1

CHAPTER 1

The Problem

Introduction

Recent agricultural practices for the crop production around the world are

dependent upon extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides. These chemical

formulations are being added to improve crop quality and meet the global food

demand. On the other hand, the inorganic fertilizers and pesticides have many

undesirable aspects which cannot be overlooked. They have properties to remain

in soil and environment for a long time and affect various biotic and abiotic

factors. They have adverse effects on soil, microflora, other organisms,

environment, and human health. However, despite of these negative effect in

using synthetic fertilizer and pesticides some farmers rely on it, especially in the

production of pechay (Brassica rapa L.).

Under existing scenarios, foliar application of mineral nutrients has

become an inevitable agricultural practice for sustainable crop production

worldwide. “Foliar nutrition” involves the application of any dissolved mineral

nutrient directly to the plant foliage. Foliar fertilization is gaining popularity as a

quick, targeted, and environmentally friendly way to increase crop productivity

(Ishfaq M. et al., 2022)

Alingatong (Urtica dioica L.) also known as stinging nettle is a herbaceous

perennial plant in the Urticaceae family. It is use for the study as foliar fertilizer. It

is a well-known and widespread species that is found in temperate and tropical

 2

zones of Europe, Asia, and America and has adapted to a wide range of climatic

conditions. Alingatong is a monoecious plant that blooms and fruits in the

summer. Furthermore, this plant grows as a weed in neglected areas such as

roads, river valleys, and near settlements. It is traditionally used in organic

farming as aqueous extracts, or "vegetable soups," as fertilizers or bio

insecticides (Maricic B. et al., 2021). Nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium,

and iron are abundant in aqueous nettle extract, which promotes plant growth.

A recent study, on the other hand, discovered that Kakawate (Gliricidia

sepium) also known as Madre de Cacao can be used as an organic fertilizer for

plants. Kakawate is a multipurpose legume tree that grows to a height of 10 to 20

meters (Briones K.C. et al., 2019). According to recent research, madre de

cacao leaves are high in nitrogen and can be used as an organic fertilizer

(Dasco, D. et al., 2020). Furthermore, the study's findings confirmed the efficacy

of Kakawate or Madre de Cacao as a plant nutrient source and bio-control of soil-

borne pathogens, as it ensures yields, reduces costs, is environmentally friendly,

and contributes to agricultural sustainability, when compared to plants grown with

chemical fertilizers.

Pechay (Brassica rapa L.) is a cabbage genus. It is also one of Asia's

oldest green vegetables, having been selectively cultivated to produce a plant

with an exceptionally short life cycle (30-45 days) (Acero, Liwayway H. 2013).

Furthermore, pechay is a heavy feeder which needs rich soil with plenty of

nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The common insect-pests of pechay are

aphids, whiteflies, diamond back moth, cabbage webworm, leafminer, flea bettles
 3

and cutworms (Spodoptera litura) are the most damaging pest in pechay

production (De Ocampo, A.L. et al., 2022). They primarily feed on the leaves,

stalks, and stems of plants and even cut them off, destroying the entire plant in

no time. The larva feeds on leaves and occasionally cuts off stems. In severe

infestations, it can eventually harm the plant, resulting in stunted growth and

lower yield.

Fertilizers should not only provide the necessary nutrients for plants, but

also minimize losses brought on by bacterial and fungal diseases as well as

pests, and given by the nature of alingatong and kakawate plants that can be use

as pesticides. Thus, this study is hereby proposed to be determine the effect of

alingatong and kakawate as foliar fertilizer for the production of pechay.

Objectives of the Study

This study will be conduct to evaluate the efficacy of Alingatong (Urtica

dioica L.) and Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) leaf as foliar fertilizer in the

production of Pechay (Brassica rapa L.). It aims to:

1. Determine the effect of Alingatong or stinging nettle and kakawate tea as

foliar fertilizer on the growth and yield performance of pechay (Brassica

rapa L.).

