Demography

Demography (from Ancient Greek δῆμος

(dêmos) 'people, society', and -γραφία (-
graphía) 'writing, drawing, description')[1] is
the statistical study of populations,
especially human beings.
The Demography of the World Population from 1950 to 2100. Data source: United Nations — World Population Prospects
2017

Demographic analysis examines and

measures the dimensions and dynamics
of populations; it can cover whole
societies or groups defined by criteria
such as education, nationality, religion, and
ethnicity. Educational institutions[2] usually
treat demography as a field of sociology,
though there are a number of independent
demography departments.[3] These
methods have primarily been developed to
study human populations, but are
extended to a variety of areas where
researchers want to know how
populations of social actors can change
across time through processes of birth,
death, and migration. In the context of
human biological populations,
demographic analysis uses administrative
records to develop an independent
estimate of the population.[4] Demographic
analysis estimates are often considered a
reliable standard for judging the accuracy
of the census information gathered at any
time. In the labor force, demographic
analysis is used to estimate sizes and
flows of populations of workers; in
population ecology the focus is on the
birth, death, migration and immigration of
individuals in a population of living
organisms, alternatively, in social human
sciences could involve movement of firms
and institutional forms. Demographic
analysis is used in a wide variety of
contexts. For example, it is often used in
business plans, to describe the population
connected to the geographic location of
the business.[5] Demographic analysis is
usually abbreviated as DA.[6] For the 2010
U.S. Census, The U.S. Census Bureau has
expanded its DA categories.[6] Also as part
of the 2010 U.S. Census, DA now also
includes comparative analysis between
independent housing estimates, and
census address lists at different key time
points.[6]
Patient demographics form the core of the
data for any medical institution, such as
patient and emergency contact
information and patient medical record
data. They allow for the identification of a
patient and his categorization into
categories for the purpose of statistical
analysis. Patient demographics include:
date of birth, gender, date of death, postal
code, ethnicity, blood type, emergency
contact information, family doctor,
insurance provider data, allergies, major
diagnoses and major medical history.[7]

Formal demography limits its object of

study to the measurement of population
processes, while the broader field of social
demography or population studies also
analyses the relationships between
economic, social, institutional, cultural,
and biological processes influencing a
population.[8]

History
Demographic thoughts traced back to
antiquity, and were present in many
civilisations and cultures, like Ancient
Greece, Ancient Rome, China and India.[9]
Made up of the prefix demo- and the suffix
-graphy, the term demography refers to the
overall study of population.
In ancient Greece, this can be found in the
writings of Herodotus, Thucydides,
Hippocrates, Epicurus, Protagoras, Polus,
Plato and Aristotle.[9] In Rome, writers and
philosophers like Cicero, Seneca, Pliny the
Elder, Marcus Aurelius, Epictetus, Cato,
and Columella also expressed important
ideas on this ground.[9]

In the Middle Ages, Christian thinkers

devoted much time in refuting the
Classical ideas on demography. Important
contributors to the field were William of
Conches,[10] Bartholomew of Lucca,[10]
William of Auvergne,[10] William of
Pagula,[10] and Muslim sociologists like
Ibn Khaldun.[11]

One of the earliest demographic studies in

the modern period was Natural and
Political Observations Made upon the Bills
of Mortality (1662) by John Graunt, which
contains a primitive form of life table.
Among the study's findings were that one-
third of the children in London died before
their sixteenth birthday. Mathematicians,
such as Edmond Halley, developed the life
table as the basis for life insurance
mathematics. Richard Price was credited
with the first textbook on life
contingencies published in 1771,[12]
followed later by Augustus De Morgan, On
the Application of Probabilities to Life
Contingencies (1838).[13]

In 1755, Benjamin Franklin published his

essay Observations Concerning the
Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries,
etc., projecting exponential growth in
British colonies.[14] His work influenced
Thomas Robert Malthus,[15] who, writing at
the end of the 18th century, feared that, if
unchecked, population growth would tend
to outstrip growth in food production,
leading to ever-increasing famine and
poverty (see Malthusian catastrophe).
Malthus is seen as the intellectual father
of ideas of overpopulation and the limits
to growth. Later, more sophisticated and
realistic models were presented by
Benjamin Gompertz and Verhulst.

