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PAPER – 2: BUSINESS LAWS AND BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORTING

SECTION A: BUSINESS LAWS
PART – I: Amendments for June, 2023 Examinations
1. Chapter 4: The Limited Liability Act, 2008

The Limited Liability Act, 2008 has been amended through the Limited Liability
Partnership (Amendment) Act, 2021 dated 13 th August, 2021. The following are the
amendments w.e.f. 1st April, 2022.
Earlier provision New provision
- Throughout the Limited Liability Partnership
Act, 2008, for the words and figures “the
Companies Act, 1956” wherever they occur,
the words and figures “the Companies Act,
2013” shall be substituted.
Body Corporate [(Section 2(d)]: It means Body Corporate [(Section 2(d)]: It means a
a company as defined in section 3 of the company as defined in clause (20) of section
Companies Act, 1956 and includes— 2 of the Companies Act, 2013 and includes
(i) a LLP registered under this Act; (i) a limited liability partnership registered
(ii) a LLP incorporated outside India; and under this Act;
(iii) a company incorporated outside (ii) a limited liability partnership incorporated
India, outside India; and
but does not include— (iii) a company incorporated outside India,
(i) a corporation sole; but does not include
(ii) a co-operative society registered (i) a corporation sole;
under any law for the time being in (ii) a co-operative society registered under
force; and any law for the time being in force; and
(iii) any other body corporate (not being a (iii) any other body corporate (not being a
company as defined in section 3 of company as defined in clause (20) of
the Companies Act, 1956 or a limited section 2 of the Companies Act, 2013
liability partnership as defined in this or a limited liability partnership as
Act), which the Central Government defined in this Act), which the Central
may, by notification in the Official Government may, by notification in the
Gazette, specify in this behalf. Official Gazette, specify in this behalf.
Business [Section 2(e)]: “Business” Business [Section 2(e)]: “Business” includes
includes every trade, profession, service every trade, profession, service and
and occupation. occupation except any activity which the
Central Government may, by notification,
exclude.
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2 FOUNDATION EXAMINATION: JUNE, 2023
Newly inserted “Small limited liability partnership [Section

2(ta)]: It means a limited liability
partnership—
(i) the contribution of which, does not
exceed twenty-five lakh rupees or
such higher amount, not exceeding
five crore rupees, as may be
prescribed; and
(ii) the turnover of which, as per the
Statement of Accounts and Solvency
for the immediately preceding
financial year, does not exceed forty
lakh rupees or such higher amount,
not exceeding fifty crore rupees, as
may be prescribed; or
(iii) which meets such other requirements
as may be prescribed, and fulfils such
terms and conditions as may be
prescribed;
Designated partners (Section 7): Designated partners (Section 7)
(i) Every LLP shall have at least two (1) Every limited liability partnership shall
designated partners who are have at least two designated partners
individuals and at least one of them who are individuals and at least one of
shall be a resident in India. them shall be a resident in India:
(ii) If in LLP, all the partners are bodies Provided that in case of a limited liability
corporate or in which one or more partnership in which all the partners are
partners are individuals and bodies bodies corporate or in which one or more
corporate, at least two individuals partners are individuals and bodies
who are partners of such LLP or corporate, at least two individuals who
nominees of such bodies corporate are partners of such limited liability
shall act as designated partners. partnership or nominees of such bodies
(iii) Resident in India: For the purposes of corporate shall act as designated
this section, the term “resident in partners.
India” means a person who has Explanation. For the purposes of this
stayed in India for a period of not less section, the term resident in India means
than 182 days during the immediately a person who has stayed in India for a
preceding one year. period of not less than one hundred and
twenty days during the financial year.
(2) Subject to the provisions of sub-section
(1),
(i) if the incorporation document

PAPER – 2 : BUSINESS LAWS & BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORTING 3
(a) specifies who are to be

designated partners, such
persons shall be designated
partners on incorporation; or
(b) states that each of the
partners from time to time of
limited liability partnership is to
be designated partner, every
partner shall be a designated
partner;
(ii) any partner may become a
designated partner by and in
accordance with the limited liability
partnership agreement and a
partner may cease to be a
designated partner in accordance
with limited liability partnership
agreement.
(3) An individual shall not become
a designated partner in any limited
liability partnership unless he has given
his prior consent to act as such to the
limited liability partnership in such form
and manner as may be prescribed.
(4) Every limited liability partnership shall file
with the Registrar the particulars of every
individual who has given his consent to
act as designated partner in such form
and manner as may be prescribed within
thirty days of his appointment.
(5) An individual eligible to be a designated
partner shall satisfy such conditions and
requirements as may be prescribed.
(6) Every designated partner of a limited
liability partnership shall obtain a
Designated Partners Identification
Number (DPIN) from the Central
Government and the provisions of
sections 153 to 159 (both inclusive) of
the Companies Act, 2013 shall apply
mutatis mutandis for the said purpose.

Registered office of LLP and change Registered office of LLP and change
therein (Section 13): therein (Section 13):
(1) Every LLP shall have a registered (1) Every limited liability partnership shall
office to which all communications have a registered office to which all
and notices may be addressed and communications and notices may be
where they shall be received. addressed and where they shall be
(2) A document may be served on a LLP received.
or a partner or designated partner (2) A document may be served on a limited
thereof by sending it by post under a liability partnership or a partner or
certificate of posting or by registered designated partner thereof by sending it
post or by any other manner, as may by post under a certificate of posting or
be prescribed, at the registered office by registered post or by any other
and any other address specifically manner, as may be prescribed, at the
declared by the LLP for the purpose registered office and any other address
in such form and manner as may be specifically declared by the limited
prescribed. liability partnership for the purpose in
(3) A LLP may change the place of its such form and manner as may be
registered office and file the notice of prescribed.
such change with the Registrar in (3) A limited liability partnership may change
such form and manner and subject to the place of its registered office and file
such conditions as may be prescribed the notice of such change with the
and any such change shall take effect Registrar in such form and manner and
only upon such filing. subject to such conditions as may be
(4) If the LLP contravenes any provisions prescribed and any such change shall
of this section, the LLP and its every take effect only upon such filing.
partner shall be punishable with fine (4) If any default is made in complying
which shall not be less than ` 2,000 with the requirements of this section,
but which may extend to ` 25,000. the limited liability partnership and its
every partner shall be liable to a
penalty of five hundred rupees for
each day during which the default
continues, subject to a maximum of
fifty thousand rupees for the limited
liability partnership and its every
partner.
Name (Section 15): Name (Section 15):
(1) Every limited liability partnership shall (1) Every limited liability partnership shall
have either the words “limited liability have either the words limited liability
partnership” or the acronym “LLP” as partnership or the acronym LLP as the
the last words of its name. last words of its name.

(2) No LLP shall be registered by a name (2) No limited liability partnership shall be
which, in the opinion of the Central registered by a name which, in the
Government is— opinion of the Central Government is
(a) undesirable; or (a) undesirable; or
(b) identical or too nearly resembles (b) identical or too nearly resembles
to that of any other partnership to that of any other limited
firm or LLP or body corporate or liability partnership or a company
a registered trade mark, or a or a registered trade mark of any
trade mark which is the subject other person under the Trade
matter of an application for Marks Act, 1999.
registration of any other person
under the Trade Marks
Act, 1999.
Change of name of LLP (Section 17): Change of name of LLP (Section 17):
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained (1) Notwithstanding anything contained
in sections 15 and 16, where the in sections 15 and 16, if through
Central Government is satisfied that a inadvertence or otherwise, a limited
LLP has been registered (whether liability partnership, on its first
through inadvertence or otherwise registration or on its registration by a
and whether originally or by a change new body corporate, its registered
of name) under a name which — name; is registered by a name which
(a) is a name referred to in sub- is identical with or too nearly
section (2) of section 15; or resembles to—
(b) is identical with or too nearly (a) that of any other limited liability
resembles the name of any other partnership or a company; or
LLP or body corporate or other (b) a registered trade mark of a
name as to be likely to be proprietor under the Trade Marks
mistaken for it, Act, 1999, as is likely to be
the Central Government may mistaken for it, then on an
direct such LLP to change its application of such limited
name, and the LLP shall comply liability partnership or proprietor
with the said direction within 3 referred to in clauses (a) and (b)
months after the date of the respectively or a company, the
direction or such longer period Central Government may direct
as the Central Government may that such limited liability
allow. partnership to change its name
or new name within a period of
(2) (i) Any LLP which fails to comply
three months from the date of
with a direction given under sub-
issue of such direction:
section (1) shall be punishable
Provided that an application of the
with fine which shall not be less proprietor of the registered trade
marks shall be maintainable within a

than ` 10,000 but which may period of three years from the date of
extend to ` 5 Lakhs. incorporation or registration or
change of name of the limited liability
(ii) The designated partner of such partnership under this Act.
LLP shall be punishable with fine
(2) Where a limited liability partnership
which shall not be less than
changes its name or obtains a new
` 10,000 but which may extend
name under sub-section (1), it shall
to ` 1 Lakh. within a period of fifteen days from the
date of such change, give notice of the
change to Registrar along with the
order of the Central Government, who
shall carry out necessary changes in
the certificate of incorporation and
within thirty days of such change in
the certificate of incorporation, such
limited liability partnership shall
change its name in the limited liability
partnership agreement.
(3) If the limited liability partnership is in
default in complying with any
direction given under sub-section (1),
the Central Government shall allot a
new name to the limited liability
partnership in such manner as may be
prescribed and the Registrar shall
enter the new name in the register of
limited liability partnerships in place
of the old name and issue a fresh
certificate of incorporation with new
name, which the limited liability
partnership shall use thereafter:
Provided that nothing contained in
this sub-section shall prevent a
limited liability partnership from
subsequently changing its name in
accordance with the provisions of
section 16.
Registration of changes in partners Registration of changes in partners
(Section 25): (Section 25):
(1) Every partner shall inform the LLP of (1) Every partner shall inform the limited
any change in his name or address liability partnership of any change in his