2. Find out what treatments that will improve the growth and yield of pechay

(Brassica rapa L.)

3. Know the effect of alingatong and kakawate tea on the occurrence of

common insect pests.

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4. Determine if there is any significant difference on the growth and yield of

pechay (Brassica rapa L.) applied with alingatong and kakawate tea.

Significance of the Study

This study aims to seek the effect of stinging nettle or alingatong and

kakawate tea as foliar fertilizer for pechay production. The result and findings of

the study will be the basis for those individuals who wants to engage either in

small or large scale pechay production. Foliar fertilizer application is a useful

technique for increasing the yield and trace element content of crops while also

enhancing the soil environment. This fertilizer application follows the soil

fertilization that could improve soil fertility and biodiversity, which are, on the

other hand, negatively impacted by the extensive use of synthetic fertilizers and

pesticides. Moreover, the outcome of this study can provide valuable information

to the farmers and future researchers by improving the production of pechay or

any crop production using organic fertilizer in maintaining ecological balance and

healthy environment.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study will be conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design

(RCBD) with five (5) treatments and four (4) replications as follows: Treatment 1

the Farmer’s practice with the use of 30-10-10 foliar fertilizer and the rest of the

treatments use different level of concentration of Alingatong and Kakawate tea.

The study will focus on the effect of foliar fertilizer using the Alingatong

and Kakawate tea. Each plot has a dimension of 1m x 1.5m with 3 rows. Plants
 5

will be space at a distance of 25 cm between hills and 20 cm between rows with

a total of 30 plants each plot. Specific horticultural parameters, weight and

number of infested plants were among the data to be collected. The study will be

terminated when plants reach the age of 30 days from planting.

Definition of Terms

The following terminology are defined operationally to aid comprehension

and clarity of the ideas provided in this study.

Abiotic Factor. Is a non-living element of an ecosystem that influences its

surroundings.

Alingatong/Stinging nettle. It is a perennial herbaceous plant. This plant

grows as a weed in neglected places. This plant is used in creating foliar

fertilizer.

Biotic Factor. Are organisms that live in an environment, including

bacteria, plants, and other animals.

Foliar Fertilizer. Is a material that is applied directly to the leaves of a plant

to enhance fertility and health.

Kakawate/Madre de Cacao. Its leaves are the major element that are used

in creating the organic fertilizer.

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Lukong. Is a seedling cell using banana leaves and made it pliable by

heating.

Microflora. (algae, bacteria, fungus, protozoa, and viruses) are involved in

a variety of essential soil processes, including soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and

the breakdown of both inorganic and organic materials.

Nitrogen-fixing. It is the chemical reactions that turn atmospheric nitrogen

into organic compounds, particularly in the nitrogen cycle carried out by specific

microbes.

Organic. It is produced or involving production without the use of chemical

fertilizers, pesticides, or other artificial agents.

Pechay. This green plant is used for the application of the kakawate tea

and stinging nettle tea.

Solarization. Is a process of sterilization that can help to prevent the

diseases or dumping off of the seedlings.

Synthetic. It is produced by chemical or biochemical synthesis, especially

produced artificially.
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CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the local literature and foreign literature that have

being use on the comparative study of alingatong and kakawate tea as foliar

fertilizer in the production of pechay.

Local Literature

Pechay (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis L.)

Pechay is a green and leafy vegetable that is delicious and versatile in the

kitchen. Bok choy is known by many names, but in the Philippines, it is

commonly referred to as pechay (Paras, Mayumi. 2023,). Pechay is a leafy,

shallow-rooted cool-season crop that can withstand higher temperatures if given

enough moisture. It is an erect, biennial herb that is grown as an annual and

grows to be about 15-30cm tall in the vegetative stage. The leaves are ovate,

spirally arranged, and widely spread. The petioles are growing vertically and

forming a sub cylindrical bundle. A raceme of pale yellow flowers forms the

inflorescence. The plant body is made up of leaves, petiole, stem, and roots.