In 1855, a Belgian scholar Achille Guillard

defined demography as the natural and
social history of human species or the
mathematical knowledge of populations,
of their general changes, and of their
physical, civil, intellectual, and moral
condition.[16]

The period 1860–1910 can be

characterized as a period of transition
where in demography emerged from
statistics as a separate field of interest.
This period included a panoply of
international ‘great demographers’ like
Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874), William
Farr (1807–1883), Louis-Adolphe Bertillon
(1821–1883) and his son Jacques (1851–
1922), Joseph Körösi (1844–1906),
Anders Nicolas Kaier (1838–1919),
Richard Böckh (1824–1907), Émile
Durkheim (1858–1917), Wilhelm Lexis
(1837–1914), and Luigi Bodio (1840–
1920) contributed to the development of
demography and to the toolkit of methods
and techniques of demographic
analysis.[17]
Methods
Demography is the statistical and
mathematical study of the size,
composition, and spatial distribution of
human populations and how these
features change over time. Data are
obtained from a census of the population
and from registries: records of events like
birth, deaths, migrations, marriages,
divorces, diseases, and employment. To
do this, there needs to be an
understanding of how they are calculated
and the questions they answer which are
included in these four concepts:
population change, standardization of
population numbers, the demographic
bookkeeping equation, and population
composition.

There are two types of data collection—

direct and indirect—with several methods
of each type.

Direct methods

Direct data comes from vital statistics

registries that track all births and deaths
as well as certain changes in legal status
such as marriage, divorce, and migration
(registration of place of residence). In
developed countries with good registration
systems (such as the United States and
much of Europe), registry statistics are the
best method for estimating the number of
births and deaths.

A census is the other common direct

method of collecting demographic data. A
census is usually conducted by a national
government and attempts to enumerate
every person in a country. In contrast to
vital statistics data, which are typically
collected continuously and summarized
on an annual basis, censuses typically
occur only every 10 years or so, and thus
are not usually the best source of data on
births and deaths. Analyses are conducted
after a census to estimate how much over
or undercounting took place. These
compare the sex ratios from the census
data to those estimated from natural
values and mortality data.

Censuses do more than just count people.

They typically collect information about
families or households in addition to
individual characteristics such as age, sex,
marital status, literacy/education,
employment status, and occupation, and
geographical location. They may also
collect data on migration (or place of birth
or of previous residence), language,
religion, nationality (or ethnicity or race),
and citizenship. In countries in which the
vital registration system may be
incomplete, the censuses are also used as
a direct source of information about
fertility and mortality; for example, the
censuses of the People's Republic of
China gather information on births and
deaths that occurred in the 18 months
immediately preceding the census.

Map of countries by population

Rate of human population growth showing projections for later this century[18]

Indirect methods

Indirect methods of collecting data are

required in countries and periods where
full data are not available, such as is the
case in much of the developing world, and
most of historical demography. One of
these techniques in contemporary
demography is the sister method, where
survey researchers ask women how many
of their sisters have died or had children
and at what age. With these surveys,
researchers can then indirectly estimate
birth or death rates for the entire
population. Other indirect methods in
contemporary demography include asking
people about siblings, parents, and
children. Other indirect methods are
necessary in historical demography.

There are a variety of demographic

methods for modelling population
processes. They include models of
mortality (including the life table,
Gompertz models, hazards models, Cox
proportional hazards models, multiple
decrement life tables, Brass relational
logits), fertility (Hermes model, Coale-
Trussell models, parity progression ratios),
marriage (Singulate Mean at Marriage,
Page model), disability (Sullivan's method,
multistate life tables), population
projections (Lee-Carter model, the Leslie
Matrix), and population momentum
(Keyfitz).

The United Kingdom has a series of four

national birth cohort studies, the first three
spaced apart by 12 years: the 1946
National Survey of Health and
Development, the 1958 National Child
Development Study,[19] the 1970 British
Cohort Study,[20] and the Millennium
Cohort Study, begun much more recently
in 2000. These have followed the lives of
samples of people (typically beginning
with around 17,000 in each study) for
many years, and are still continuing. As the
samples have been drawn in a nationally
representative way, inferences can be
drawn from these studies about the
differences between four distinct
generations of British people in terms of
their health, education, attitudes,
childbearing and employment patterns.[21]

Indirect standardization is used when a

population is small enough that the
number of events (births, deaths, etc.) are
also small. In this case, methods must be
used to produce a standardized mortality
rate (SMR) or standardized incidence rate
(SIR).[22][23]