within a period of 15 days of such name or address within a period of fifteen

change. days of such change.
(2) A LLP shall— (2) A limited liability partnership shall
(a) where a person becomes or (a) where a person becomes or ceases
ceases to be a partner, file a to be a partner, file a notice with the
notice with the Registrar within Registrar within thirty days from the
30 days from the date he date he becomes or ceases to be a
becomes or ceases to be a partner; and
partner; and (b) where there is any change in the
(b) where there is any change in the name or address of a partner, file a
name or address of a partner, notice with the Registrar within
file a notice with the Registrar thirty days of such change.
within 30 days of such change. (3) A notice filed with the Registrar under
(3) A notice filed with the Registrar under sub-section (2)
sub-section (2)— (a) shall be in such form and
(a) shall be in such form and accompanied by such fees as may
accompanied by such fees as be prescribed;
may be prescribed; (b) shall be signed by the designated
(b) shall be signed by the partner of the limited liability
designated partner of the LLP partnership and authenticated in a
and authenticated in a manner manner as may be prescribed; and
as may be prescribed; and (c) if it relates to an incoming partner,
(c) if it relates to an incoming shall contain a statement by such
partner, shall contain a partner that he consents to
statement by such partner that becoming a partner, signed by him
he consents to becoming a and authenticated in the manner as
partner, signed by him and may be prescribed.
authenticated in the manner as (4) If the limited liability partnership
may be prescribed. contravenes the provisions of sub-
(4) If the LLP contravenes the provisions section (2), the limited liability
of sub-section (2), the LLP and every partnership and its every designated
designated partner of the LLP shall be partner shall be liable to a penalty of
punishable with fine which shall not ten thousand rupees.
be less than ` 2,000 but which may (5) If the contravention referred to in sub-
extend to ` 25,000. section (1) is made by any partner of
(5) If any partner contravenes the the limited liability partnership, such
provisions of sub-section (1), such partner shall be liable to a penalty of
partner shall be punishable with fine ten thousand rupees.
which shall not be less than ` 2,000 (6) Any person who ceases to be a partner
but which may extend to ` 25,000. of a limited liability partnership may
(6) Any person who ceases to be a himself file with the Registrar the notice
partner of a LLP may himself file with referred to in sub-section (3) if he has

the Registrar the notice referred to in reasonable cause to believe that the
sub-section (3) if he has reasonable limited liability partnership may not file
cause to believe that the LLP may not the notice with the Registrar and in case
file the notice with the Registrar and of any such notice filed by a partner, the
in case of any such notice filed by a Registrar shall obtain a confirmation to
partner, the Registrar shall obtain a this effect from the limited liability
confirmation to this effect from the partnership unless the limited liability
LLP unless the LLP has also filed partnership has also filed such notice:
such notice. Provided that where no confirmation is
However, where no confirmation is given by the limited liability partnership
given by the LLP within 15 days, the within fifteen days, the Registrar shall
registrar shall register the notice register the notice made by a person
made by a person ceasing to be a ceasing to be a partner under this
partner under this section. section.
Unlimited liability in case of fraud Unlimited liability in case of fraud
(Section 30): (Section 30):
(1) In case of fraud: (1) In the event of an act carried out by
• In the event of an act carried out a limited liability partnership, or any of its
by a LLP, or any of its partners, partners, with intent to defraud creditors
• with intent to defraud creditors of of the limited liability partnership or any
the LLP or any other person, or other person, or for any fraudulent
for any fraudulent purpose, purpose, the liability of the limited liability
partnership and partners who acted with
• the liability of the LLP and intent to defraud creditors or for any
partners who acted with intent to fraudulent purpose shall be unlimited for
defraud creditors or for any
all or any of the debts or other liabilities
fraudulent purpose
of the limited liability partnership:
• shall be unlimited for all or any Provided that in case any such act is
of the debts or other liabilities of carried out by a partner, the limited
the LLP. liability partnership is liable to the same
However, in case any such act is extent as the partner unless it is
carried out by a partner, the LLP is established by the limited liability
liable to the same extent as the partnership that such act was without the
partner unless it is established by the knowledge or the authority of the limited
LLP that such act was without the liability partnership.
knowledge or the authority of the LLP. (2) Where any business is carried on with
(2) Where any business is carried on with such intent or for such purpose as
such intent or for such purpose as mentioned in sub-section (1), every
mentioned in sub-section (1), every person who was knowingly a party to the
person who was knowingly a party to carrying on of the business in the manner
the carrying on of the business in the aforesaid shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which may

manner aforesaid shall be punishable extend to five years and with fine which
with shall not be less than fifty thousand
• imprisonment for a term which rupees but which may extend to five lakh
may extend to 2 years and rupees.
• with fine which shall not be less (3) Where a limited liability partnership or
than ` 50,000 but which may any partner or designated partner or
extend to ` 5 Lakhs. employee of such limited liability
partnership has conducted the affairs of
(3) Where a LLP or any partner or
the limited liability partnership in a
designated partner or employee of
fraudulent manner, then without
such LLP has conducted the affairs of
prejudice to any criminal proceedings
the LLP in a fraudulent manner, then
which may arise under any law for the
without prejudice to any criminal
time being in force, the limited liability
proceedings which may arise under
partnership and any such partner or
any law for the time being in force, the
designated partner or employee shall be
LLP and any such partner or
liable to pay compensation to any person
designated partner or employee shall
who has suffered any loss or damage by
be liable to pay compensation to any
reason of such conduct:
person who has suffered any loss or
damage by reason of such conduct. Provided that such limited liability
partnership shall not be liable if any such
However, such LLP shall not be liable
partner or designated partner or
if any such partner or designated
employee has acted fraudulently without
partner or employee has acted
knowledge of the limited liability
fraudulently without knowledge of the
partnership.
LLP.
Maintenance of books of account, other Maintenance of books of account, other
records and audit, etc. (Section 34): records and audit, etc. (Section 34):
(1) Proper Books of account: (1) The limited liability partnership shall
• The LLP shall maintain such maintain such proper books of account
proper books of account as may as may be prescribed relating to its
be prescribed affairs for each year of its existence on
• relating to its affairs for each cash basis or accrual basis and
year of its existence according to double entry system of
accounting and shall maintain the same
• on cash basis or accrual basis at its registered office for such period as
and may be prescribed.
• according to double entry (2) Every limited liability partnership shall,
system of accounting and within a period of six months from the end
• shall maintain the same at its of each financial year, prepare a
registered office Statement of Account and Solvency for
• for such period as may be the said financial year as at the last day
prescribed. of the said financial year in such form as
may be prescribed, and such statement

(2) Statement of Account and shall be signed by the designated

Solvency: partners of the limited liability
• Every LLP shall, partnership.
• within a period of 6 months from (3) Every limited liability partnership shall file
the end of each financial year, within the prescribed time, the Statement
• prepare a Statement of Account of Account and Solvency prepared
and Solvency pursuant to sub-section (2) with the
Registrar every year in such form and
• for the said financial year as at manner and accompanied by such fees
the last day of the said financial as may be prescribed.
year
(4) The accounts of limited liability
• in such form as may be partnerships shall be audited in
prescribed, and accordance with such rules as may be
• such statement shall be signed prescribed:
by the designated partners of Provided that the Central Government
the LLP. may, by notification in the Official
(3) Every LLP shall file within the Gazette, exempt any class or classes of
prescribed time, the Statement of limited liability partnerships from the
Account and Solvency prepared requirements of this sub-section.
pursuant to sub-section (2) with the (5) Any limited liability partnership which
Registrar every year in such form and fails to comply with the provisions of
manner and accompanied by such sub-section (3), such limited liability
fees as may be prescribed. partnership and its designated
(4) The accounts of LLP shall be audited partners shall be liable to a penalty of
in accordance with such rules as may one hundred rupees for each day
be prescribed. However, the Central during which such failure continues,
Government may, by notification in subject to a maximum of one lakh
the Official Gazette, exempt any class rupees for the limited liability
or classes of LLP from the partnership and fifty thousand rupees
requirements of this sub-section. for every designated partner.
(5) Any LLP which fails to comply with the (6) Any limited liability partnership which
provisions of this section shall be fails to comply with the provisions of
punishable sub-section (1), sub-section (2) and
• with fine which shall not be less sub-section (4), such limited liability
than ` 25,000 partnership shall be punishable with
• but which may extend to ` 5 fine which shall not be less than
Lakhs twenty-five thousand rupees, but may
Every designated partner of such LLP extend to five lakh rupees and every
shall be punishable designated partner of such limited
liability partnership shall be
• with fine which shall not be less punishable with fine which shall not
than ` 10,000

• but which may extend to ` 1 be less than ten thousand rupees, but
Lakh. may extend to one lakh rupees.
Newly inserted [34A. Accounting and auditing standards.
The Central Government may, in
consultation with the National Financial
Reporting Authority constituted under
section 132 of the Companies Act, 2013,—
(a) prescribe the standards of
accounting; and
(b) prescribe the standards of auditing,
as recommended by the Institute of
Chartered Accountants of India
constituted under section 3 of the
Chartered Accountants Act, 1949, for
a class or classes of limited liability
partnerships.]
Annual return (Section 35): Annual return (Section 35):
(1) Every LLP shall file an annual return (1) Every limited liability partnership shall
duly authenticated with the Registrar file an annual return duly authenticated
within 60 days of closure of its with the Registrar within sixty days of
financial year in such form and closure of its financial year in such form
manner and accompanied by such and manner and accompanied by such
fee as may be prescribed. fee as may be prescribed.
(2) Any LLP which fails to comply with the (2) If any limited liability partnership fails
provisions of this section shall be to file its annual return under sub-
punishable with fine which shall not section (1) before the expiry of the
be less than ` 25,000 but which may period specified therein, such limited
extend to ` 5 Lakhs. liability partnership and its
(3) If the LLP contravenes the provisions designated partners shall be liable to
of this section, the designated partner a penalty of one hundred rupees for
of such LLP shall be punishable with each day during which such failure
fine which shall not be less than continues, subject to a maximum of
` 10,000 but which may extend to ` 1 one lakh rupees for the limited liability
Lakh. partnership and fifty thousand rupees
for designated partners.
Newly inserted 67A. Establishment of Special Courts.
(1) The Central Government may, for the
purpose of providing speedy trial of
offences under this Act, by
notification, establish or designate as
many Special Courts as may be

necessary for such area or areas, as

may be specified in the notification.
(2) The Special Court shall consist of—
(a) a single Judge holding office as
Sessions Judge or Additional
Sessions Judge, in case of
offences punishable under this
Act with imprisonment of three
years or more; and
(b) a Metropolitan Magistrate or a
Judicial Magistrate of the first
class, in the case of other
offences, who shall be appointed
by the Central Government with
the concurrence of the Chief
Justice of the High Court:
Provided that until Special Courts are
designated or established under sub-
section (1), the Courts designated as
Special Courts in terms of section 435
of the Companies Act, 2013 shall be
deemed to be Special Courts for the
purpose of trial of offences punishable
under this Act:
Provided further that notwithstanding
anything contained in the Code of
Criminal Procedure, 1973, any offence
committed under this Act, which is
triable by a Special Court shall, until a
Special Court is established under this
Act or the Companies Act, 2013, be
tried by a Court of Sessions or the
Court of Metropolitan Magistrate or a
Judicial Magistrate of the first class, as
the case may be, exercising
jurisdiction over the area.
67B. Procedure and powers of Special
Court.
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained
in the Code of Criminal Procedure,
1973, all offences specified under sub-
section (1) of section 67A shall be

