors).
• Temperature change – rise and fall of temperature (Forces exerted
form expansion/contraction; distortions if connected parts have
different coefficients of expansion.
• Shrinkage – Natural volume reduction occurs in concrete, wood and
soils (effect similar with thermal change)
• Vibration – caused by heavy machinery, moving vehicles, or high
intensity sounds. (with concern for comfort of occupants.)
• Internal action - settlement of supports, slippage or loosening of
connections, or by shape changes due to sag, warping, and
shrinkage.
Classification of Load
• Dead Load – permanent loads
• Live Load – dispersed load on roof and floor.

Static Vs. Dynamic forces

§ Gravity § Blast § Shrinkage
§ Wind § Hydraulic § Vibration
§ Earthquake pressure § Internal action
§ Temperature
change
Dispersion of loads
 Wind loads on
structures
• p = 0.003V2
p= pressure(psf)
V= wind velocity (mph)
Reactions
External vs. Internal Force
• Compression/Tension
• Shear
• Bending
• Torsion
Compression/tension
Shear
Bending (Mc/I; d=wL3/EI)
Torsion (Tr/J; λ=rØ/L )
 Stress vs. Strain

• 1/2 – glass/high strength steel

• 3 – wood/concrete/plastic
• 4 – ductile mat’ls (low grade steel)
 Stress strain curve
• Proportional limit
• Elastic limit
• Elastic and plastic range
• Yield point
• Ultimate/tensile strength
• Breaking strength
• Modulus of resilience
• Modulus of toughness
• Working stress
• Yield strength
• Percentage elongation
• Percentage reduction in area
• Strain hardening § Strain hardening
§ Tangent modulus
§ Coefficient of linear expansion
§ Poisson’s ratio
Stress combinations
•1 § 2
•3
Thermal effects
Composite Structure
Terms to Remember
•Elasticity- is the ability of a material to return
to its previous shape after stress is released.
•Resilience – ability of a material to absorb
energy when elastically deformed and to return
it when unloaded
•Stiffness – resistance of a material to
deformation in the elastic range/ability to resist
bending.
• Plastic deformation (Plasticity)- is the opposite of
elastic deformation and is accepted as
unrecoverable strain. Plastic deformation is
retained even after the relaxation of the applied
stress.
• Ductility – indicates the ability of the material to
deform in the plastic range without breaking.
• Toughness – measure of the ability of the material
to absorb and release energy in the plastic range.
• Modulus of Elasticity (E)
§ Modulus of Rigidity/Shear
Modulus of Elasticity (G)

§ Volume Modulus § Modulus of

of Elasticity (K) Resilience (U)
•Relationship between E, G, K & μ

§ Relationship between E, G & μ

§ Poisson’s Ratio
μ = ε’ / ε
§ Elongation due to Self Weight
• Factor of Safety (n)
Force and Stress

• Stress = Force / Area = N / m2 (Pascal)

• Forces
• Concentrated - moment/torque
• Uniformly distributed
• Uniformly varying
• Stress
• Tensile - Shear - Tangential
• Compressive - Flexural - Longitudinal
• Torsional - Thermal
 STRESS
• COMPRESSIVE STRESS
• TENSILE STRESS
• SHEAR STRESS
Problem 1
• The lap joint shown is fastened by 3-20mm diameter
joints. If a 50 kN load is applied as shown, determine:
a. Shearing stress in each rivet
b. Bearing stress in each plate
c. Maximum tensile stress in each plate.
Assume the thickness of the plate is 25mm.

130mm
PN1 Given:
Solution P = 50kN w = 130mm
a. Shearing stress in rivets t = 25mm # of rivets = 3

50x103N / 3 Ø = 20mm
Ss= P/A = -------------------- = 53.05 N/mm2 = 53.05MPa
π/4(20mm)2

b. Bearing stress in each plate

50x103N
Ss= P/A = -------------------- = 33.33 N/mm2 = 33.33 MPa
25mmx20mmx3
c. Maximum tensile stress in each plate
50x103N
Ss= P/A = -------------------- = 15.38 N/mm2 = 15.38 MPa
130mmx25mm
50x103N
Ss= P/A = -------------------------------- = 18.18 N/mm2 = 18.18 MPa
(130mm-20mm) x 25mm
Problem 2
• The piston of a steam engine is 16” in diameter and its stroke is 24”. The
maximum steam pressure is 250psi. Determine the required diameter of
the piston rod if the design stress is 10,000psi.
PN2 Given:
Solution Ø = 16”
Pressure (S) = 250psi
Design Stress = 10,000 psi
• Convert steam pressure S into force P 250psi