Population change
Population change is analyzed by
measuring the change between one
population size to another. Global
population continues to rise, which makes
population change an essential
component to demographics. This is
calculated by taking one population size
minus the population size in an earlier
census. The best way of measuring
population change is using the intercensal
percentage change. The intercensal
percentage change is the absolute change
in population between the censuses
divided by the population size in the earlier
census. Next, multiply this a hundredfold
to receive a percentage. When this
statistic is achieved, the population growth
between two or more nations that differ in
size, can be accurately measured and
examined.[24][25]

Standardization of
population numbers
For there to be a significant comparison,
numbers must be altered for the size of
the population that is under study. For
example, the fertility rate is calculated as
the ratio of the number of births to women
of childbearing age to the total number of
women in this age range. If these
adjustments were not made, we would not
know if a nation with a higher rate of births
or deaths has a population with more
women of childbearing age or more births
per eligible woman.

Within the category of standardization,

there are two major approaches: direct
standardization and indirect
standardization.
Common rates and ratios
The crude birth rate, the annual number
of live births per 1,000 people.
The general fertility rate, the annual
number of live births per 1,000 women
of childbearing age (often taken to be
from 15 to 49 years old, but sometimes
from 15 to 44).
The age-specific fertility rates, the
annual number of live births per 1,000
women in particular age groups (usually
age 15–19, 20–24 etc.)
The crude death rate, the annual
number of deaths per 1,000 people.
The infant mortality rate, the annual
number of deaths of children less than 1
year old per 1,000 live births.
The expectation of life (or life
expectancy), the number of years that
an individual at a given age could expect
to live at present mortality levels.
The total fertility rate, the number of live
births per woman completing her
reproductive life, if her childbearing at
each age reflected current age-specific
fertility rates.
The replacement level fertility, the
average number of children women
must have in order to replace the
population for the next generation. For
example, the replacement level fertility
in the US is 2.11.[26]
The gross reproduction rate, the number
of daughters who would be born to a
woman completing her reproductive life
at current age-specific fertility rates.
The net reproduction ratio is the
expected number of daughters, per
newborn prospective mother, who may
or may not survive to and through the
ages of childbearing.
A stable population, one that has had
constant crude birth and death rates for
such a long period of time that the
 percentage of people in every age class
remains constant, or equivalently, the
population pyramid has an unchanging
structure.[26]
A stationary population, one that is both
stable and unchanging in size (the
difference between crude birth rate and
crude death rate is zero).[26]

A stable population does not necessarily

remain fixed in size. It can be expanding or
shrinking.[26]

Note that the crude death rate as defined

above and applied to a whole population
can give a misleading impression. For
example, the number of deaths per 1,000
people can be higher in developed nations
than in less-developed countries, despite
standards of health being better in
developed countries. This is because
developed countries have proportionally
more older people, who are more likely to
die in a given year, so that the overall
mortality rate can be higher even if the
mortality rate at any given age is lower. A
more complete picture of mortality is
given by a life table, which summarizes
mortality separately at each age. A life
table is necessary to give a good estimate
of life expectancy.
Basic equation regarding
development of a population
Suppose that a country (or other entity)
contains Populationt persons at time t.
What is the size of the population at time t
+ 1 ?

Natural increase from time t to t + 1:

Net migration from time t to t + 1:

These basic equations can also be applied
to subpopulations. For example, the
population size of ethnic groups or
nationalities within a given society or
country is subject to the same sources of
change. When dealing with ethnic groups,
however, "net migration" might have to be
subdivided into physical migration and
ethnic reidentification (assimilation).
Individuals who change their ethnic self-
labels or whose ethnic classification in
government statistics changes over time
may be thought of as migrating or moving
from one population subcategory to
another.[27]
More generally, while the basic
demographic equation holds true by
definition, in practice the recording and
counting of events (births, deaths,
immigration, emigration) and the
enumeration of the total population size
are subject to error. So allowance needs to
be made for error in the underlying
statistics when any accounting of
population size or change is made.

The figure in this section shows the latest

(2004) UN (United Nations) WHO
projections of world population out to the
year 2150 (red = high, orange = medium,
green = low). The UN "medium" projection
shows world population reaching an
approximate equilibrium at 9 billion by
2075. Working independently,
demographers at the International Institute
for Applied Systems Analysis in Austria
expect world population to peak at
9 billion by 2070.[28] Throughout the 21st
century, the average age of the population
is likely to continue to rise.