triable only by the Special Court

established or designated for the area
in which the registered office of
the limited liability partnership is
situated in relation to which the
offence is committed or where there
are more than one Special Courts for
such area, by such one of them as may
be specified in this behalf by the High
Court concerned.
(2) While trying an offence under this Act,
a Special Court may also try an
offence other than an offence under
this Act with which the accused may,
under the Code of Criminal Procedure,
1973 be charged at the same trial.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained
in the Code of Criminal Procedure,
1973, the Special Court may, if it
thinks fit, try in a summary way any
offence under this Act which is
punishable with imprisonment for a
term not exceeding three years:
Provided that in the case of any
conviction in a summary trial, no
sentence of imprisonment for a term
exceeding one year shall be passed:
Provided further that, when at the
commencement of or in the course of
a summary trial, it appears to the
Special Court that the nature of the
case is such that the sentence of
imprisonment for a term exceeding
one year may have to be passed or
that it is, for any other reason,
undesirable to try the case summarily,
the Special Court shall, after hearing
the parties, record an order to that
effect and thereafter recall any
witnesses who may have been
examined and proceed to hear or re-
hear the case in accordance with the
procedure for the regular trial.

Newly inserted 67C. Appeal and revision.

The High Court may exercise, so far as may
be applicable, all the powers conferred by
Chapters XXIX and XXX of the Code of
Criminal Procedure, 1973 on a High Court,
as if a Special Court within the local limits
of the jurisdiction of the High Court were a
Court of Sessions trying cases within the
local limits of the jurisdiction of the High
Court.
Newly inserted 68A. Registration offices.
(1) For the purpose of exercising such
powers and discharging such
functions as are conferred on the
Central Government by or under this
Act or under rules made thereunder
and for the purpose of registration of
limited liability partnerships under
this Act, the Central Government
shall, by notification, establish such
number of registration offices at such
places as it thinks fit, specifying their
jurisdiction.
(2) The Central Government may appoint
such Registrars, Additional Registrars,
Joint Registrars, Deputy Registrars
and Assistant Registrars as it
considers necessary, for the
registration of limited liability
partnerships and discharge of various
functions under this Act.
(3) The powers and duties of the
Registrars referred to in sub-section
(2) and the terms and conditions of
their service shall be such as may be
prescribed.
(4) The Central Government may direct the
Registrar to prepare a seal or seals for
the authentication of documents
required for, or connected with the
registration of limited liability
partnerships.

Payment of additional fee (Section 69): Payment of additional fee (Section 69):
Any document or return required to be filed Any document or return required to be
or registered under this Act with the registered or filed under this Act with
Registrar, if, is not filed or registered in Registrar, if, is not registered or filed in
time provided therein, may be filed or time provided therein, may be registered or
registered after that time upto a period of filed after that time, on payment of such
300 days from the date within which it additional fee as may be prescribed in
should have been filed, on payment of addition to any fee as is payable for filing
additional fee of ` 100 for every day of of such document or return:
such delay in addition to any fee as is Provided that such document or return
payable for filing of such document or shall be filed after the due date of filing,
return. without prejudice to any other action or
However, such document or return may, liability under this Act:
without prejudice to any other action or Provided further that a different fee or
liability under this Act, also be filed after additional fee may be prescribed for
such period of 300 days on payment of fee different classes of limited liability
and additional fee specified in this section. partnerships or for different documents or
returns required to be filed under this Act
or rules made thereunder.
2. Chapter 5: The Companies Act, 2013

Notification G.S.R. 700(E) dated 15 th September, 2022
The Central Government has amended Companies (Specification of definition details) Rules,
2014, through the Companies (Specification of definition details) Amendment Rules, 2022.
Earlier provision New provision
As per the Companies (Specification of As per the Companies (Specification of
Definitions Details) Rules, 2014, for the Definitions Details) Rules, 2014, for the
purposes of sub-clause (i) and sub-clause purposes of sub-clause (i) and sub-clause (ii)
(ii) of clause (85) of section 2 of the Act, of clause (85) of section 2 of the Act, paid up
paid up capital and turnover of the small capital and turnover of the small company
company shall not exceed rupees two shall not exceed rupees four crores and
crores and rupees twenty crores rupees forty crores respectively.
respectively.
(Page No. 5.11)

PART – II
QUESTION AND ANSWER
1. State which of the following agreements are valid contract under the Indian Contract Act,
1872?
(a) A, who owns two cars is selling red car to B. B thinks he is purchasing the black car.
(b) A threatened to shoot B if he (B) does not lend him `2,00,000 and B agreed to it.
(c) A agrees to sell his house to B against 100 kgs of cocaine (drugs).
(d) A ask B if he wants to buy his bike for ` 50,000. B agrees to buy bike.
(e) Mr. X agrees to write a book with a publisher. But after few days, X dies in an accident.
2. Mr. Harish owes payment of 3 bills to Mr. Ashish as on 31 st March, 2022. (i) ` 12,120 which
was due in May 2018. (ii) ` 5,650 which was due in August 2020 (iii) ` 9,680 which was
due in May 2021. Mr. Harish made payment on 1 st April 2022 as below without any notice
of how to appropriate them:
(i) A cheque of ` 9,680
(ii) A cheque of ` 15,000
Advice under the provisions of the Indian Contract Act, 1872.
3. Mr. Shyam Mundra was a big businessman having one son and one married daughter. He
decided to gift his house to his daughter. For this purpose, he called his lawyer at his house
and made a written document for such gift. The lawyer advised him to get the transfer
document properly registered. When they both were going for registration of document,
they met with an accident and both died. Later, the daughter found the document and
claimed the house on the basis of that document. Explain, whether she can get the house
as gift under the Indian Contract Act, 1872?
4. Mr. Mukund wants to sell his car. For this purpose, he appoints Mr. Parth, a minor as his
agent. Mr. Mukund instructs Mr. Parth that car should not be sold at price less than
` 2,00,000. Mr. Parth ignores the instruction of Mr. Mukund and sells the car to
Mr. Naman for ` 1,50,000. Explain the legal position of contract under Indian Contract Act,
1872 whether:
(a) Mr. Mukund can recover the loss of ` 50,000 from Mr. Parth?
(b) Mr. Mukund can recover his car from Mr. Naman?
5. Mukesh is running a grocery store in Delhi. He sells his grocery business, including
goodwill worth `1,00,000 to Rohit for a sum of ` 5,00,000. After the sale of goodwill, Rohit
made an agreement with Mukesh. As per this agreement, Mukesh cannot open another

grocery store (similar kind of business) in the whole of India for next ten years. However,
Mukesh opens another store in the same city two months later. What are the rights
available with Rohit regarding the restriction imposed on Mukesh with reference to Indian
Contract Act, 1872?
6. P left his carriage on D’s premises. Landlord of D seized the carriage against the rent due
from D. P paid the rent and got his carriage released. Can P recover the amount from D?
7. Avyukt purchased 100 Kgs of wheat from Bhaskar at `30 per kg. Bhaskar says that wheat
is in his warehouse in the custody of Kishore, the warehouse keeper. Kishore confirmed
Avyukt that he can take the delivery of wheat from him and till then he is holding wheat on
Avyukt’s behalf. Before Avyukt picks the goods from warehouse, the whole wheat in the
warehouse has flowed in flood. Now Avyukt wants his price on the contention that no
delivery has been done by seller. Whether Avyukt is right with his views under the Sale of
Goods Act, 1930.
8. Priyansh orders an iron window to an Iron Merchant for his new house. Iron merchant
sends his technician to take the size of windows. The technician comes at the site and
takes size of area where window to be fitted. Afterwards, Iron merchant on discussion with
his technician intimates Priyansh that cost of the window will be ` 5,000 and he will take `
1,000 as advance. Priyansh gives ` 1,000 as advance and rest after fitting of window. After
three days when technician try to fit the window made by him at the site of Priyansh, it was
noticed that the size of window was not proper. Priyansh requests the Iron merchant either
to remove the defect or return his advance. Iron merchant replies that the window was
specifically made for his site and the defect cannot be removed nor can it be of other use.
So, he will not refund the advance money rather Priyansh should give him the balance of
` 4,000. State with reason under the provisions of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930, whether
Priyansh can take his advance back?
9. Ayushman is the owner of a residential property situated at Indraprastha Marg, New Delhi.
He wants to sell this property and for this purpose he appoints Ravi, a mercantile agent
with a condition that Ravi will not sell the house at a price not less than ` 5 crores. Ravi
sells the house for ` 4 crores to Mudit, who buys in good faith. Ravi misappropriated the
money received from Mudit. Ayushman files a suit against Mudit to recover his property.
Decide with reasons, can Ayushman do so under the Sale of Goods Act, 1930?
10. A agrees to sell certain goods to B on a certain date on 10 days credit. The period of 10
days expired and goods were still in the possession of A. B has also not paid the price of
the goods. B becomes insolvent. A refuses to deliver the goods to exercise his right of lien
on the goods. Can he do so under the Sale of Goods Act, 1930?
11. State the difference between Sale and Agreement to sell.

