Simple Muscle Twitch: Excitable Tissue

Excitable Tissue
Simple Muscle Twitch (Part I)
Physiology Department
Helwan University
School of Medicine
1
Learning objectives
The overall objective is to identify contractile property of the
skeletal muscle through:
1. Identify the Simple Muscle Twitch (SMT) preparation and its’
phases.
2. Explain factors affecting SMT.
3. Describe the relation between SMT to different excitability
phases.
4. Discuss the effect of multiple stimuli on SMT.
5. Compare between the Isometric and Isotonic contraction.
6. Identify SMT as a potential drug target.
7. Integrate Clinical Significance of SMT.
8. Graph interpretation.
2
Stimulus
• Definition: It’s the change that occur in the environment around the living
organism.
• Types:
Electrical Mechanical Chemical thermal
• Electrical stimulus used in practical work .

Why?????
• 1- resemble that in humans.
• 2- can be controlled( increased or decreased).
• 3- can be measured.
• 4- does not cause permanent damage to muscle
as thermal or chemical stimuli. 3
Diagram shows the apparatus used in determination of Simple Muscle
Twitch (SMT)
4
• When the stimulus with a threshold strength is applied, the
muscle contracts and then relaxes.
• These activities can be recorded graphically

by using kymograph.
• The contraction is recorded as upward deflection from base line

while the relaxation is recorded as downward back to the base
line.
• This simple contraction & relaxation is called a “Simple
Muscle Twitch” (SMT).
5
Simple Muscle Twitch
 It’s the mechanical response of muscle to a
single electrical stimulus i.e.
single stimulus cause a single muscle contraction.
6
7
Phases of SMT
• Latent Period (0.01 sec)
• Contraction phase ( 0.04 sec)
• Relaxation phase (0.05sec)
8
1-latent period. 2-contraction phase. 3-relaxation phase.
•Time between •During this period,the ms •During this period, the
application of the stimulus length↓ i.e.ms shortens initial ms length is
& start of contraction. restored.
•It represents time needed
for: Or Or
ms tension↑ ms tension drop & return

1-conduction of nerve to resting value.
impulse along nerve fiber.
2-conduction at NMJ.
3-propagation of nerve
impulse over surface of
Ms.
4-development of
mechanical response.
5-conduction of the
response to the recording
drum.
•It is 0.01 second. •It is 0.04 second. •It is 0.05 second.
9
Therefore
The whole muscle contraction in the frog is 0.1

second.
In humans its shorter 0.03 seconds.
10
Effect of successive stimulation of the ms
Effect of 2 successive Effect of multiple

stimuli successive stimuli
Effect of 2 successive stimuli
The response of sk.ms to 2 succ.stimuli The response:

depend on the time at which the second
stimulus is applied as follows:
A-if the 2nd stimulus fall in latent period of No contraction occur

the 1st twitch → (as the stimulus fall in ARP of the 1st twitch).
B-if the 2nd stimulus fall during contraction New contraction occur which will be
phase of the 1st twitch → summated to the preceding one → stronger
contraction (wave summation).
C-if the 2nd stimulus fall during relaxation New contraction also is produced which also
phase of the 1st twitch → is stronger than the 1st one & a curve with 2
humps /peaks is produced (superposition).
D-if the 2nd stimulus fall soon after end of New contraction also is produced which also
relaxation of the 1st twitch → is stronger than the 1st one & 2 separate
twitches are produced (beneficial effect).
Effect of 2 Successive Stimuli
Force of
contraction
duration
13
Effect of multiple successive stimuli(genesis of tetanus)
The response of sk.ms to multiple The response:

succ.stimuli depend on the frequency(rate)
of stimuli i.e. No.of stimuli per unit time
as follows:
A- if the frequency is low at the rate of 5 Separate twitches are produced (which show
stimuli so that the stimuli fall soon after end staircase phenomena) (treppe).
of the relaxation phases of the preceding
twitches →
B- if the frequency is ↑ed at the rate of 10 Incomplete tetanus is produced (clonus)

stimuli so that the stimuli fall during the i.e. contractions with incomplete relaxations.
relaxation phases of the preceding twitches
→
C- if the frequency is further↑ed at the rate Complete tetanus is produced

of 30 stimuli so that the stimuli fall during i.e. continous contraction with no relaxation
the contraction phases of the preceding at all.
twitches →
Force of
contraction
duration
• NB: Cardiac muscle cannot be tetanized due to
prolonged absolute refractory period.
(if car.ms tetanized , no COP and sudden death occur).
Learning objectives
The overall objective is to identify contractile property of the
skeletal muscle through:
1. Identify the Simple Muscle Twitch (SMT) preparation and its’
phases.
2. Explain factors affecting SMT.
3. Describe the relation between SMT to different excitability
phases.
4. Discuss the effect of multiple stimuli on SMT.
5. Compare between the Isometric and Isotonic contraction.
6. Identify SMT as a potential drug target.
7. Integrate Clinical Significance of SMT.
8. Graph interpretation.
17
Factors affecting SMT
1. Stimulus factors (strength/frequency).
2. Length tension relationship.
3. Load velocity relationship.
4. Fatigue.
5. Temperature.
6. Drugs.
3-fatigue
Repeated indirect stimulation of ms Repeated direct stimulation of ms
(through stimulation of its nerve supply) (through stimulation of ms itself)
This means that the site of fatigue is NMJ Due to: 1-depletion of energy stores
(not ms itself) as nerve is non fatiguable. (ATP/glycogen/creatine phosphate).
Due to: exhaustion / depletion of A.ch. As a
result of repeated nerve stimulation. 2-accumulation of metabolites e.g.
lactic acid which –ve enzyme
activity inside ms.
Force of
contraction
duration
4-temperature
Warming of sk.ms→ cooling of sk.ms→
↑force of contraction ↓force of contraction
↓durations(latent period/contraction/ ↑durations(latent period/contraction/

relaxation phases) relaxation phases)
Due to: Due to:

1-↓ viscosity of ms fibers→ facilitation of sliding 1-↑ viscosity of ms fibers→ hendering of sliding
mech.of actin over myosin filaments. mech.of actin over myosin filaments.
2-↑ enz.activity → fasten all chemical reactions 2-↓ enz.activity → slowing all chemical reactions
inside ms. inside ms.
Force of
contraction
warming Normal cooling
Duration of
contraction
NB: heating of sk.ms <45 C→ denaturation / coagulation of its proteins → ms stiffening(heat rigor)
5-drugs Refer to
pharmacology
Nerve
NMJ
Muscle
Its all Historical
• Studying SMT helped in developing EMG.
• An electromyogram (EMG):
measures the electrical activity of muscles
when they're at rest and when they're being used.
EMG

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Excitable Tissue

Simple Muscle Twitch (Part I)

• Electrical stimulus used in practical work .

• These activities can be recorded graphically

• The contraction is recorded as upward deflection from base line

single stimulus cause a single muscle contraction.

ms tension↑ ms tension drop & return

The whole muscle contraction in the frog is 0.1

In humans its shorter 0.03 seconds.

Effect of 2 successive Effect of multiple

The response of sk.ms to 2 succ.stimuli The response:

A-if the 2nd stimulus fall in latent period of No contraction occur

The response of sk.ms to multiple The response:

B- if the frequency is ↑ed at the rate of 10 Incomplete tetanus is produced (clonus)

C- if the frequency is further↑ed at the rate Complete tetanus is produced

2. Length tension relationship.

3. Load velocity relationship.

↓durations(latent period/contraction/ ↑durations(latent period/contraction/

Due to: Due to:

warming Normal cooling

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