Science of population

Populations can change through three

processes: fertility, mortality, and
migration. Fertility involves the number of
children that women have and is to be
contrasted with fecundity (a woman's
childbearing potential).[29] Mortality is the
study of the causes, consequences, and
measurement of processes affecting
death to members of the population.
Demographers most commonly study
mortality using the life table, a statistical
device that provides information about the
mortality conditions (most notably the life
expectancy) in the population.[30]

Migration refers to the movement of

persons from a locality of origin to a
destination place across some predefined,
political boundary. Migration researchers
do not designate movements 'migrations'
unless they are somewhat permanent.
Thus, demographers do not consider
tourists and travellers to be migrating.
While demographers who study migration
typically do so through census data on
place of residence, indirect sources of
data including tax forms and labour force
surveys are also important.[31]

Demography is today widely taught in

many universities across the world,
attracting students with initial training in
social sciences, statistics or health
studies. Being at the crossroads of several
disciplines such as sociology, economics,
epidemiology, geography, anthropology
and history, demography offers tools to
approach a large range of population
issues by combining a more technical
quantitative approach that represents the
core of the discipline with many other
methods borrowed from social or other
sciences. Demographic research is
conducted in universities, in research
institutes, as well as in statistical
departments and in several international
agencies. Population institutions are part
of the CICRED (International Committee
for Coordination of Demographic
Research) network while most individual
scientists engaged in demographic
research are members of the International
Union for the Scientific Study of
Population,[32] or a national association
such as the Population Association of
America in the United States,[33] or
affiliates of the Federation of Canadian
Demographers in Canada.[34]

Population composition
Population composition is the description
of population defined by characteristics
such as age, race, sex or marital status.
These descriptions can be necessary for
understanding the social dynamics from
historical and comparative research. This
data is often compared using a population
pyramid.
Population composition is also a very
important part of historical research.
Information ranging back hundreds of
years is not always worthwhile, because
the numbers of people for which data are
available may not provide the information
that is important (such as population
size). Lack of information on the original
data-collection procedures may prevent
accurate evaluation of data quality.
Demographic analysis in
institutions and
organizations

Labor market

The demographic analysis of labor

markets can be used to show slow
population growth, population aging, and
the increased importance of immigration.
The U.S. Census Bureau projects that in
the next 100 years, the United States will
face some dramatic demographic
changes. The population is expected to
grow more slowly and age more rapidly
than ever before and the nation will
become a nation of immigrants. This influx
is projected to rise over the next century
as new immigrants and their children will
account for over half the U.S. population.
These demographic shifts could ignite
major adjustments in the economy, more
specifically, in labor markets.

Turnover and in internal labor

markets

People decide to exit organizations for

many reasons, such as, better jobs,
dissatisfaction, and concerns within the
family. The causes of turnover can be split
into two separate factors, one linked with
the culture of the organization, and the
other relating to all other factors. People
who do not fully accept a culture might
leave voluntarily. Or, some individuals
might leave because they fail to fit in and
fail to change within a particular
organization.

Population ecology of organizations

A basic definition of population ecology is

a study of the distribution and abundance
of organisms. As it relates to
organizations and demography,
organizations go through various liabilities
to their continued survival. Hospitals, like
all other large and complex organizations
are impacted in the environment they
work. For example, a study was done on
the closure of acute care hospitals in
Florida between a particular time. The
study examined effect size, age, and niche
density of these particular hospitals. A
population theory says that organizational
outcomes are mostly determined by
environmental factors. Among several
factors of the theory, there are four that
apply to the hospital closure example: size,
age, density of niches in which
organizations operate, and density of
niches in which organizations are
established.
Business organizations

Problems in which demographers may be

called upon to assist business
organizations are when determining the
best prospective location in an area of a
branch store or service outlet, predicting
the demand for a new product, and to
analyze certain dynamics of a company's
workforce. Choosing a new location for a
branch of a bank, choosing the area in
which to start a new supermarket,
consulting a bank loan officer that a
particular location would be a beneficial
site to start a car wash, and determining
what shopping area would be best to buy
and be redeveloped in metropolis area are
types of problems in which demographers
can be called upon.

Standardization is a useful demographic

technique used in the analysis of a
business. It can be used as an interpretive
and analytic tool for the comparison of
different markets.

Nonprofit organizations

These organizations have interests about

the number and characteristics of their
clients so they can maximize the sale of
their products, their outlook on their
influence, or the ends of their power,
services, and beneficial works.