12. Mr. Ram and Mr. Raheem are working as teacher in Ishwarchand Vidhyasagar Higher
Secondary School and also are very good friends. They jointly purchased a flat which was
given on rent to Mr. John. It was decided between landlords and tenant that the rent would
be ` 10,000 per month inclusive of electricity bill. It means electricity bill will be paid b y
landlords. The landlords, by mistake, did not pay the electricity bill for the month of March
2021. Due to this, the electricity department cut the connection. Mr. John has to pay the
electricity bill of ` 2800 and ` 200 as penalty to resume the electricity connection. Mr. John
claimed ` 3000 from Mr. Ram but Mr. Ram replied that he is liable only for ` 1500.
Mr. John said that Mr. Ram and Mr. Raheem are partners therefore he can claim the full
amount from any of the partner. Explain, whether under the provision of Indian Partnership
Act, 1932, Mr. Ram is liable to pay whole amount of ` 3000 to Mr. John?
13. Shyam, Mohan and Keshav were partners in M/s Nandlal Gokulwale and Company. They
mutually decided that Shyam will take the responsibility to sell the goods, Mohan will do
the purchase of goods for firm and Keshav will look after the accounts and banking
department. No one will interfere in other’s department. Once, when Shyam and Keshav
were out of town, Mohan got the information that the price of their good is going down
sharply due to some government policy which would result in heavy loss to firm if goods
not sold immediately. He tried to contact Shyam who has authority to sell the goods. When
Mohan couldn’t contact to Shyam, he sold all goods at some reduced price to save the firm
from heavy loss. Thereafter, Shyam and Keshav denied accepting the loss due to sale of
goods at reduced price as it’s only Shyam who has express authority to sell the goods.
Discuss the consequences under the provisions of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932.
14. X and Y were partners in a firm. The firm was dissolved on 12 th June, 2022 but no public
notice was given. Thereafter, X purchased some goods in the firm’s name from Z. Z was
ignorant of the fact of dissolution of firm. X became insolvent and Z filed a suit against Y
for recovery of his amount. State with reasons whether Y would be liable under the
provisions of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932?
15. State the modes by which a partner may transfer his interest in the firm in favour of another
person under the Indian Partnership Act, 1932. What are the rights of such a transferee?
16. Explain the Small Limited Liability Partnership under the LLP Act, 2008.
17. In the Flower Fans Private Limited, there are only 5 members. All of them go in a boat on
a pleasure trip into an open sea. The boat capsizes and all of them died being drowned.
Explain with reference to the provisions of Companies Act, 2013:
(i) Is Flower Fans Private Limited no longer in existence?
(ii) Further is it correct to say that a company being an artificial person cannot own
property and cannot sue or be sued?

18. ABC Limited was into sale and purchase of iron rods. This was the main object of the
company mentioned in the Memorandum of Association. The company entered into a
contract with Mr. John for some finance related work. Later on, the company repudiated
the contract as being ultra vires.
With reference to the same, briefly explain the doctrine of “ultravires” under the Companies
Act, 2013. What are the consequences of ultravires acts of the company?
19. Articles of Association of XYZ Private Limited provides that Board of Directors (BOD) can
take the loan upto ` 5,00,000 for Company by passing the board resolution. In that case,
the loan amount is in excess of the limit, special resolution is required to be passed in
general meeting. Due to urgent needs of funds, BOD applied for loan in a reputed bank for
` 10,00,000 without passing the resolution in the general meeting. BOD gave an
undertaking to bank that Special Resolution has been passed for such loan. The bank on
believing on such undertaking lend the money. On demanding the repayment of loan,
company denied the payment as act was ultra vires to company. Kindly, advise.
20. Explain the classification of the companies on the basis of control as per the Companies
Act, 2013.
ANSWERS
1. (a) A, who owns two cars is selling red car to B. B thinks he is purchasing the black car.
There is no consensus ad idem and hence not a valid contract.
(b) A threatened to shoot B if he (B) does not lend him `2,00,000 and B agreed to it.
Here the agreement is entered into under coercion and hence not a valid contract.
(c) A agrees to sell his house to B against 100 kgs of cocaine (drugs). Such agree ment
is illegal as the consideration is unlawful.
(d) A ask B if he wants to buy his bike for ` 50,000. B agrees to buy bike. It is agreement
which is enforceable by law. Hence, it is a valid contract.
(e) Mr. X agrees to write a book with a publisher. But after few days, X dies in an accident.
Here the contract becomes void due to the impossibility of performance of the
contract.
2. If the performance consists of payment of money and there are several debts to be paid,
the payment shall be appropriated as per provisions of Sections 59, 60 and 61 of the Indian
Contract Act, 1872. The debtor has, at the time of payment, the right of appropriating the
payment. In default of debtor, the creditor has option of election and in default of either ,
the law will allow appropriation of debts in order of time.

In the present case, Mr. Harish had made two payments by way of two cheques. One
cheque was exactly the amount of the bill drawn. It would be understood even though not
specifically appropriated by Mr. Harish that it will be against the bill of exact amount. Hence
cheque of `9,680 will be appropriated against the bill of ` 9,680 which was due in May
2021.
Cheque of ` 15000 can be appropriated against any lawful debt which is due even though
the same is time-barred.
Hence, Mr. Ashish can appropriate the same against the debt of `12,120 which was due
in 2018 and balance against ` 5650 which was due in August 2020.
3. Section 25 of Indian Contract Act, 1872 provides that an agreement made without
consideration is valid if it is expressed in writing and registered under the law for the time
being in force for the registration of documents and is made on account of natural love and
affection between parties standing in a near relation to each other. In other words, a written
and registered agreement based on natural love and affection between the parties sta nding
in near relation to each other is enforceable even without consideration.
In the given problem, the transfer of house made by Mr. Shyam Mundra on account of
natural love and affection between the parties standing in near relation to each other is
written but not registered. Hence, this transfer is not enforceable.
4. According to the provisions of Section 11 of Indian Contract Act, 1872, a minor is
disqualified from contracting. A contract with minor is void-ab-initio but minor can act as
an agent. But he will not be liable to his principal for his acts.
In the instant case, Mr. Mukund appoints Mr. Parth, a minor as his agent to sale his car.
Mr. Mukund clearly instructed to Mr. Parth that the minimum sale price of the car should
be ` 2,00,000 yet Mr. Parth sold the car to Mr. Naman for ` 1,50,000.
(a) Considering the facts, although the contract between Mr. Mukund and Mr. Parth is
valid, Mr. Parth will not be liable to his principal for his acts. Hence, Mr. Mukund
cannot recover the loss of ` 50,000.
(b) Further, Mr. Naman purchased the car from agent of Mr. Mukund, he got good title.
Hence, Mr. Mukund cannot recover his car from Mr. Naman.
5. According to Section 27 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, any agreement that restrains a
person from carrying on a lawful trade, profession or business is a void agreement.
However, there are certain exceptions to this rule. One of the statutory exceptions includes
sale of Goodwill. The restraint as to sale of goodwill would be a valid restraint provided -
(i) Where the restraint is to refrain from carrying on a similar business,
(ii) The restrain should be within the specified local limits,

(iii) The restraint should be not to carry on the similar business after sale of goodwill to
the buyer for a price,
(iv) The restriction should be reasonable. Reasonableness of restriction will depend upon
number of factors as considered by court.
In the given case, Mukesh has sold the goodwill and there is restraint for not carrying on
the same business of grocery store. However, the restriction imposed on Mukesh is
unreasonable as he cannot carry similar business in whole of India for next 10 years. The
restriction on restraint to similar kind of trade should be reasonable to make it a valid
agreement.
Hence, Rohit cannot take any legal action against Mukesh as the restriction is
unreasonable as per Section 27 of Indian Contract Act, 1872. Hence, the agreement made
between in restraint of trade between Mukesh and Rohit is void agreement.
6. Section 69 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 states that a person who is interested in the
payment of money which another person is bound by law to pay, and who therefore pays
it, is entitled to get it reimbursed by the other.
In the present case, D was lawfully bound to pay rent. P was interested in making the
payment to D’s landlord as his carriage was seized by him. Hence being an interested
party, P made the payment and can recover the same from D.
7. As per the provisions of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 there are three modes of delivery, i)
Actual delivery, ii) Constructive delivery and iii) Symbolic delivery. When delivery is
affected without any change in the custody or actual possession of the things, it is called
constructive delivery or delivery by acknowledgement. Constructive delivery takes place
when a person in possession of goods belonging to seller acknowledges to the buyer that
he is holding the goods on buyer’s behalf.
On the basis of above provisions and facts, it is clear that possession of the wheat has
been transferred through constructive delivery. Hence, Avyukt is not right. He cannot claim
the price back.
8. By virtue of provisions of Section 16 of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930, there is an implied
condition that the goods should be in merchantable position at the time of transfer of
property. Sometimes, the purpose for which the goods are required may be ascertained
from the facts and conduct of the parties to the sale, or from the nature of description of
the article purchased. In such a case, the buyer need not tell the seller the purpose for
which he buys the goods.

On the basis of above provisions and facts given in the question, it is clear that as window
size was not proper, window was not in merchantable condition. Hence, the implied
condition as to merchantability was not fulfilled and Priyansh has the right to avoid the
contract and recover his advance money back.
9. As per the Proviso to Section 27 of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930, a sale made by a
mercantile agent of the goods would pass a good title to the buyer in the following
circumstances; namely;
(a) If he was in possession of the goods or documents with the consent of the owner;
(b) If the sale was made by him when acting in the ordinary course of business as a
mercantile agent; and
(c) If the buyer had acted in good faith and has at the time of the contract of sale, no
notice of the fact that the seller had no authority to sell.
On the basis of above, it can be said that Ravi, the mercantile agent, sells property to Mudit
who bought in good faith. Mudit obtained a good title of that residential property. Hence,
Ayushman cannot recover his property from Mudit. Rather, Ayushman can recover his loss
from Ravi.
10. Lien is the right of a person to retain possession of the goods belon ging to another until
claim of the person in possession is satisfied. The unpaid seller has also right of lien over
the goods for the price of the goods sold.
Section 47(1) of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 provides that the unpaid seller who is in the
possession of the goods is entitled to exercise right of lien in the following cases: -
1. Where the goods have been sold without any stipulation as to credit
2. Where the goods have been sold on credit but the term of credit has expired
3. Where the buyer has become insolvent even though the period of credit has not yet
expired.
In the given case, A has agreed to sell certain goods to B on a credit of 10 days. The period
of 10 days has expired. B has neither paid the price of goods nor taken the possession of
the goods. That means the goods are still physically in the possession of A, the seller. In
the meantime, B, the buyer has become insolvent. In this case, A is entitled to exercise
the right of lien on the goods because the buyer has become insolvent and t he term of
credit has expired without any payment of price by the buyer.

11. The differences between Sale and Agreement to sell are as follows:
Basis of difference Sale Agreement to sell
Transfer of property The property in the goods Property in the goods
passes to the buyer passes to the buyer on future
immediately. date or on fulfilment of some
condition.
Nature of contract It is an executed contract It is an executory contract
i.e. contract for which i.e. contract for which
consideration has been consideration is to be paid at
paid. a future date.
Remedies for breach The seller can sue the The aggrieved party can sue
buyer for the price of the for damages only and not for
goods because of the the price, unless the price
passing of the property was payable at a stated
therein to the buyer. date.
Liability of parties A subsequent loss or Such loss or destruction is
destruction of the goods is the liability of the seller.
the liability of the buyer.
Burden of risk Risk of loss is that of buyer Risk of loss is that of seller.
since risk follows
ownership.
Nature of rights Creates Jus in rem means Creates Jus in personam
right against the whole means rights against a
world. particular party to the
contract.
Right of resale The seller cannot resell the The seller may sell the
goods. goods since ownership is
with the seller.
In case of insolvency The official assignee will The official assignee will
of seller not be able to take over the acquire control over the
goods but will recover the goods but the price will not
price from the buyer. be recoverable.
In case of insolvency The official assignee will The official assignee will not
of buyer have control over the have any control over the
goods. goods.