P = π/4(16”)2 x (250psi) = 50,265.48#

P
• Required Area to resist compressive force P
A=P/S
= 50,265.48 # / 10,000 psi = 5.024 inch2

A = π/4 d2
d = √ 4/ π x (5.024)
d = 2.53”
Problem 3 A B

• Determine the required 200mm

diameter of the connecting 240mm
rod AB in the bell crank D C

shown if its axial stress is

limited to 100MPa. 600
Determine also the shearing
stress in the pin at D if its
diameter is 20mm.
30kN
PN3 Given:
Solution
External force = 30 kN
f = 20mm A B
a. ΣMD = 0
P
200P = 30 sin 60 (240)
P = 31.18 kN
P = AS 200mm

31.18 x 103 N = π/4 d2 100 N/mm2 240mm C

d = 19.92mm
b. ΣH = 0 D 600
31.18 + 30 cos 60 = Rh R = √ 46.182 + 25.982
Rh = 46.18 kN R = 52.98 kN
ΣV = 0 S = P/A
Rv = 30 sin 60 = 52.98 x 1000 N 30kN

Rv = 25.98 kN π/4 (20)2 (2)

= 84.33 N/mm2
S = 84.33 MPa
D
Problem 4

A 75mm pulley loaded as

shown is keyed to a 50mmØ shaft. 10 kN
Determine the width b of the
75mm long key if the allowable
shearing stress is 70 MPa. P

75 mm

6 kN

10 mm

b
PN4
Solution
Given:
ΣMC = 0 Ss = 70 MPa
P (25) + 6 (37.5) – 10 (37.5) = 0 Øshaft = 50mm
P = 6 kN Øpulley = 75mm
Length of key = 75mm
P = AS
6 x 1000 N = 75mm b x 70 N/mm2
10 kN
b = 1.14mm 37.5mm

P
25mm
75 mm
C
37.5mm
6 kN
Changes in dimensions
caused by forces
• Deformation can be detrimental to the system’s overall performance
or an issue of comfort/aesthetics.
• Hooke’s Law – stress is proportional to strain
• S»ɛ
• E = S/ ɛ
• Young’s Modulus/Modulus of Elasticity (E) – constant of
proportionality (Hooke’s Law)
Stress and Strain
§Strain (ε)– mathematically equal to deformation divided
by the original length.
§E = S / ε
*S = P / A ; ε = y / L

y = PL /AE

§Poisson’s Ratio (μ)

– ratio of lateral strain and
longitudinal strain
§ μ = ε’/ ε
 Proportional limit. –is the point
where the stress is exactly
proportional to strain ends in the
stress-strain graph (Point A).

Elastic limit.- is the point after

which any continued stress
results in permanent, or inelastic,
deformation in a stress strain
graph (Point B).

Yield point – the point when the

stress resistance of the material
decreases after the peak of the
curve in the stress-strain
graph(Point B).

Ultimate Stress – the point

Methods of Design where the material is considered
to have completely failed (Point
• Allowable Stress Design E).
•Ultimate Stress Design
Point of Rupture – point where
actual tearing of material
happens. (Point F).
• Creep – slow permanent deformation caused by a constant load
over a long period of time and dependent upon temperature
• Fatigue is associated with cyclic stressing or straining of a material
leading to premature failure
• Fatigue strength – value of cyclic stress at which failure occur after
N cycles
• Fatigue limit - limiting value of stress at which failure occurs as N
becomes very large.
Problem 5
• A 10mm diameter tensile specimen has a 50mm
gauge length. The load corresponding to the 0.2%
offset is 55kN and the maximum load is 70kN.
Fracture occurs at 60kN. The diameter after fracture
is 8mm and the gauge length at fracture is 65mm
Calculate the following proportion of the material
from the test.
• % elongation
• Reduciton of Area(RA) %
• Ultimate tensile strength
• Yield strength
• Fracture strength
• If E = 200GPa, the elastic recoverable strain at Loadmax
 • Given
PN5 D= 10mm; Df =8mm; L = 50mm; Lf =65mm
Solution