Furthermore, it is regarded as one of Asia's oldest green vegetables. As a

result, Pechay is vital to both the Philippine economy and the Filipino people's

nutrition. Pechay has a high nutritional value. Pechay contains calcium for strong
 8

bones, phosphorus for bone formation, digestion, excretion, and hormonal

balance, potassium for muscle control, regulating blood pressure, and preventing

hypertension, vitamin A for promoting growth, reproduction, and vision, and fiber

for good digestion. It supports a healthy digestive system, promotes healthy

blood sugar and cholesterol levels, and helps keep blood pressure in check

(Nacua A. et al., 2019).

Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium)

Kakawate is a multipurpose legume tree that can reach heights of up to 20

meters (Belize Travel Blog, 2020). According to Montegrande (2015), kakawate

is a nitrogen-fixing tree that can restore and maintain soil fertility. It also contains

phosphorus and potassium, which are beneficial to plant growth and

development. Kakawate tree, is one of the easiest plants to grow. Furthermore,

farmers could use the roots and leaves of kakawate in a variety of ways. Crop

yields and soil quality have both improved as a result of kakawate's ability to fix

nitrogen in the soil (Dela Cruz, 2010).

According to Briones et al., 2019 discovered nutrients in Gliricidia sepium

leaves, with the amount of nutrients obtained 3.80% total Nitrogen using the

Kjeldahl Method. The Vanadomolybdate Method yielded 0.48% total Phosphorus

(P) and the Microwave Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer Method yielded

2.14% total Potassium (K). The level of nutrients content found in Kakawate

leaves is given in Table 1.

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Table 1: Level of Nutrient Contents found in Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium)

Constituents (Content) Level of Nutrients

Nitrogen (N), % 3.80

Phosphorus (P), % 0.48

Potassium (K), % 2.14

(Source: Briones et al., 2019)

Additionally, the kakawate tree is high in nitrogen, which is one of the

compounds that aids in the growth of specific plants (Montegrande, 2015).

According to the World Agroforestry Centre (2020), Kakawate increases soil

organic matter, which improves soil function and quality. Kakawate produces

enough litter to recycle soil nutrients. It also increases a plant's tolerance to

significant dehydration, and this species has a valuable water-saving ability

because, during the dry season, the kakawate leaves shed the most water,

resulting in reduced water loss through transpiration.

Furthermore, the leaves and green bark of this plant were traditionally

used as pesticides (Green Steps, Inc.-Philippines, 2016). According to legend,

pests like army worms, cabbage loopers, caseworms, tobacco budworms, whorl

maggots, aphids, blister beetles, termites, whiteflies, and white grubs can be

eliminated by crushing 1/2 kg of madre de cacao leaves and immersing them in

 10

water overnight. Additionally, the study's findings supported the effectiveness of

Kakawate or Madre de Cacao as a source of plant nutrients and a biocontrol

agent for soil-borne pathogens because it ensures yields, lowers costs, is

environmentally friendly, and promotes agriculture's sustainability, on par with

plants that receive chemical fertilizers (Pangga, 2010).

Alingatong (Urtica dioica L.)

Alingatong is an upright, moderately branching, or simple annual herb that

grows to a height of between 0.5 and 1.5 meters. Green and succulent stems

with sporadic, slightly stinging, spreading hairs on the vegetative sections. Oval

in shape, the leaves range in length from 5 to 15 centimeters, with a toothed

margin, a broad base, and a few stray hairs on both surfaces. The inflorescence

is many, small paniculately grouped cymes that are thin, axillary, and up to 20

centimeters long. Little, packed, greenish flowers are mixed together with

numerous pedicels of dead flowers. The pistillate flower's perianth measures

between one and five centimeters. Achenes are compressed, straw-colored, and

1.5 to 1.8 millimeters long (Stuart, G. jr. 2021).