12. According to Section 4 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932, "Partnership" is the relation
between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or
any of them acting for all. Therefore, for determining the existence of partnership, it must
be proved.
1. There must be an agreement between all the persons concerned;
2. The agreement must be to carry on some business;
3. The agreement must be to share the profits of a business and
4. The business was carried on by all or any of them acting for all.
On the basis of above provisons and facts provided in the question, Mr. Ram and
Mr. Raheem cannot be said under partnership as they are teachers in a school and just
purchased a flat jointly. By merely giving the flat on rent, they are not doing business. They
are just earning the income from the property under their co-ownership. Hence, there is no
partnership between them. Therefore, Mr. Ram is liable to pay his share only i.e. ` 1500.
Mr. John has to claim rest ` 1500 from Mr. Raheem.
13. According to Section 20 of Indian Partnership Act, 1932, the partners in a firm may, by
contract between the partners, extend or restrict the implied authority of any partner.
Notwithstanding any such restriction, any act done by a partner on behalf of the firm which
falls within his implied authority binds the firm, unless the person with whom he is dealing
knows of the restriction or does not know or believe that partner to be a partner.
Further, according to Section 21, a partner has authority, in an emergency to do all such
acts for the purpose of protecting the firm from loss as would be done by a person of
ordinary prudence, in his own case, acting under similar circumstances, and such acts bind
the firm.
On the basis of provisions and facts provided in the question, though Shyam was expressly
authorised to sell the goods, Mohan sold the goods at some loss. It was very much clear
that Mohan has done what a person of ordinary prudence does in an emergency to protect
the firm from heavy loss. Hence, this sale will bind the firm.
14. By virtue of provisions of Section 45 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932, notwithstanding
the dissolution of a firm, the partners continue to be liable as such to third parties for any
act done by any of them which would have been an act of the firm, if done before the
dissolution, until public notice is given of the dissolution.
In the instant case, X and Y were partners in a firm which was dissolved but no public
notice was given. After dissolution, X purchased some goods in the firm’s name from Z
who was ignorant of the fact of dissolution of firm. X became insolvent and Z filed a suit
against Y for recovery of his amount.

Following the provisions of Section 45, X and Y are continuing liable against third party
even after dissolution of firm until public notice is given. As in the given problem, X became
insolvent, therefore, Y will be liable to Z.
15. Section 29 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 provides that a share in a partnership is
transferable like any other property, but as the partnership relationship is based on mutual
confidence, the assignee of a partner’s interest by sale, mortgage or otherwise cannot
enjoy the same rights and privileges as the original partner.
The rights of such a transferee are as follows:
(1) During the continuance of partnership, such transferee is not entitled
(a) to interfere with the conduct of the business,
(b) to require accounts, or
(c) to inspect books of the firm.
He is only entitled to receive the share of the profits of the transferring partner and
he is bound to accept the profits as agreed to by the partners, i.e., he cannot
challenge the accounts.
(2) On the dissolution of the firm or on the retirement of the transferring partner, the
transferee will be entitled, against the remaining partners:
(a) to receive the share of the assets of the firm to which the transferring partner
was entitled, and
(b) for the purpose of ascertaining the share,
he is entitled to an account as from the date of the dissolution.
By virtue of Section 31, no person can be introduced as a partner in a firm without
the consent of all the partners. A partner cannot by transferring his own interest, make
anybody else a partner in his place, unless the other partners agree to accept that
person as a partner. At the same time, a partner is not debarred from transferring his
interest. A partner’s interest in the partnership can be regarded as an existing interest
and tangible property which can be assigned.
16. Small Limited Liability Partnership [Section 2(ta) of the LLP Act, 2008]: It means a
limited liability partnership—
(i) the contribution of which, does not exceed twenty-five lakh rupees or such higher
amount, not exceeding five crore rupees, as may be prescribed; and
(ii) the turnover of which, as per the Statement of Accounts and Solvency for the
immediately preceding financial year, does not exceed forty lakh rupees or such
higher amount, not exceeding fifty crore rupees, as may be prescribed; or

(iii) which meets such other requirements as may be prescribed, and fulfils such terms
and conditions as may be prescribed.
17. (i) Perpetual Succession – A company on incorporation becomes a separate legal
entity. It is an artificial legal person and have perpetual succession which means even
if all the members of a company die, the company still continues to exist. It has
permanent existence.
The existence of a company is independent of the lives of its members. It has a
perpetual succession. In this problem, the company will continue as a legal entity.
The company's existence is in no way affected by the death of all its members.
(ii) The statement given is incorrect. A company is an artificial person as it is created by
a process other than natural birth. It is legal or judicial as it is created by law. It is a
person since it is clothed with all the rights of an individual. Further, the company
being a separate legal entity can own property, have banking account, raise loans,
incur liabilities and enter into contracts. Even members can contract with company,
acquire right against it or incur liability to it. It can sue and be sued in its own name.
It can do everything which any natural person can do except be sent to jail, take an
oath, marry or practice a learned profession. Hence, it is a legal person in its own
sense.
18. Doctrine of ultra vires: The meaning of the term ultra vires is simply “beyond (their)
powers”. The legal phrase “ultra vires” is applicable only to acts done in excess of the legal
powers of the doers. This presupposes that the powers in their nature are limited. It is a
fundamental rule of Company Law that the objects of a company as stated in its
memorandum can be departed from only to the extent permitted by the Act, thus far and
no further. In consequence, any act done or a contract made by the company which travels
beyond the powers not only of the directors but also of the company is wholly void and
inoperative in law and is therefore not binding on the company. On this account, a company
can be restrained from employing its fund for purposes other than those sanctioned by the
memorandum. Likewise, it can be restrained from carrying on a trade different from the
one it is authorised to carry on.
The impact of the doctrine of ultra vires is that a company can neither be sued on an ultra
vires transaction, nor can it sue on it. Since the memorandum is a “public document”, it is
open to public inspection. Therefore, when one deals with a company one is deemed to
know about the powers of the company. If in spite of this you enter into a transaction which
is ultra vires the company, you cannot enforce it against the company.
An act which is ultra vires the company being void, cannot be ratified even by the
unanimous consent of all the shareholders of the company.

Hence in the given case, ABC Limited cannot enter into a contract outside the purview of
its object clause of Memorandum of Association as it becomes ultra vires and thus null and
void.
19. According to doctrine of Indoor Management, persons dealing with the Company are
presumed to have read the registered documents and to see that the proposed dealing is
not inconsistent therewith, but they are not bound to do more; they need not enquire into
the regularity of internal proceedings as required by Memorandum and Articles. This was
also decided in case of Royal British Bank Vs. Turquand.
In the instant case, XYZ Private Limited have taken loan from reputed bank for
` 10,00,000 by passing Board Resolution while Special Resolution was necessary for such
amount. BOD gave an undertaking to bank that Special Resolution has been passed for
such loan. The bank on believing on such undertaking lends the money. On demanding
the repayment of loan, company denied the payment as act was ultra vires to company.
On the basis of provisions of doctrine of indoor management, the bank can claim the
amount of his loan from the company. The bank can believe on the undertaking given by
board and no need to enquire further.
20. In line with the Companies Act, 2013, following are the classification of the
Companies on the basis of control:
(a) Holding and subsidiary companies: ‘Holding and subsidiary’ companies are
relative terms.
A company is a holding company in relation to one or more other companies, means
a company of which such companies are subsidiary companies. [Section 2(46)]
For the purposes of this clause, the expression “company" includes any body
corporate.
Whereas section 2(87) defines “subsidiary company” in relation to any other company
(that is to say the holding company), means a company in which the holding
company—
(i) controls the composition of the Board of Directors; or
(ii) exercises or controls more than one-half of the total voting power either at its
own or together with one or more of its subsidiary companies:
Provided that such class or classes of holding companies as may be prescribed shall
not have layers of subsidiaries beyond such numbers as may be prescribed.
(b) Associate company [Section 2(6)]: In relation to another company, means a
company in which that other company has a significant influence, but which is not a
subsidiary company of the company having such influence and includes a joint
venture company.

Explanation. — For the purpose of this clause —

(i) the expression “significant influence” means control of at least twenty per cent
of total voting power, or control of or participation in business decisions under
an agreement;
(ii) the expression “joint venture’’ means a joint arrangement whereby the parties
that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the net assets of the
arrangement.
The term “Total Share Capital”, means the aggregate of the -
(1) Paid-up equity share capital; and
(2) Convertible preference share capital.

SECTION 2B: BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORTING

Part A
Chapter-1 Communication
1. What is ‘Aesthetic Communication’? Explain briefly.
2. Visual Communication is a powerful medium. Justify.
Part-B
Chapter-2 Sentence Types, Active-Passive Voice and Direct-Indirect Speech
1. Change the following sentences into passive voice.
a. Savita had missed the last metro.
b. The course co-ordinator will give them instructions.
c. The two neighbouring countries are signing the treaty.
d. Shekhar received a cheque of rupees five thousand.
e. Aruna is baking a chocolate cake today.
2. Change the following sentences into active voice.
a. The dinner is being prepared by the Master Chef.
b. The assignments were submitted by class 10 students.
c. Holi was played by the young and the old.
d. The city was nearly destroyed by the hurricane.
e. The cookies were stolen by the kids.
3. Change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech.
a. Reena said, ‘I have been a studying a lot’.
b. Ajay asked, ‘Do they live nearby?’
c. Karthik said, ‘I can speak perfect Spanish’.
d. ‘Please help me to carry the bag’, exclaimed mother.
e. Kids shouted, ‘We saw a thief’.