§ Original Area = π/4(0.01)^2

= 7.854x10^-5 m2
§ Area @ Fracture = π/4(0.08)^2
= 5.027x10^-5 m2
§ % elongation = (65-50)/50 x 100
= 30%
§ Reduction of Area = (7.854-5.027) /7.854 x 100
= 36%
PN5 Solution
§ UTS = Pmax/Aorig = 70x10^3/7.854x10^-5 N/m2
= 891 MPa
§ Yield Strength = Py / Aorig = 55x10^3/7.854x10^-5
= 700 Mpa
Fracture Strength = Py / Aorig = 60x10^3/7.854x10^-5
= 764Mpa
§ Elastic recoverable strain at Loadmax = Pmax/Aorig / E
= 891MPa / 200X10^3MPa
= 0.0045
Problem 6

During a stress-strain test, the

unit deformation at a stress of 200

35MPa was observed to be 167

x 10-6 m/m and at a stress of 140

140 MPa, it was 667 x 10-6 m/m.

STRESS (MPa)
If the proportional limit was
200MPa, What is the modulus 80
of elasticity of the material?
What is the strain 35
corresponding to a stress of 80
MPa?
167 667

STRAIN (m/m) x 10-6

 Given:
PN 6 S1=35MPa; ε1 = 167 x 10-6 m/m
§ Solution S2= 140 MPa; ε2= 667 x 10-6 m/m.
Proportional limit = 200MPa; S3 = 80 MPa

E=S/ε
= 140 N/mm2 – 35 N/mm2) 200

(667 x 10-6 – 167 x 10-6) m/m 140

E = 210000 N/mm2

STRESS (MPa)
E = 210 GPa
ε=S/E 80

= 80 N/mm2 / 210 x103 N/mm2

35
ε = 3.81 x 10-4

167 667

STRAIN (m/m) x 10-6

Problem 7
• A rigid bar is hinged at A
and supported by a steel
Strain gauge
rod at B. A strain gauge at
the rod indicates a strain 450
B
of 0.0003. If the rod is Ø
75mm2 in cross section,
calculate the applied load 2.5m
W. Assume E = 200GPa.
600

3.5m

W
A
 Given:
PN7
ε = 0.0003
Solution A = 75mm2
E = 200GPa

E=S/ε 450 T
= T/A B
--------- Ø=750
ε
200,000N/mm2 = T / 75mm2 / 0.0003 6(sin75) 2.5m
T = 4500N
600

From the Figure

Ø = 180 - 60 – 45 = 750 3.5m

W
ΣMA = 0 A 60
W (3.5sin 60) – 4500 (6 sin 75) = 0

5
60

3.
w = 8604.17 N

A wsin60
w
Problem 8
A 10mmØ x 6m steel rod is subjected to an axial
tension of 10 kN. If μ = 0.30 and E = 200 GPa, find the
change in the diameter of the rod.
PN8
Given:
Solution Ø = 10mm P = 10 kN L = 6m
E = 200GPa μ = 0.30

*μ = ε’ / ε
*E = S / ε = P/A / ε
200,000 N/mm2 = {10,000 N / [π/4 (10mm)2]} / ε
ε = 0.0006366
μ = ε’ / ε
ε’ = Δd / 10mm

0.30 = Δd / 10mm / 0.0006366

Δd = 0.00191mm
Problem 9

A steel wire 10m long hanging vertically supports a tensile load of

2000 N. Neglecting the weight of the wire, determine the required
diameter if the stress is not to exceed 140 MPa and the total elongation
is not to exceed 5mm. Assume E = 200GPa.
PN9
Solution Given:
P = 2000 N
S = 140 MPa
a. Required Ø from stress
E = 200 GPa
P = AS
L = 10m
2000 N = π/4 d2 (140 N/mm2)
d = 4.26mm y = 5mm

b. Required Ø from deformation

y = PL/AE
5mm = 2000 N ( 10000 mm )
π/4 d2 (200 x103 N/mm2)
d = 5.05mm
Problem 10

Find the ratio of Modulus of Rigidity* to Modulus of

Elasticity if Poisson’s Ratio is 0.25.