Foreign Literature

Alingatong (Urtica dioica L.) as Foliar Fertilizer

It is traditionally used in organic farming as aqueous extracts, or

"vegetable soups," as fertilizers or bioinsecticides. Nitrogen, phosphorus,

calcium, magnesium, and iron are abundant in aqueous nettle extract, which

promotes plant growth (Mariric B. et al., 2021). Alingatong is high in iron, zinc,
 11

magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium, according to Manivannan et

al. (2015). Protein is abundant in nettle leaves. Proteins constitute 30% of the dry

mass. All proteins contained 16% nitrogen (100/16 = 6.25) and all nitrogen was

derived from protein (Krul, Elaine S. 2019). The nutritional composition of fresh

leaves of Alingatong and the content of mineral and trace elements are given in

Table 2 and 3.

Table 2.  Nutritional composition of fresh leaves of Alingatong (Urtica

dioica) 
Nutritional constituent Min (%) Max (%)
Water 65 90
Proteins 4.3 8.9
Ashes 3.4 18.9
Carbohydrates 7.1 16.5
Lipids 0.7 2
Fibers 3.6 5.3
Calories (kcal/100g) 57 99.7
(Source: Haj Said, A.A. et al., 2015)

Table 2.  Content of mineral and trace elements (mg/100g dry matter)

Minerals and trace elements mg/100g of dry matter
Min (%) Max (%)
Minerals Calcium 113.2 5090
Magnesium 0.22 3560
Phosphorus 29 75
Potassium 532 917.2
Sodium 5.5 16
Trace elements Cobalt 0.008 0.018
Copper 0.52 1.747
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Iron 3.4 30.30

Manganese 0.768 5.784
Molybdenum 0.4265 -
Nickel 0.0732 -
Selenium 0.0027 0.0074
Zinc 0.9 3.033
(Source: Haj Said, A.A. et al., 2015)

Nepal used stinging nettle as IPM (Integrated Pest Management) to keep

the pests away, like cabbage butterfly larvae, hairy caterpillars, cutworms, red

ants, termites, and aphids at bay (Bhusal K.K. et al., 2022).

According to Basic Substance laws, nettle extract can be used as an

insecticide, fungicide, and acaricide. As an insecticide, nettle extract can be used

to control codling moths, diamondback moths, and spider mites (Bhusal K.K. et

al., 2022). This fungicide can be used to prevent pythium root rot, powdery

mildew, early blight, late blight, septoria blight, alternaria leaf spot, and grey

mould. Many advantages of nettle have been discovered in agricultural use.

Because of its auxin content, nettle extract was effective as a biostimulant for

cabbage seedling growth and lettuce radicle growth (Mariric B. et al., 2022).

With a history dating back over 2000 years, nettle has long been used as

a natural remedy (Bhusal K.K. et al., 2022). The chemical composition of nettle

plants has been extensively researched for medical applications (Garmendia

A. et al., 2018). Its antioxidant capacity, therapeutic effect, and immunological

responses have all been well documented (Branisa et al., 2017). They have been
 13

considered a food or portion of food that has therapeutic properties and is

supposed to prevent and treat diseases for nearly a century (Bhusal K.K. et

al., 2022).

Young leaves are a nutritive potherb that can be cooked, eaten, and used

in herbal therapy. Nettle has a protein content of about 30% of its dry mass and

contains a variety of amino acids required by humans. Minerals account for

approximately 20% of the dry mass. There is a lot of zinc, iron, cobalt, potassium,

nickel, and molybdenum. Nutritional composition of Urtica dioica is given in Table

4.

Table 4.Nutrition Facts

Portion Size 89g
Amount Per Portion
Calories 37
% Daily Value
Total Fat 0.1g 0%
Sodium 3.6mg 0%
Total Carbohydrate 6.7g 2%
Dietary Fiber 6.7g 22%
Sugar 0.2g
Protein 2.4g 5%
Calcium 428mg 33%
Iron 1.5mg 8%
Potassium 297mg 6%
(Source: NutritionValue.org, 2022)
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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods of research use in the study included

here are the research environment, research design, the methods and

procedure, and the data gathering.