See also
Biodemography
Biodemography of human longevity
Demographics of the world
Demographic economics
Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality
Linguistic demography
List of demographics articles
Medieval demography
National Security Study Memorandum
200 of 1974
 NRS social grade
Political demography
Population biology
Population dynamics
Population geography
Population reconstruction
Population statistics
Religious demography
Replacement migration
Reproductive health

Social surveys

Current Population Survey (CPS)

Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)
European Social Survey (ESS)
General Social Survey (GSS)
German General Social Survey (ALLBUS)
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
(MICS)
National Longitudinal Survey (NLS)
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID)
Performance Monitoring and
Accountability 2020 (PMA2020)
Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP, German)
World Values Survey (WVS)
Organizations

Global Social Change Research Project

(United States)
Institut national d'études
démographiques (INED) (France)
Max Planck Institute for Demographic
Research (Germany)
Office of Population Research
(Princeton University) (United States)
Population Council (United States)
Population Studies Center at the
University of Michigan (United States)
Vienna Institute of Demography (VID)
(Austria)
 Wittgenstein Centre for Demography
and Global Human Capital (Austria)

Scientific journals

Brazilian Journal of Population Studies

Cahiers québécois de démographie
Demography
Population and Development Review

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on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
23. examples of standardization (http://www.ci
d.harvard.edu/cidstudents/thesis_prize/the
sis_2001/appendix_a.pdf)
24. https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c
2kbr01-2.pdf (https://www.census.gov/pro
d/2004pubs/wp02-1.pdf)
25. https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/w
p-02.pdf
26. Introduction to environmental engineering
and science by Masters and Ela, 2008,
Pearson Education, chapter 3
27. See, for example, Barbara A. Anderson and
Brian D. Silver, "Estimating Russification of
Ethnic Identity Among Non-Russians in the
USSR," Demography, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Nov.,
1983): 461-489.
28. Lutz, Wolfgang; Sanderson, Warren;
Scherbov, Sergei (19 June 1997). "Doubling
of world population unlikely" (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20081216230409/http://ace
1.ma.utexas.edu/users/davis/375/reading/
worldbirthrate.pdf) (PDF). Nature. 387
(6635): 803–805.
Bibcode:1997Natur.387..803L (https://ui.ad
sabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.387..803
L) . doi:10.1038/42935 (https://doi.org/10.
1038%2F42935) . PMID 9194559 (https://p
ubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9194559) .
S2CID 4306159 (https://api.semanticschola
r.org/CorpusID:4306159) . Archived from
the original (http://ace1.ma.utexas.edu/use
rs/davis/375/reading/worldbirthrate.pdf)
 (PDF) on 16 December 2008. Retrieved
2008-11-13.
29. John Bongaarts. The Fertility-Inhibiting
Effects of the Intermediate Fertility
Variables. Studies in Family Planning, Vol.
13, No. 6/7. (Jun. - Jul., 1982), pp. 179-189.
30. "N C H S - Life Tables" (https://www.cdc.go
v/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/lftbls/lftbls.ht
m) .
31. Donald T. Rowland Demographic Methods
and Concepts Ch. 11 ISBN 0-19-875263-6
32. "International Union for the Scientific Study
of Population" (http://www.iussp.org) .
33. "Population Association of America" (http://
www.populationassociation.org) .
34. Fédération canadienne de démographie –
Federation of Canadian Demographers (htt
ps://fcdweb.wordpress.com/)