* Modulus of Rigidity - modulus of elasticity in shear.

Modulus of Elasticity – measure of stiffness of material.

E E G
PN10
Solution

E
G = ----------------
2 (1 + μ)

G 1
----- = --------------
E 2 (1 + μ)

= 1 / 2(1+0.25)

G/E = 0.40
Other forms of Stress

• Tangential/Circumferential/Girth Stress (ST) = PD / 2t

• Longitudinal Stress = PD / 4t
• P = internal pressure
• D = internal diameter
• t = thickness of plate
Problem 11

A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated from steel plates which

have a thickness of 20mm. The internal diameter of the vessel is
500mm and its length is 3m. Determine the maximum internal
pressure which can be applied if the stress in the steel is limited to
140MPa.
PN11
Solution
Given:
t = 20mm
ST = PD / 2t
Ø = 500mm
140 N/mm2 = P (500mm) / 2 (20mm)
L = 3m
P = 11.2 N/mm2
S = 140MPa
P = 11.2 MPa.

SL = PD / 4t
140 N/mm2 = P (500mm) / 4 (20mm)
P = 22.4 N/mm2
P = 22.4 MPa
Problem 12

A pipe carrying steam at 3.5 MPa has an outside

diameter of 450mm and wall thickness of 10mm. A
gasket is inserted between the flange at one end of
the pipe and a flat plate was used to hold the cap
end. How many 40mmØ bolts must be used to hold
the cap on the end of the pipe if the allowable
stress in the bolts is 80MPa, of which 55 MPa is the
initial stress? What circumferential stress is
developed in the pipe?
PN12 Given:
Øout = 450mm; t = 10mm
Solution
Sbolt = 80MPa; Sini = 55MPa
Øbolt = 40mm; P = 3.5 MPa

•Computing for Circumferential stress

S = PD/2t
S = 3.5N/mm2 [450-2(10)mm]/2(10mm)
S = 72.25MPa
•Computing for the req’d # of bolts.
Force due to pressure
F = AS
F = (π/4) (450mm - 2*10mm)2 (3.5 N/mm2)
F = 508,270.42N
• Force (T) carried by one bolt
T = AS
= (π/4) (40mm)2 (80-55N/mm2)
T = 31,415.93 N

• No. of Bolts
nT = F
n = F/T = 508,270.42N / 31,415.93N
n = 16.2 say 17 bolts.
Thermal Stress
• Stress induced by elongation or contraction of material as a result of
change in temperature.
YT = ά L ΔT
Where:
• YT = elongation/contraction
• ά = coefficient of thermal
expansion/contraction
• L = length of material
• ΔT = change in temperature
Problem 13

• If a material is allowed to freely expand due to heating, it will

develop:
a. Thermal stress
b. tensile stress
c. compressive stress
d. shearing stress
e. no stress
Problem 14

Steel railroad rails 10m long are laid with a clearance of 3mm at a
temperature of 150C. At what temperature will the rails just touch?
What stress will be induced in the rails at that temperature if there
where no initial clearance? Assume ά = 11.7 x 10-6 m/ (m0C) and E =
200 GPa.
PS14 Given:
L = 10m
Solution
ά = 11.7 x 10-6 m /(m0C)
E = 200 MPa
Yt = 3mm

YT = ά L ΔT
3mm = 11.7 x 10-6 m /(m0C) 10,000mm (T-15)
T = 40.640C

Y = PL/AE = SL/E *(S=P/A)

3mm = S (10,000 mm) / 200 x 103 N/mm2
S = 60 MPa
Problem 15

A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a

tensile load of 5000N at 200C. If the allowable stress is not to
exceed 130 MPa at - 200C, what is the minimum diameter of the
rod? Assume ά = 11.7 x 10-6 m/ (m0C) and E = 200 GPa.
PS15
Given:
Solution P = 5000N
5000N 5000N