Research Environment

This study will be conducted at the Crop Science Experimental Area of

Zamboanga del Sur Provincial Government College (ZDSPGC), Aurora,

Zamboanga del Sur. At the elevation of 1,000 feet, above sea level, Aurora is

generally cool. It belongs to ____ climatic condition where_________.It has

relative to the Province’s high mean annual rainfall that varies from 1,599 mm in

drier areas to 3,500 in the wettest areas. Temperature ranges from 22 degrees

Celsius to a maximum 9 days’ temperature of 35 degree-Celsius and the

topographic of the area was slightly slope.

Research Design

The study will be used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)

with five (5) treatments and four (4) replications as follows: treatment 1 (Control

or Farmer’s practice-_____), treatment 2 (100ml of stinging nettle or Alingatong

tea/1L of water), treatment 3 (100ml of Kakawate tea/1L of water), treatment 4

(500ml of stinging nettle /Alingatong (Urtica dioica) tea/1.5L of water) and

 15

treatment 5 (500ml Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) tea/1.5L of water). The total

area of the land is 73.5square meters, ach plot is 0.5 meters apart, and there is a

1meter alleyway. The dimension of the plot is 1m x 1.5 m and there are 20 plots

in the area. Plants will be placed at 25 cm between hills and 20 cm between rows

with a total of 30 plants each plot. Details on the proposed layout are shown in

figure 1 and figure 2 below.

10.5m

.5m 1.5m .5m

T4R2 1m T5R1 T3R1 T4R4 T3R4

Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 3 Plot 4 Plot 5

.5m

T5R2 T2R4 T1R4 T5R3 T3R3

Plot 6 Plot 7 Plot 8 Plot 9 Plot 10

7m 1m A L L E Y W A Y

.5m .5m
T1R1 T2R1 T5R4 T4R1 T2R3
Plot 11 Plot 12 Plot 13 Plot 14 Plot 15

T3R2 T2R2 T4R3 T1R2 T1R3

Plot 16 Plot 17 Plot 18 Plot 19 Plot 20

.5m

Figure 1. Experimental Layout

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25cm

20cm

Figure 2. Plot Layout

Procurement of Seeds

The seeds of Pechay (Brassica rapa L.) with a variety of Pavito will be

procured in Pacifica Agrivet Supply located at San Jose, Aurora, Zamboanga del

Sur in order to ensure the quality of the seeds and maintain its genetic diversity

of the seeds.

Land Preparation

The land will be measure using measuring tape with a length of 10.5 m

and a width of 7 meters covering a total of 73.5 square meters. A 73.5 square

meters land area will be plow and harrow lengthwise and crosswise to make soil

loosen, friable and soft using plow and harrow. It will be plowed and harrowed
 17

once more crosswise after 7 days to break up the clods and bury the rotting and

newly germinated weed seed. This is done to give the existing weeds time to die

and make way for fresh growth. After the plowing harrowing, the 73.5 square

meter field will be evenly divided into twelve 1m x 1.5m plots using meter stick for

the measurement of plots. Grab hoe, shovel, pick mattock, bolo and straw will be

used in forming the plot.

Preparation of Seeds

The seeds of pechay (Brassica rapa L.) will be obtain from the reputable

suppliers in Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur. Seed box will be prepared by using a

fertile and friable soil where 1 part of sand, 1 part of compost materials, and 1

part of garden soil and weigh using weighing scale. Then, it will be mixed

together and after mixing, the soil media will be placed at the yard for 1hour

solarization. After 1 hour of solarization, the soil media will be placed in the

seedling tray with a cool temperature.

The seeds will be spread in the seed-box and will be covered with small

amount of fertile and friable soil and put a small amount of water using sprinkler.

