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1. The document discusses correlation, Pearson's product-moment correlation, linear regression analysis, assumptions of linear regression, and the chi-square test. 2. An example is provided to calculate Pearson's correlation between atmospheric temperature and fruit shake sales. The analysis finds a very high positive correlation between the two variables. 3. Steps are outlined for conducting a linear regression analysis using family size and monthly income data. The linear regression equation is presented along with the interpretation.

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JOCIEL JOYCE DE GUZMAN
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48 views

Sts Reviewer

1. The document discusses correlation, Pearson's product-moment correlation, linear regression analysis, assumptions of linear regression, and the chi-square test. 2. An example is provided to calculate Pearson's correlation between atmospheric temperature and fruit shake sales. The analysis finds a very high positive correlation between the two variables. 3. Steps are outlined for conducting a linear regression analysis using family size and monthly income data. The linear regression equation is presented along with the interpretation.

Uploaded by

JOCIEL JOYCE DE GUZMAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CORRELATION

- Used to measure the degree of relationship


between two variables.

Examples:
1. Number of hours studying & final grade
2. Student’s grade in Math and English
3. Hours of playing mobile games & grade in STS
- 301

PEARSON – PRODUCT MOMENT CORRELATION


Problem: The owner of a chain of fruit shake store
would like to study the correlation between
atmospheric temperature and sales during summer
season. A random sample of 6 days is selected with
the result given as follows: use α = 0.05.

Construct the Null and Alternative Hypothesis


HO : r = 0 (There is no correlation between
atmospheric temperature and total sales of fruit
Reject the Ho, stick with Ha :There is a correlation
shake )
between atmospheric temperature and total sales of
Ho : r ≠ 0 ( There is a correlation between
fruit shake.
atmospheric temperature and total sales of fruit
shake) State the Conclusion.
Answer the following question:
Find the point of rejection
1. Is there a relationship between the two
(d.f = n-2)
variable being tested?
tc = 2.776
There is a significant relationship
between atmospheric temperature and total
sales of fruit shake.
2. What degree is there relationship or
colleration?
The correlation is a very high positive
correlation.
LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS

REGRESSION ANALYSIS
- method of analyzing the variability of a
response variable by using information Y = Dependent variable, what is being

available on one or more regressor variables. predicted/explaines

- seeks to answer the question: What are the


a = regression constant/y-intercept; value of Y when
expected changes in the response variable as
X=0
a result of changes (observed or induced) in
the regressor variable(s)? b= the slope of the regression; how much Y changes
- response variable (or dependent variable) for each one-unit change in X
o variable whose values we wish to
X= is the value of the Independent varaible, what is
characterize.
predicting/explaining the value of Y
- regressor variable (or independent variable,
also known as predicting variable) e= is the error term; the error in predicting the
o variable whose effects on the value of Y, given the value of X (it is not displayed in
response variable we wish to study most regression equations

Linear Regression EXAMPLE


- most commonly used form of regression
- Ordinary Least Squares Regression Data on selected families of students in PQR
o most common type of linear University and corresponding income;
regression
Number of members in the family (X)
ASSUMPTIONS OF LINEAR REGRESSION
Monthly family income in thousand of pesos (Y)
- Both the independent (X) and the dependent
(Y) variables are measured at the interval or
ratio level.
- The relationship between the independent (X)
and the dependent (Y) variables is linear.
- Errors in prediction of the value of Y are
distributed in a way that approaches the
normal curve.
- Errors in prediction of the value of Y are all
independent of one another.
- The distribution of the errors in prediction Solution:
of the value of Y is constant regardless of
the value of X. XY X2

THE LEAST SQUARES LINEAR REGRESSION


EQUATION
CHI-SQUARE FORMULA

Example:
1. What is the simple linear regression equation?
The linear equation is Y = 3.0388 + 19.0243X Let's say you want to know if gender has anything to
2. What is the effect on Y if the number of family do with political party preference. You poll 440
member is increased by 1 person? voters in a simple random sample to find out which
Per every 1 person increased in the number of political party they prefer. The results of the survey
family members there is an increase of 19.0243 in are shown in the table below:
the value of Y
3. What is the estimated value of Y when X = 10?
What is the interpretation?
Y = 3.0388 + 19.0243 (10)
Y = 193.2818
This means that for family of ten members the
To see if gender is linked to political party
estimated monthly income is Php 193,281.80.
preference, perform a Chi-Square test of
SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION independence using the steps below.
- Used when the objective is to predict scores
STEP 1: DEFINE THE HYPOTHESIS
on one variable using scores on another
variable. Ho: There is no link between gender and political
- the variable that is being predicted is known party preference.
as the dependent or criterion variable,
- the variable that is used to predict scores Ha: There is a link between gender and political party

known as the independent or predictor preference

variable
STEP 2: FIND THE CRITICAL VALUE

CHI-SQUARE TEST
Before you can conclude, you must first determine
- is a statistical test that is used to compare
the critical statistic, which requires determining our
observed and expected results
degrees of freedom. The degrees of freedom in this
- goal is to identify whether a disparity
case are equal to the table's number of columns
between actual and predicted data is due to
minus one multiplied by the table's number of rows
chance or to a link between the variables
minus one, or (r-1) (c-1). We have (3-1)(2-1) = 2.
under consideration
- an ideal choice for aiding in our understanding for an alpha level of 0.05 and two degrees of
and interpretation of the connection between freedom, the critical statistic is 5.991
our two categorical variables
STEP 3: CALCULATE THE EXPECTED VALUES
You compare our obtained statistic to the critical
statistic found in the chi-square table. As you can
see, for an alpha level of 0.05 and two degrees of
For example, the expected value for Male Republicans
freedom, the critical statistic is 5.991, which is less
is:
than our obtained statistic of 9.83.

 You can reject our null hypothesis because


the critical statistic is higher than your
obtained statistic.
 This means you have sufficient evidence to
say that there is a link between gender and
political party preference.

CHI–SQUARE GOODNESS OF FIT TEST

- Tests whether the proportion (or frequency)


of cases that fall within each category of a
variable are consistent with the proportions
(or frequencies) specified under null
hypothesis.

STEP 5 : CLAIM AND CONCLUSION


CHI-SQUARE TEST:

FORMULAS

CORRELATION:

point of rejection - (d.f = n-2)

X2 Y2

STEP 1: DEFINE THE HYPOTHESIS

STEP 2: FIND THE CRITICAL VALUE

STEP 3: CALCULATE THE EXPECTED VALUES

STEP 5 : CLAIM AND CONCLUSION


LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS:

XY X2

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