Phylogeny and Classification, Student Learning: Name: - Period: - Date

Name: _____________________ Period: _____ Date: _________________
Phylogeny and Classification, Student Learning Guide

Getting started:
● Go to learn-biology.com. Use the menu from your course to find “Phylogeny and Classification”
● If you’re submitting this electronically to your instructor, please type your answers in blue, red, or any other color your
instructor suggests.
● As you go, click on this ❑ to change it to ☑
1. Read “Phylogeny shows evolution’s branching pattern.” MASTERING THE TERMS: In the space below, define each of
the following terms
2. Take the quiz “Phylogeny Introduction: Checking ● Clade
Understanding.”
SUMMARIZING: Using the phylogenetic tree below, write a ● Node
paragraph explaining the story of finch evolution on the
Galapagos islands. Use terms such as “node,” “clade,” ● Lineage
“speciation,” and “common ancestor.”
● Taxon
● Terminal taxon
● Binomial
5. Read “Phylogenetic Trees: A Deeper Look” (sections a, b,

and c)
5d. Take the Quiz, “Phylogenetic Trees, Checking
Understanding.”
DRAWING DISTINCTIONS: Write a sentence comparing and

contrasting each of the following:
a. Ingroup vs. outgroup
b. Clade vs. taxon
c. Taxon vs. category
d. Shared derived features vs. ancestral feature
e. Common names vs. scientific names.
f. Explain, with reference to the diagram below, the difference

between a monophyletic, a polyphyletic, and a paraphyletic
taxon.
6. Read and complete, “Using Character Tables to Create

Phylogenetic Trees (including all the interactive phylogenies
3. Read “Naming and Classifying Species” (both 3a. in a, b, and c”
“Binomial Nomenclature” and 3b. “Classification”
4. Take the quiz “Phylogenetic Trees, Binomial Nomenclature, 7. Read and complete all the quizzes in “Molecular
and Classification” Clocks.”
8. Read and complete “Horizontal Gene Transfer”
9. Complete the “Phylogeny Cumulative Quiz”
Learn-Biology.com Page 1 of 3
Checking Understanding: In the spaces below, answer, 6. Explain the diagram below (with a particular focus on the
define or explain. tangled web on the bottom).
1. What’s a character table?
2. What are analogous features? How do they arise? Why must

they be avoided in determining phylogeny?
3. Why can shared nucleotide or amino acid sequences be used

to determine phylogeny?
8. You’re talking to a friend, who asks you what you’re learning

in biology. You say “about phylogenetic trees.” They say “What
are those?” Using the tree below, walk them through how
phylogenetic trees work. Make sure your description covers
clades, terminal taxa, sister taxa, ancestral traits, shared derived
traits, out-groups, in-groups, and other terms as needed.
4. What are molecular clocks? How are they calibrated?
5. For a given protein or gene, why would you expect sister taxa
to have closely matching amino acid and nucleotide
sequences?
Learn-Biology.com Name:________________________
Phylogeny and Classification
Note: if you can’t print this out, make a table below these clues and put your answers there.
Across: Down:
3 - The name for the process that occurs at the branch points in a 1 - A diagram that shows branching evolution, but
phylogenetic tree. the branches have no relationship to time.
4 - The most general of the classification categories 2 - The two part name given to every species is
5 - The classification category just above species known as a _____________.
6 - The scientist who developed the modern science of 3 - These kind of taxa split off from the same
classification ancestor
10 - Avoid this type of character when creating a phylogeny 6 - A single line of descent within a phylogenetic
12 - The study of evolutionary history tree is a ________.
13 – An oxygen-carrying protein widely used in determining 7 - A taxon that's also a clade must be
phylogenetic relationships ______________.
16 - If you can calibrate a molecular _________, you can estimate 8 - A group of organisms that can interbreed to
the time of divergence between two species. produce fertile offspring
18 - A group that consists of a common ancestor, and all of its 9 - In a phylogenetic tree, the ancestors are
descendants. located at ___________.
19 - The science of classification is known as ___________. 11 - Every clade is united by a single common
20 - This kind of taxon excludes some members of its clade. _____________.
21 - A feature that unites a clade is a shared ___________ feature. 14 - The language used to name species
22 - A protein in the electron transport chain widely used as a 15 - This type of gene transfer occurs in bacteria,
molecular clock. and happened very frequently early in life's history.
24 - A taxon used to identify the common ancestor of an ingroup. 17 - Any quantifiable, heritable trait that can be
25 - This kind of taxon includes lineages that spring from separate used to determine phylogeny
ancestors. 23 - A named group of organisms.
Possible Answers: Latin, Linnaeus, analogy, ancestor, binomial, character, clade, cladogram, clock, cytochrome, derived,
domain, genus, hemoglobin, horizontal, lineage, monophyletic, nodes, outgroup, paraphyletic, phylogeny, polyphyletic,
sister, speciation , species, taxon, taxonomy

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Name: ___________________ Period: _ Date: _______________

Phylogeny and Classification, Student Learning Guide

5. Read “Phylogenetic Trees: A Deeper Look” (sections a, b,

DRAWING DISTINCTIONS: Write a sentence comparing and

b. Clade vs. taxon

c. Taxon vs. category

d. Shared derived features vs. ancestral feature

e. Common names vs. scientific names.

f. Explain, with reference to the diagram below, the difference

6. Read and complete, “Using Character Tables to Create

2. What are analogous features? How do they arise? Why must

3. Why can shared nucleotide or amino acid sequences be used

8. You’re talking to a friend, who asks you what you’re learning

4. What are molecular clocks? How are they calibrated?

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