Chapter-3 Vocabulary
1. In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the one which best expresses
the meaning of the given word.
1. MESMERIZE
a. Control
b. Ignore
c. Achieve
d. Fascinate
2. EPITOME
a. Relatable
b. Tomb
c. Exemplar
d. Peculiar
3. FATHOM
a. Comprehend
b. Feelings
c. Over night
d. Untrue
4. PREVALENT
a. widespread
b. Cheap
c Summary
d. Judgement
2. In the following question, out of the given four alternatives, select the one which is opposite
in meaning of the given word.
1. Vital
a. Essential
b. Easy

c. Unimportant
d. Heavy
2. Dearth
a. Less
b. Insufficient
c. Shortage
d. Abundance
3. Lethargy
a. Energy
b. Enervate
c. Illegal
d. Remote
4. Arbitrary
a. Casual
b. Rational
c. Account for
d. Judgement
3. Choose the correct meaning of the idioms given below.
a. To shed light on
(i) To help someone
(ii) To work as an electrician
(iii) To interfere
(iv) To give further information
b. The lion’s share
(i) To get scared of big animals
(ii) Big amount
(iii) Feel proud

(iv) Act smart

c. To turn over a new leaf
(i) To turn pages quickly
(ii) To make a new start
(iii) To meditate
(iv) To hold anger
d. To work a miracle
(i) To know magic
(ii) To make the almost impossible happen
(iii) To regret
(iv) To leave it to God
e. Over the moon
(i) Bored
(ii) Arrogant
(iii) Delighted
(iv) Careless
Part-C
Chapter-4
1. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Selfie is the latest fad among people, especially the younger generation. Whether you are
at a railway station, at a restaurant, in the park or just walking on a street, you would come
across youngsters clicking pictures of themselves, which are more commonly known as
selfies. Though these selfies are good for social media post’s but there have been several
instances where selfie obsessed youngsters have severely injured themselves or even met
with their death while taking a selfie. Oblivious of the surroundings, people have fallen to
their death or have been run over by vehicles while in the process of taking a selfie. Some
individuals have even gone a step ahead and attempted to take a selfie at a dangerous
place or in difficult positions, there by meeting a gory end.
Infact, such is the craze of selfies in India that it has been recorded as having one of the
highest number of selfie related deaths in the world. A study conducted in 2016, titled, ‘Me
Myself and my Killfie’, estimated that of the 127 selfie deaths across the globe in the same

year, 76 occurred in India alone. In contrast, Pakistan reported just 9 deaths while both the
US and Russia witnessed 8 and 6 deaths respectively. It is the youngsters, under the age
of 25, who are more prone to explore newer and more dangerous selfies. While in US,
most people had selfie related deaths by falling off high buildings and mountain cliffs, in
India most such deaths have been water related or near the railway tracks. The authors of
the study hope that their study will serve as a warning for the people and would inspire
new technology that would warn selfie takers when they are in risky zones.
Taking selfies is not wrong, but it is imperative to be aware of the surroundings. Selfies
should be avoided in dangerous places, for it is always better to be safe than sorry.
Questions
1. Why does the author feel that selfies have become a fad among the young
generation?
2. Which segment of the society is prone to explore newer and more dangerous selfies?
3. How can the study on selfies, according to the author be helpful?
4. Choose the synonym of the word ‘oblivious’ as used in the passage.
(a) Warning
(b) Scared
(c) Easy going
(d) Unaware
5. Choose the antonym of the word ‘imperative’ as used in the passage.
(a) Optional
(b) Important
(c) Difficult
(d) Unending
2. Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
In the heart of the city of Kolkata, a man is singing his voice straining to be heard over the
roar of traffic that encircles the maidan. A veteran singer of kathas, he is past of a vast
gathering of entertainers, acrobats, palmists, and ‘sundry folk’, who meet at the Dharamtala
Mela every Sunday afternoon. Accompanied by his dholak, the singer punctuates his story
of blood and romance with pithy reverences to the state of the downtrodden. Listening to
him intently are labourers and vagrants who sit around him in a circle, responding to his
skillful interweaving of fact and fiction, myth and history.
Clearly, the singer knows how to tell a story as can be judged from the way he pitches his
voice, varies his rhythm, breaks the narrative, then picks it up unexpectedly, only to shift

the perspective of his story with a change in voice and transformation of character. The
performance ends after hours of non-stop delivery, whereupon 10 to 20 paise coins are
collected from the crowd who part with what they can spare. The entire collection adds up
to barely four to five rupees.
As the crowd disperses, I talk to the performer haltingly and express my appreciation with
a small donation. I learn that he is in his 70’s, he lives in Shyam bazar though his home
state is Bihar and that he has been singing all his life. Later, as he rushes to catch his bus,
I am left thinking about him and the possibilities of his representation. He is free to sing,
but he is also desperately poor. In spite of the state, he exists. But fo r how long? And at
what cost?
Questions
1. The singer is a native of which state?
(a) West Bengal
(b) Kolkata
(c) Bihar
(d) Cant say.
2. The passage is mainly about:
(a) An unrecognised singer
(b) Art and culture
(c) Life in Kolkata
(d) Life in Shyam bazar
3. The tone of the author in the passage is
(a) Energetic
(b) Informing
(c) Thoughtful
(d) Depressing
4. Select the suitable meaning of the word ‘vagrants’ as used in Para 1
(A) Elite people
(b) Wanderers
(c) Thieves
(d) Artists
5. What story does the singer sing about?

3. Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
It is an indisputable fact that the world has gone too far with the innovation of new technologies
such as mobile phones, the internet and so on, due to which people are able to tour the cosmos
virtually sitting at one place using their smart devices or other technological gadgets. Though
mobile internet access is oftentimes hurried and short, it can still provide common interest
features like alerts, weather data, emails, search engines, instant messages, and game and
music downloading.
Due to the easy access of smart phones, communication has been very efficient and quick.
Messages get conveyed in an instant, even around the world, personal and professional talks/
meetings happen; even business deals of high valuation happen over the int ernet now a days.
Moreover, youngsters have been able to enhance their skills by the use of internet and these
gadgets. Many educational institutions have started offering online classes for various courses
for the easy and comfort of the students.
The mobile smart phone has acted as a life saver for many, especially in times of exigency.
Likewise, smart phones can be used to avoid/prevent and even detect crimes in the society.
Information can easily get tracked and the culprits can be traced by their locat ion.
Nonetheless, for the young the use of mobile phones can be like an addiction and they can
misuse it. Youngsters are prone to getting involved in undesirable and anti -social activities by
virtue of their inquisitiveness. This might not only effect their academic performance, but also
cause mental health issues. A number of depression and suicide cases have been observed in
adolescents due to over exposure to the internet and involvement in morally incorrect activities.
A major contributor to this problem is the prepaid or pay as you go service offered by a phone
shop or an online store. Without having understood the repercussions of such services,
youngsters get trapped and even end up sharing the PIN numbers of their parents’ debit and
credit cards. This further leads to misuse of money and related crimes.
The fact remains that technology has its own pros and cons. It depends on us whether we make
use of it judiciously or impetuously.
Questions
1. How has the mobile phone acted as a life saver?
2. How have mobile phones made communication easy and quick?
3. What negative effects has the author mentioned, youngsters can face while using mobiles?
4. The word ‘judiciously’ as used in the passage means:
a) Attractively
b) Carelessly

c) Wisely
d) Dedicatedly
5. Explain the main idea of the passage in about 20 to 30 words.
6. What common interest features does mobile internet provide?
Chapter-5
1. Read the following passages carefully.
(i) Make notes, using headings, sub-headings and using abbreviations wherever
necessary.
(ii) Give a suitable title and write summary.
Passage-1
The Indus Valley Civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in human history. It arose on
the Indian subcontinent nearly 5,000 years ago — roughly the same time as the emergence
of ancient Egypt and nearly 1,000 years after the earliest Sumerian cities of Mesopotamia.
The Indus Valley Civilization, in its mature phase, thrived for about 700 years, from around
2600 B.C. to 1900 B.C.
"The Indus Valley Civilization, also called the Saraswati or Harappan civilization, is one of
the 'pristine' civilizations on our planet," William Belcher, an anthropologist at the University
of Nebraska-Lincoln, told Live Science.
A pristine civilization is one that arose indigenously or independently of other civilizations.
More specifically, it is one that developed on its own, without conquest, and without the
benefit of cultural exchange or immigration with another established society. Generally, the
six pristine civilizations recognized by archaeologists and historians are in the following
areas: Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, Mesoamerica (which includes parts of Mexico and
Central America), the Andean region and the Indus Valley. These civilizations arose at
different times — the earliest of these, Mesopotamia, arose some 6,000 years ago, while
the earliest Andean civilization, the Chavin, (opens in new tab) developed in approximately
900 B.C.
The Indus Valley Civilization derives its name from the Indus River, one of the lo ngest
rivers in Asia. Many of the Indus Valley Civilization's large, well-planned cities, such as
Mohenjo-Daro, Kot Diji and Chanhu-Daro, were situated along the course of the Indus
river, which flows from the mountains of western Tibet, through the disputed region of
Kashmir and southwestward before emptying into the Arabian Sea near the modern city of
Karachi, Pakistan. Other Indus Valley Civilization cities were located next to different major
rivers, such as the Ghaggar-Hakra, Sutlej, Jhelum, Chenab and the Ravi rivers or on the
alluvial floodplains between rivers. Today, much of this area is part of the Punjab region,
which is translated as the "land of the five rivers" in what is now Pakistan. Other Indus

Valley Civilization cities are located in northwest India, and a few additional cities are in
northeastern Afghanistan, near archaeological sites where tin and lapis lazuli, a blue
metamorphic rock, were mined.
Passage -2
Ideas rule the world. You shape your fate and decide your destiny by your thoug hts. You
have to think high to rise. You have to believe and be sure of yourself to win a prize. Life’s
battles don’t always go stronger or the faster man. But sooner or later, the man who wins
is the man who thinks he can.
Success starts with your thoughts. Whatever your mind can conceive and believe, it can
achieve. And your mind is nothing more than a bundle of thoughts. Since you have the
power to shape your thoughts, you automatically have the power to fashion your fate and
decide your destiny. Thus, your thoughts are the most potent, powerful and prime source
of your success. For your thoughts to blossom into success, they should be combined with
definiteness of purpose, perseverance and a burning, pulsating strong desire to translate
them into action. Believe that you will success and believe it firmly. You will then do
whatever is necessary to bring success about.
Faith in yourself as well as the confidence that you can and will succeed are the key to
your success at any step in life. If you keep your mind and heart focused on your goal and
your thoughts have only the goal in them, you will do splendid in your life. You will find
yourself capturing all the opportunities that come your way. Your energy will be directed,
consciously or unconsciously towards your goal and you will be close to success.
Always, remember, thoughts are the most supreme, the most significant. Preserve the right
attitude, right courage, frankness and confidence. Think of success in your work and you
will do great. If your desire is weak, changing; your focus will be the same and the
percentage of achieving success will reduce. But if you pursue your goal, with single
minded attention, then nobody can stop you. A well- defined goal, a clear thought, a
planned path and the will to win, are the key ingredients to become successful.
Chapter-7 Précis Writing
Write a précis and give an appropriate title to the passage given below.
1. Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish good (correct)
reasoning from bad (incorrect) reasoning. This definition must not be taken to imply that
only the student of logic can reason well or correctly. To say so, would be mistak en as to
say that to run well requires studying the physics and physiology involved in that activity.
Some excellent athletes are quite ignorant of the complex processes that go inside their
bodies while they perform. And needless to say the somewhat elderly professors who know
most about such things would perform very poorly, were they to risk their dignity on the
athletic field. Even given the same basic muscular and nervous apparatus, the person who
knows might not surpass the ‘natural athlete’.