Y
ά = 11.7 x 10-6 m /(m0C)
E = 200 MPa
Y = Yt + Y1 Yt Y1
S = 130 Mpa

SL/E = ά L ΔT + P1L /AE

130 N/mm2 5000N

------------------ = 11.7 x 10-6 (20 + 20) + ----------------------
200 x 103 N/mm2 A (200 x 103 N/mm2)

137.4 mm2 = π/4 d2

A = 137.4 mm2

d = 13.22mm
 Torsion
§ Twisting action in shaft or thin-walled tube as a
result of transmitting power from prime mover to a
machine.
§ Torsional Stress
(Ss) = Tr/J J = π/32 D4 – solid shaft
J = π/32 (D4-d4) - hollow shaft
§ Torsional Strain
λ = rØ / L r – radius of shaft, Ø = angle of twist;
L = length of shaft
§ Power Transmitted by Shaft
P = T 2πf f = angular velocity (rev/s)
T = torque
• Shaft – a member usually of circular cross-section which supports
gears, sprockets, wheel, etc.
• Axle – rotating/non-rotating member that support wheels, pulleys and
carries no torque
• Spindle – a short shaft

§ Polar moment of Inertia

§ Polar Section Modulus

• Safe diameter of Shaft

§ Comparison of Solid Shaft & Hollow Shaft
§ Strength

§ Weight

§ Strain
• Combined Bending and Torsion in Shaft
Problem 16
A hollow steel shaft (G = 12 x 106 psi) must transmit a torque of
300,000 in-lb. The total angle of twist must not exceed 30 per 100ft.
The maximum shearing stress must not exceed 16,000 psi. Find the
inside diameter d of the hollow steel shaft if the outside diameter D
is 12”.
PN16
Given:
Solution
D = 12”; G = 12x106 psi
T = 300,000 in-lb; θ = 30
For Torsional Stress: Ss = 16,000 psi
Ss = Tr/J
16,000 psi= 300,000 in-lb (6”)/ J
J = 112.5 in4

For Torsional strain: λ = rθ / L G = Ss/λ

Ss = Tr/J
θ = TL/JG
3 π/180 = 300,000 in-lb (100’ x 12”/1’)
J (12 x 106 psi)
J = 572.96 in4

For hollow shaft *For Solid Shaft

J = π/32 (D4 – d4) J = π/32 D4
572.96 in4= π/32 (12”4 – d4)
d = 11.05”
Problem 17

• The outside diameter of a hollow shaft is twice its inside diameter.

The ratio of its torque carrying capacity to that of a solid shaft of the
same material and the same outside diameter is:
a. 15/16 b. ¾ c. ½ d. 1/8 e. 1/16
PN17 Given
Solution (Ss) = Tr/J J = π/32 D4 – solid shaft
J = π/32 (D4-d4) - hollow shaft
Problem 18

A steel marine propeller is to transmit 4.5MW at 3r/s without

exceeding a shearing stress of 50MPa or twisting through more than
10 in a length of 25 diameters. Compute the required diameter if G =
83 GPa.
 PN18
Given:
Solution
P = 4.5MW; f = 3 rev/sec
θ = 10; G = 83 GPa
Ss = 50 MPa
P = T 2πf N-m/s
T = 4.5x106watts / 2π(3 rev/s)
T = 238,732 N-m
From Shearing stress: Ss = Tr/J; r = D/2; J=π/32D4
Ss = 16T / πD3
50 N/mm2 = 16(238,732N-m) / πD3
D = 290mm 1(π/180) = 238,732(1000) N-mm(25D)
From deformation: π/32 D4 (83x103)N/mm2
θ = TL/JG D = 347.5mm say 348 mm

Therefore use d = 348mm

Moment of Inertia and Centroids
• Center of Gravity – a point in a body through which
the whole weight of a body may assumed to act
• Centroid – known as center of area is a point
where the whole area of the figure is assumed to
be concentrated
• Area Moment of Inertia – measure of resistance to
bending and forms the basis of strength of
materials
• Mass Moment of Inertia – measure of resistance of
the body to rotation and forms the basis of
dynamics of rigid bodies
Centroid of Planar Shapes
Typical Cross Section of Compression
Members
Centroid for Composite Shapes
Area Moment of Inertia
• Circular area