The seed-box will be watered twice a day, morning and afternoon to give enough

moisture to the soil. The seeds will germinate after 4 to 7 days from the date of

sowing. After 5 days of germination, the seedlings will be prick and placed it in

lukong method as soon 2 leaves begin to appear. Through this, seedlings can be

uniform, healthy, and vigorous.

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The lukong method will be done using banana leaves cut at least 2 inches

from the midrib that divides the blade into two lamina halves. Then, roll the

leaves with two or three fingers inside; flip the end of the leaves outward with a

short allowance to fold the tip inside the rolled leaves.

Hardening

The seedlings will be exposed to sunlight in 7 days (1 st day-1hour, 2nd day-

2hours, 3rd days-3hours, 4days-4hours, 5days–5hours, 6days-hours and 7days-

7hours) before transplanting to manage the stress of transplanting. The seed-

boxes will be watered thoroughly a day before transplanting to make the

seedlings easy to pull and to lessen the root damage that can make the plant

wither.

Transplanting

Transplanting will be done as soon as 2-3 true leaves appear or 14 days

old from pricking with a distance of 25 cm between hills and 20 cm between rows

with a total of 30 plants each plot. Transplanting shall be done late in the

afternoon or early in the morning to reduce stress of transplanting. The

transplanted seedlings are covered with enough soil to protect the roots and the

plants will be watered immediately. The plants will be watered in the morning and

late afternoon using sprinkler.

Safety Measures in Preparing Foliar Fertilizer

In preparing the foliar fertilizer, the researchers should wear Personal

Protective Equipment's (PPE's) such as gloves, long sleeve, pants, mask,

 19

goggles, and foot wear especially in the collection and preparation of stinging

nettle or alingatong tea.

Preparation of Alingatong (Urtica dioica) Tea

Fresh stinging nettle/alingatong will be gathered at San Juan, Aurora,

Zamboanga del sur. The nettles will be cut at the upper third of the shoot knife or

pruning shears. The tea will be prepared by immersing 183g of chopped nettle in

10 L of water for 24 hours (Maricic, B., et al., 2021). Before application, the

prepared tea will be strain using a clean cloth or a strainer and place into a clean

and empty bottle. The prepared tea will be store in a cool and shady area. Then,

the 500ml of stinging nettle tea will be diluted with 1.5L of spring water.

Preparation of Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) Tea

The preparation of kakawate tea is adapted from Gamus and Balucos

(2018) and use as a standard for the preparation.

The Kakawate tea will be prepared by weighing 1 kg of fresh kakawate

leaves using weighing scale, chop and soak it overnight (6pm-6am) on a pail with

10L of water and cover. Then, strain using a clean cloth or a strainer and place

into a clean and empty bottle. Store in a cool and shady area.

Application of the Foliar Fertilizer

Foliar fertilizer will be applied based on what is being specified in each

treatments as follows: treatment 1 (Control or Farmer’s practice), treatment 2

(100ml of stinging nettle or Alingatong tea will be diluted in 1L of water per

application), treatment 3 (100ml of Kakawate tea/1L of water per application),

 20

treatment 4 (500ml of stinging nettle /Alingatong (Urtica dioica) tea will be diluted

in 1.5 L of water per application) and treatment 5 (500ml Kakawate (Gliricidia

sepium) tea/1.5 L of water per application). Application of the foliar fertilizer will

be done one week after transplanting with an interval of four (4) days and it will

be sprayed early in the morning or late in the afternoon using hand sprayer.

Cultural Management

Weeding will be done to control insects and pests from pechay plant.

Weeds and crops compete for the same nutrients, water, sunlight, and space.

They also harbor pests and pathogens that harm crop plants. Weeding is to

control insects to harbor to the weeds.