Logic has frequently been defined as the science of the laws of thought. But this definition,
although it gives a clue to the nature of logic, is not accurate. In the first place, thinking is
studied by psychologists. Logic cannot be ‘the’ science of the laws of thought, because
psychology is also a science that deals with the laws of thoughts.
2. When we survey our lives and efforts, we soon observe that almost the whole of our actions
and desires are bound up with the existence of other human beings. We notic e that whole
nature resembles that of the social animals. We eat food that others have produced, wear
clothes that others have made, live in houses that others have built. The greater part of
our knowledge and beliefs has been passed on to us by other people though the medium
of a language which others have created. Without language and mental capacities, we
would have been poor indeed comparable to higher animals. We have, therefore, to admit
that we owe our principal knowledge over the least to the fact of living in human society.
The individual if left alone from birth would remain primitive and beast like in his thoughts
and feelings to a degree that we can hardly imagine. The individual is what he is and has
the significance that he has, not much in virtue of the individuality, but rather as a member
of a great human community, which directs his material and spiritual existence from the
cradle to grave.
3. The tree is worshipped as the Earth mother in tribal India. It gives us food, air and work
and also housing material. Moreover, trees also sometimes give fodder for animals and
fuel for energy making. Without trees, there is no soil; nothing can prevent soil from getting
washed away. In the tribal areas of India, where we find the Bhils, Santhals, the N agas
and the Bishnois, whenever a child is born, a tree is planted in his/her name. This enables
a strong relationship between the child and the tree .As the child grows, the tree also grows
and starts bearing fruits. It starts its life a food giver to the tribal community and the tribal
become the guardian of the tree. This kind of a nature shows the true faith in nature. The
tribals worship nature and make sure no human intervenes. This is a learning lesson for
all those who tamper with nature in the name of urbanization. Every entity, small or big,
plant or animal has a place in life; with its due importance. If humans start intervening and
disturbing Nature, the fury is felt in the form of natural calamities like floods, and droughts.
It is an earnest request to all the mankind; Lets work together to make the world a better
place to love, not a bitter place.
Chapter-8 Article Writing
1. Write an article on the following topics in not more than 200-250 words.
a. Impact of advertisements on the young generations.
b. Easy and basic ways to contribute towards keeping the environment clean and
pollution free.

Chapter-9 Report Writing

1. Write a report on the following topics.
a. A newspaper report about a health campaign organized by an NGO in a local area.
b. You are the Accounts head of a Call centre. Write a formal report stating details of
expenditure made in the last financial year towards purchase of systems and other
items needed in office.
Chapter-10 Formal letters and Official Communication
1. You manage the food supply in your organization. Write a letter to a nearby, famous
restaurant for a monthly tie up with it, to supply breakfast and lunch meals for the
employees of your organization.
2. Write a letter to the customer service manager of ‘Wooden Store’, complaining about the
bad quality of a study table unit and a chair purchased from it last week. Sign yourself as
Mitali/ Mahesh.
3. You plan to open a cyber café in your area, Arjun Nagar, New Delhi. Write a letter to M/S
PC electronics, giving an order of computers and related accessories needed in your café.
Mention the quantity of each item as required.
Chapter-11 Writing formal mails
1. On behalf of your private firm, write a formal mail to all your employees, requesting them
to provide the necessary KYC information, needed to be updated in a newly installed
employee software. State that details should be sent well in time, before the last date i.e
10th April, 2023. Sign yourself as Manager, HR of the firm.
2. You are Raj/Rani, Head, Advertising in Admad Technologies. Write a letter to your clients
stating the new terms and conditions that your organization has decided upon for future
projects with effect from 15 th March 2023.
Chapter-12 Resume Writing
1. You are Sumita/Sumit, MBA, marketing. Draft your resume to apply for jobs in private
companies (Any MNC) along with a cover letter.
2. You are Rani /Raj Mehta, HR Head of C and C Pvt. Limited, an investment firm. Draft a
formal e-mail stating the details of an interview scheduled with a candidate for the post of
Senior Accountant.
Chapter-13 Meetings
1. Write ‘Minutes of the Meeting’ for a meeting conducted to discuss the low attendance in
office after Covid. State reasons and discuss solutions.

2. Write the ‘Minutes of the Meeting’ for a meeting organized to discuss the bad customer
feedback about a product. Discuss future course of action. (Choose a food item like biscuit,
chips, snacks etc.)
ANSWERS
Part A
Chapter-1 Communication
1. Aesthetic Communication includes art forms like dancing, painting, sculpting and music.
These art forms convey the ideas and thoughts of the artists.
2. Visual Communications includes sign language, typography, graphics, illustrations etc.
These means re inforce the written communication. The print and audio visual media make
effective use of visuals to convey their message. Also, pie charts and other diagrammatic
representation are now widely used in office presentations and convey a lot more. Hence,
Visual communication is a powerful medium
Part-B
Chapter-2 Sentence Types, Active-Passive Voice and Direct-Indirect Speech
1. a. The last metro was missed by Savita.
b. The instructions will be given by the course coordinator.
c. The treaty is being signed by the two neighbouring countries.
d. A cheque of rupees five thousand was received by Shekhar.
e. A chocolate cake is being baked by Aruna today.
2. a. The Master Chef is preparing dinner.
b. Class 10 students submitted the assignments
c. The young and the old played Holi.
d. The hurricane nearly destroyed the city.
e. The kids stole the cookies.
3. a. Reena said that she had been studying a lot.
b. Ajay asked if they lived nearby.
c. Karthik said that he could speak perfect Spanish.
d. Mother requested to help her to carry the bag.
e. Kids shouted that they saw a thief.

Chapter-3 Vocabulary
1. 1. d
2. c
3. a
4. a
2. 1. c
2. d
3. a
4. b
3. a. iv
b. ii
c. ii
d. ii
e. iii
Part-C
Chapter-4
1. 1. The author feels that selfies have become a fad because whether you are at a railway
station, at a restaurant, in the park or just walking on a street, you would come across
youngsters clicking pictures of themselves.
2. The youngsters, under the age of 25, who are more prone to explore newer and more
dangerous selfies.
3. The authors of the study hope that their study will serve as a warning for the people
and would inspire new technology, that would warn the selfie takers when they are in
risky zones.
4. (d) Unaware
5. (a) Optional
2. 1. (c) Bihar
2. (a) an unrecognized singer
3. (c) Thoughtful
4. (b) Wanderers.

5. The singer sings a story of blood and romance with pithy reverences to the state of
the downtrodden.
3. 1. The mobile phone has acted as life saver in times of exigency/emergency. Smart phones
can also be used to prevent and detect crimes in society. Tracking of information is
possible, when mobiles are used.
2. Mobile phones have made communication easy and quick as information can be
transferred around the world, personal and professional meetings can happen; even
business deals can happen through internet using mobiles.
3. Youngsters can addicted to the usage of the mobile phones. They might get involved
in undesirable and anti-social activities. The addiction can impact their mental and
physical health.
4. (c) Wisely
5. The main idea in the passage is to highlight the pros and cons of mobile phone usage.
The author preaches to make a wise use of internet and mobiles, to avoid getting
addicted to it and getting involved in undesirable activities.
6. A mobile internet offers features like alerts, weather data, emails, search engines,
instant messages, and game and music downloading.
Chapter-5
Passage 1
Indus Valley Civilization
1. Indus Valley Oldest cvlzn
1.1 started nrly 50,000 yrs ago
1.2 strtd some time as ancnt Egypt
1.3 Thrvd fr 700 yrs
2. Also known as Saraswati/Harappan Cvlzn
2.1 Called ‘pristine’ by William Belcher, anthropologist
2.2 devlpd on its own; indpdntly
2.3. Six Pristine cvlzns:
2.3.1 Egypt
2.3.2 Mesopotamia
2.3.3. China
2.3.4 Mesoamerica

2.3.4. Andean region

2.3.5. Indus valley
2.4 Erlst cvlzn was Mesopotamia came 6000 yrs ago
2.5 Andean cvlzn devlpd in 900 BC
3. Name Indus vly drvd from the rvr Indus
3.1 Indus rvr flows from mntns of western Tibet, Kashmir, Karachi
3.2 Indus vly cvlzn has cities nmly: Mohenjo daro, Kot Diji, Chanhu Daro
3.3 Other cities lctd near rvrs Ravi, Chenab, Sutlej, Ghaggar Hakra
4. The area of five rivers is now in Punjab, ‘land of five rivers’.
5. Other cities lctd in northwest India, north estrn Afghanistan
5.1 Archaeological sites whr tin and lapis lazuli were mined, another site of indus Valley
Key:
1. Cvlzn= civilization
2. Nrly= nearly
3. Yrs= years
4. Strtd= started
5. Ancnt= ancient
6. Thrvd= thrived
7. Fr=for
8. Devlpd= developed
9. Indpndtly= independently
10. Erlst=earliest
11. Vly=valley
12. Drvd= derived
13. Rvrs= rivers
14. Mntns= mountains
15. nmly= namely
16. Lctd= located
17. Estrn= eastern