§ Area w/ concentric hole § Semi circular area

§ J = polar moment of inertia

• Semi circular area

§ Quarter circle area

• Rectangular Area

§ Thru axis N-N

• Square Area § Rectangular area w/
centrally rectangular
hole

§ Triangular Area § Triangular Area

thru axis N-N
• Circular ring

§ Elliptical area
Transfer Formula for Moment of Inertia

IN-N = Ix-x + Ad2

Problem 19
• A wide flange section beam 100mm wide by 150mm depth has a
web thickness of 20mm is used in a structure of length 5m.
Determine the centroidal moment of inertia of the cross section of
the beam. Compute also the moment of inertia of the section for an
axis located 100mm measured from the bottom of the beam if the
flange thickness is 12mm.
PN•19 Solution
A. I1 = bh3 / 12
= 0.1 x 0.153/ 12
= 28.1 x 10-6
• I2 = 0.04 x 0.1263 / 12
= 6.67 x 10-6
• I = I1-2I2
= 14.76 x 10-6 m4

B. Part Area
(mm2)
y (mm) I (mm4) A x y2 Ix (mm4)

1 1200 44 100(123)/1 2,323,200 2,337,600

2 = 14,400

2 1200 94 14,400 10,603,200 10,617,600

3 20x126=2, 25 20x1263=3, 1,575,000 4,908,960
520 333,960
Σ 17,864,160
 Helical Spring
16PR
§ Shearing Stress = ----------------- ( 1 + d / 4R)
πd3

64PR3n
§ Deformation = ---------------
Gd4
§ Spring Constant (k)
Where P – Tensile/compressive force
d – diameter of spring material
R –radius of spring
Gd4 n – no. of turns
(k) = --------------- G – modulus of rigidity

64R3n
Equivalent Spring Constant(Kef)
Problem 20
A helical spring is made by wrapping
wire 25mmØ around a forming
cylinder 175mm in diameter. Compute 175mm
the number of turns required to
permit a stretch of 100mm without
exceeding a shear stress of 140MPa.
Assume G = 82,800 GPa.

d/2
D/2

R
PN20 Given: P
Solution d = 25mm; Ss = 140 MPa
175mm
D = 175mm; G = 82,800MPa

R = D/2 + d/2 = 175/2 + 25/2

R = 100mm

16PR d/2
D/2

Ss = ------------- (1 + d/4R) R

πd3
16 P (100mm )
140 N/mm2 = ----------------- [1 + 25mm/4(100mm)]
π(25mm)3
P = 4042.5 N
y = 64 PR3n / Gd4

100 = 64 (4042.5 N)(100mm)3 n

82, 800 N/mm2 (25mm)4

n = 12.5 turns.
Problem 21

A load P is supported by two P

concentric steel springs arranged as
shown. The inner spring consists of 30
turns of 20mm diameter wire on a
mean diameter of 150mm. The outer
spring has 20 turns of 30mm wire on
a mean diameter of 200mm.
Compute the maximum load that will
not exceed a shearing stress of
140MPa in either spring.
PS21 Given:
Solution R1 = 150/2 = 75mm n1 = 30
R2 = 200/2=100mm n2 = 20
d1 = 20mm Ss = 140MPa
Ss = 16PR (1 + d/4R) d2 = 30mm
πd3
For Spring 1
140 N/mm2 = 16P(75mm) [1+20mm/4(75mm)]
π(20mm)3
P1 = 2749 N
For Spring 2
140 N/mm2 = 16P(100mm) [1+30mm/4(100mm)]
π(30mm)3
P2 = 6904 N
Y1 =Y2

Y = 64PR3n/Gd4

64P1R13n1/Gd14 = 64P2R23n2/Gd24

P1(753) (30)/204 = P2(1003)(20)/304

P2 = 3.2 P1
If P1 = 2749
P2 = 3.2 (2749)
P2 = 8796.8 N>6904N (Spring 2 fails)

If P2 = 6904
6904 = 3.2 P1
P1 = 2157.5 < 2749 N (safe)

P = P1 + P2 = 2157.5 + 6904
P = 9061.5
 END OF CO1
SUMMATIVE EXAM 1