Harvesting

Harvesting will be done in 30 days after transplanting. Harvesting starts

when there are enough vigorous leaves formed. Pechay (Brassica rapa) can be

harvested anytime of the day provided. Pechay will be dipped in cold water to

reduce field heat. This is done by cutting the base of the plants with a sharp knife

to avoid damage of the plants.

Data Gathering

Agronomic Parameters

1. Initial Stand Count- this will be done by counting by the number of

grown plants per plot at 7 days after transplanting.

 21

2. Final Stand Count- this will be done by counting the number of plants

per plot a day before harvesting.

3. Plant Height – This will be done by measuring the pechay plant in

centimeters using a ruler from the ground level to the tip of the plant

every week in 20 representative plants

4. Number of Leaves – This will be done by counting the pechay leaves

every week in 20 representative plants

5. Leaf Area Index (LAI) – it will be calculated through the formula: LAI

= Length x Width x Number of Leaves x Correction Factor / Ground

Area.

Yield Parameters

1. Yield per Plot – This will be done by weighing the pechay plant per plot in

kilogram using weighing scale.

2. Average weight of pechay- this will be done by getting the total weight of

pechay per plot divided with the number of plants.

3. Weight of marketable pechay - this will be done by weighing the

marketable pechay in every plot.

4. Weight of non-marketable pechay- this will be done by weighing the non-

marketable pechay in every plot.

Pest Monitoring
 22

1. Number of Infested Plants – this will be done by counting the number of

infested plants per plot at 7, 14 ,21 and 28 days after transplanting.

2. Number of Infested Leaves - this will be done by counting the number of

infested leaves per plants at 7, 14,21 and 28 days after transplanting.

3. Number of Holes in the Leaves – this will be done by counting the peachy

leaves with holes.

4. Number of specific family of insect-pests – this will be done by identifying

the specific family of insect-pests occurred in the area.

5. Number or insect-pests before application – this will be done by counting

the number of insect-pests before application.

6. Number of insect-pests after application - this will be done by counting the

number of insect-pests after application.

 23

References

Acero, Liwayway .(2013). Growth Response of Brassica Rapa on the Different

Wavelength of Light. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and
Applications, retrieved from DOI:10.7763/IJCEA.2013.V4.337

BelizeTravelBlog. (2013).____________________________, retrieved from

https://belize-travelblog.chaacreek.com/2013/01/madre-de-cacao-a-simple-

elegant-tree/

Bhusal, K.K.; Magar, S.K.; Thapa, R.; Lamsal, A.; Bhandari, S.; Maharjan, R.;
Shrestha, S.; and Shresthae J. (2022). Nutritional and pharmacological
importance of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.): A review. Heliyon. 2022
Jun; 8(6): e09717. Published online 2022 Jun 22. doi:
10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09717

Braniša, Jana; Jomova, Klaudia; Porubska, Maria; Kollár, Vojtech; Simunkova,

Miriama; and Valko, Marian; Effect of drying methods on the content of

natural pigments and antioxidant capacity in extracts from medicinal

plants: a spectroscopic study. May 2017Chemical Papers- Slovak

Academy of Sciences 71(10):1-10 DOI:10.1007/s11696-017-0193-9

Briones., Kellah Cyssan R ., Epidulan, Danielle Megan O., and Carinisa, Flor E.

(2019), Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) leaves: Its Potential as an

Organic Fertilizer.
 24

Dasco, D.; Cootauco, E.K.; Quisel, R.; and Rayelo, N.A. (2020). The Effects of
Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia Sepim) Leaf Extract As an organic fertilizer to
the growth of Bok Choy (Brassica rapa L.)

Dela Cruz, R.(2010). www.bar.gov.ph.

De Ocampo, Anton Louise P., Manalo, Angelica D., Silva, Mary Jane L.,

Villanueva, April Kristine I. and Floredo, Romel Brian B., 2022,

Classification and Percent Severity of Pechay Damage caused by

cutworm (Spdoptera litura), Philippine Journal of Science 151 (4) : 1313-

1320, ISSN 0031-7683

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