Further reading
Josef Ehmer, Jens Ehrhardt, Martin
Kohli (Eds.): Fertility in the History of the
20th Century: Trends, Theories, Policies,
Discourses (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20130527141349/http://www.gesis.or
g/en/hsr/current-issues/current-issues-
2010-2012/362-fertility/) . Historical
Social Research 36 (2), 2011.
Glad, John. 2008. Future Human
Evolution: Eugenics in the Twenty-First
Century (http://www.whatwemaybe.org/t
xt/txt0000/Glad.John.2008.FHE.Meisenb
erg-abridgement.en.pdf) . Hermitage
Publishers, ISBN 1-55779-154-6
Gavrilova N.S., Gavrilov L.A. 2011.
Ageing and Longevity: Mortality Laws
and Mortality Forecasts for Ageing
Populations [In Czech: Stárnutí a
dlouhověkost: Zákony a prognózy
úmrtnosti pro stárnoucí populace].
Demografie, 53(2): 109–128.
Preston, Samuel, Patrick Heuveline, and
Michel Guillot. 2000. Demography:
Measuring and Modeling Population
Processes. Blackwell Publishing.
Gavrilov L.A., Gavrilova N.S. 2010.
Demographic Consequences of
Defeating Aging. Rejuvenation Research,
13(2-3): 329–334.
Paul R. Ehrlich (1968), The Population
Bomb Controversial Neo-Malthusianist
pamphlet
Leonid A. Gavrilov & Natalia S. Gavrilova
(1991), The Biology of Life Span: A
Quantitative Approach. New York:
Harwood Academic Publisher, ISBN 3-
7186-4983-7
Andrey Korotayev & Daria Khaltourina
(2006). Introduction to Social
Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels
of the World System Growth. Moscow:
URSS (https://www.academia.edu/3544
3515/Introduction_to_Social_Macrodyna
mics_Compact_Macromodels_of_the_W
orld_System_Growth._Moscow_KomKni
ga_2006) ISBN 5-484-00414-4 [2] (htt
p://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&page=Boo
k&id=34250&lang=en&blang=en&list=1
4)
Uhlenberg P. (Editor), (2009)
International Handbook of the
Demography of Aging, New York:
Springer-Verlag, pp. 113–131.
Paul Demeny and Geoffrey McNicoll
(Eds.). 2003. The Encyclopedia of
Population. New York, Macmillan
Reference USA, vol.1, 32-37
Phillip Longman (2004), The Empty
Cradle: how falling birth rates threaten
global prosperity and what to do about it
Sven Kunisch, Stephan A. Boehm,
Michael Boppel (eds) (2011). From Grey
to Silver: Managing the Demographic
Change Successfully, Springer-Verlag,
Berlin Heidelberg, ISBN 978-3-642-
15593-2
Joe McFalls (2007), Population: A Lively
Introduction, Population Reference
Bureau [3] (http://prb.org/Publications/P
opulationBulletins/2007/PopulationALiv
elyIntroduction.aspx)
Ben J. Wattenberg (2004), How the New
Demography of Depopulation Will Shape
Our Future. Chicago: R. Dee, ISBN 1-
56663-606-X
Perry, Marc J. & Mackun, Paul J.
Population Change & Distribution: Census
2000 Brief. (2001)
Preston, Samuel; Heuveline,Patrick; and
Guillot Michel. 2000. Demography:
Measuring and Modeling Population
Processes. Blackwell Publishing.
Schutt, Russell K. 2006. "Investigating
the Social World: The Process and
 Practice of Research". SAGE
Publications.
Siegal, Jacob S. (2002), Applied
Demography: Applications to Business,
Government, Law, and Public Policy. San
Diego: Academic Press.
Wattenberg, Ben J. (2004), How the New
Demography of Depopulation Will Shape
Our Future. Chicago: R. Dee, ISBN 1-
56663-606-X

External links
Look up demography in Wiktionary, the
free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related
to Demography.
 Wikisource has original works on the
topic: Demography
Quick demography data lookup (https://
web.archive.org/web/20160304072527/
https://www.peeparound.com/)
(archived 4 March 2016)
Demography (https://curlie.org/Science/
Social_Sciences/Demography_and_Pop
ulation_Studies/) at Curlie
Historicalstatistics.org (http://www.hist
oricalstatistics.org/) Links to historical
demographic and economic statistics
United Nations Population Division:
Homepage (https://www.un.org/develop
ment/desa/pd/)
World Population Prospects, the
2012 Revision (https://web.archive.
org/web/20110506065230/http://e
sa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm) ,
Population estimates and
projections for 230 countries and
areas (archived 6 May 2011)
World Urbanization Prospects, the
2011 Revision (https://www.un.org/
en/development/desa/publication
s/world-urbanization-prospects-the-
2011-revision.html) , Estimates and
projections of urban and rural
populations and urban
agglomerations
 Probabilistic Population
Projections, the 2nd Revision (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20121213
035405/http://esa.un.org/unpd/pp
p/index.htm) , Probabilistic
Population Projections, based on
the 2010 Revision of the World
Population Prospects (archived 13
December 2012)
Java Simulation of Population Dynamics
(http://www.aetheling.com/NL/sim/pop
ulation/population1.html) .
Basic Guide to the World: Population
changes and trends, 1960–2003 (http://
gsociology.icaap.org/basicguide.html)
 Brief review of world basic demographic
trends (http://gsociology.icaap.org/repo
rt/demsum.html)
Family and Fertility Surveys (https://une
ce.org/population/fertility-and-family-su
rvey-ffs) (FFS)

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