18. Whr= where

Summary
Indus Valley Civlization is the oldest civilizations of the human race, which in its mature phase,
thrived for about 700 years, from 2600 BC to 1900 BC. Also known as Harappan /Saraswati
civilization, it developed indigenously without any conquest or cultural exchange. One of the
‘pristine’ civilization of our planet, it derives its name from the river Indus and has well planned
cities like Mohenjo daro, Kot diji and Chanhnu daro. Other cities of the civilization are located
in north western India and on the 5 rivers from which the state Punjab derives its name: Sutlej,
Chenab, Ravi, Jhelum and Ghagar Hakra.
Passage- 2
Think positive! Be positive!
1. Imprtnc of ideas
1.1. Thgts dcd fate and dstny
1.2. Thnkng high lds to a rise
1.3. Blv in yrslf
2. One who thinks he can win, aclly wins
3. Succs strts with ones thgts
3.1 Mnd is a bndl of thghts
3.2 Thgts are potnt, pwrfl and prime src of succs
3.3 Thgts be cmbnd with prpose, psrvrnc, dsr to fulfill
4. Blv firmly and you will succd.
5. Keys to succs
5.1 Fth, cnfdc, will to succd
5.2 Fcsd mind, fcsd heart
5.3 Opptnts get cptrd close to succs
6. Thgts are suprm and sigfcnt
7. Rght attd, rght courage, frankness, cnfdnc: elmnts needed
8. Well dfnd goal, clr thgts, plnnd path, will to win: gv you succs and you becm an exmpl
Key
1. Imprtnc= importance
2. Thgts= thoughts

3. Dct = decide
4. Dstny=destiny
5. Thnkng= thinking
6. Lds=leads
7. Blv=believe
8. Yrslf= yourself
9. Aclly= actually
10. Succs= success
11. Strts=starts
12. Mnd= mind
13. Bndl= bundle
14. Potnt= potent
15. Pwrfl= powerful
16. Src= source
17. Cmbnd= combined
18. Prpose= purpose
19. Psrvrnc= preservence
20. Dsr= desire
21. Blv= believe
22. Succd= succeed
23. Fth= faith
24. Cnfdc= confidence
25. Fcsd= focused
26. Opptnts= opportunities
27. Cptrd= captured
28. Suprm= supreme
29. Sigfcnt= significant
30. Rght= right
31. Attd= attitude

32. Elmnts= elements

33. Dfnd= defined
34. Clr=clear
35. Plnd= planned
36. Exmpl= example
Summary
Thoughts are the most important aspect of one’s success. A positive mind and a one track focus
on the goal are required to pursue success. Moreover, the belief that one can do it combined
with faith and confidence leads one on the path that will lead to being a winner. The path should
be planned with a clear focus. With this in hand, no one can stop and you set an example for
others.
Chapter-7 Précis Writing
1. What is logic?
Logic is the study of methods and principles that helps to differentiate between the
good/correct and the bad/incorrect. This does not hint towards only students studying logic
can apply the correct thoughts. A person can perform well in sports without knowing the
logic behind his body/physiological changes. However, it is a misconception to believe that
logic is a law of thoughts as Psychology is also a science that primarily studies the same.
2. Life is about interdependence
A survey on the lives and efforts of humans would show that all the actions and desires
are dependent on the existence of other human beings. From the food we eat, to the
clothes we wear, to the houses we stay in, to the passing of knowledge from generation to
generation; all this hints towards being social. The individual, thus becomes a member of
the great humanity and that is what takes him through the journey from cradle to grave.
3. Let’s worship mother Nature
The tribals in India have always worshipped mother Earth as the source of housing, food
and fuel, and also occupation. The tribal communities like namely, the Bhils, the Santhals,
the Nagas and the Bishnois plant a tree when a child is born, bringing an ownership to the
tree. The tribals become the guardian of the tree and ensure no unwanted human
intervention with nature. One needs to fear nature’s fury and work in harmony with the
environment. The idea is to promote peace and stay one with Nature as we are dependent
on it.
Chapter-8 Article Writing
1. a. Hints
• Advertisements and their Impact (Title)

• ‘Advertisement is the art of persuasion’, William Bernbach.

• Advertisements have become part and parcel of the visual and audio media.
Whether it is a cricket match on TV, or a top 10 Hindi music show on radio,
advertisements can be seen and heard often.
• While some ads are meaningful and lesson oriented, some others are irrelevant.
Social campaigns advertisements leave a deep impact on the young generation.
• Some good ads are those that have a creative angle to them. They show the
product with a catchy jingle, or some good humour which leaves an impact on
the audience, especially the youngsters who easily get influenced. Talk about
the other side of the coin.
• It has been noted that, good or bad, ads have a strong influence on the young
minds.
• Moreover, these days ads on social media have become a source of earning.
More the ads on one’s channel, more it gets popularity.
• It is request to all the young minds of the country. Believe by finding out the why
and the how. Do not accept things at their face value.
• The world of advertisement is a creative, innovative yet misleading one. Make
your choices wisely.
(The student may write other relevant points. Above mentioned are hints for a
better understanding)
b. Hints:
• Keep your environment green and clean! (Suitable title)
• Numerous discussions happen, several policies are made to keep the
environment clean and healthy.
• All this might be happening at a higher level. But what can we do as good citizens
of our country is the question?
• Start from our own house our own neighbourhood. Let’s make an effort to not
throw garbage on the road. Littering is one of the most difficult problem to tackle.
• State ways of preventing environmental pollution:
Less usage of fossil fuels
Control carbon footprints
Stop using old model vehicles that disrupt the AQI
Shift towards recycle, reduce and reuse (3 R’s)

• Another easy step is using public transport, or car pool for specific destinations.
This will ensure less traffic on the road and hence control air pollution.
• It is imperative for citizens of the country, young and old, to contribute to the
best of their ability to help to keep our surroundings clean. This will ensure a
greener and safer environment for the future generations.
(The student may write other relevant points. Above mentioned are hints for a
better understanding)
Chapter-9 Report Writing
1. Hints:
a.
• Newspaper report writing format (Timeline, name of reporter) Heading to the
news brief.
• Name the NGO that has organized the health campaign
• Location, venue, date/time details
• Few lines on the background of the NGO
• Details about the campaign: who inaugurated, how many people participated,
what is the purpose, how is the issue being addressed
b.
To: The Director, Finance
From: Secretary, Finance
Date: 27th Dec, 2022
Subject: Expenditure made towards systems and office stationery in the last financial year
Acknowledgements: I am deeply grateful to all my team members who helped me in
formulating this detailed report. The expenditure and other related details have been
recorded with precision.
(1) Contents
i. List of items purchased
ii. Segregation of systems, office stationery and other miscellaneous items
iii. Cost and invoice details
iv. Current budget versus amount spent
v. Conclusion

Summary: With the advancement in technology, we decided to enhance our working

conditions ensuring a comfortable and employee friendly work zone. The items purchased
will lead to better productivity and efficiency on the part of the work staff. It will add to the
revenues of the organization and bring a good name in the industry.
Can be continued with a few tables mentioned and then the conclusion.
Chapter-10 Formal letters and Official Communication
1. Creative Arts Pvt. Ltd.
Sarojini Nagar
New Delhi- 110023
27th December 2022

Kasturi Vegetarian Dhaba.
Sarojini Nagar Market
New Delhi- 110023
Subject: Placing an order for breakfast and lunch on monthly basis
Dear Sir,
As discussed over telephone, we would like to place an order for breakfast and lunch meals
supply on a monthly basis. This would be for around 25 employees. The meals would be
needed five days a week (Monday to Friday).
Breakfast delivery: 9:00-9:30 am
Lunch delivery: 1:30 to 2:00 pm
The food should be delivered hot, in a hygienic way. The delivery has to be at our office
premises and we would appreciate punctuality.
We wish to start the service from 1 st April, 2023. Kindly revert so that the needful can be
done.
Thanks and Regards

Rajesh
Assistant Manager (Admin)
Creative Arts

2.
Flat no. 508, tower 12
Green Valley apartments
Sector 6, Dwarka
New Delhi 110075
28th December, 2022
Customer Service Manager

Wooden Store
Shop No. 34,
Jail road, Tilak Nagar
New Delhi
Dear Sir,
Subject: Filing complaint for a broken item against Bill no. WS-60ST/2022
I hereby write to complain regarding the defect in the study table unit purchased on 22 nd
December, 2022 from your store, Jail road outlet.
The product when received at home was in a broken condition. One leg of the table was
broken, the table top had several scratches; the arm of the chair was also broken into two
pieces. The delivery man says, he got the product as given to him in the shop.
I request you to look into this matter without any delay and provide a new unit. I have
enclosed a copy of the bill of purchase for your reference. Looking forward to your early
response.
Thanking you
Yours truly,
Mitali/ Mahesh
Dwarka, New Delhi.

3.
Future Cyber Cafe
Arjun Nagar
New Delhi- 110000
4th March 2023
PC Electronics.
Nehru Place
New Delhi- 110023
Subject: Placing an order for computer systems and accessories.

Dear Sir,
This is with respect to our newly opened cyber café, Future Cyber Café’ in Arjun Nagar. I
would like to place an order for some computer systems and related accessories for the
same. Below is a detailed table listing the requirements.
Product Name Quantity
Computers (Full units) 10
UPS 5
Speakers 5
Modem 10
We wish to start operations from 1st April 2023. Kindly ensure that all products are quality
checked and in a warranty period. Please send the items by next week to allow smooth
flow of business. We would also need your help for installation.
Thanks and Regards
Arpit/Arpita
Future Cyber Cafe (Owner)

Chapter-11 Writing formal mails

1. Dear employees,
Greetings!
This is with respect to your KYC details needed, to be updated in a newly installed software.
We request you to share your details in the given format (attached) by 10 th April, 2023 to
avoid any delay in work.
This is a mandatory process and we request our employees to kindly do the needful at the
earliest.
For any help regarding the matter, an executive has been assigned to every department.
The details of executives are enclosed with this mail. You can also write to
helpdesk@sittech.com for any further clarifications.
Looking forward to your kind cooperation.
With warm regards
Mr. Sushil
Manager, HR
Sitcom Technologies
2. Dear clients,
Greetings!
This is with respect to the new norms and policies our organization has decided upon for
future business. In the light of a mutually beneficial business relationship, the committee
members have decided to revise the fee for print and social media advertising. Also, we
request the clients to give us atleast two weeks for working on the requirements, to enable
us to deliver quality work.
We would expect 25% of the full payment to be paid, at the beginning of the project.
Balance amount can be paid, after the full completion of the project. This has been done
seeing our past bitter experiences with a few clients. We have full faith in you; however
business ethics cannot be over ruled
A team member will share with you all the necessary changes/additions made to our work
policies. For any help regarding the matter, please feel free to contact him through email
or phone call.

Looking forward to your kind cooperation.

With warm regards
Mr. Raj/Rani
Head, Advertising
Admad Technologies
Chapter-12 Resume Writing
1. Cover Letter:
36/7
Old Rajinder Nagar,
Delhi 110060
29th December 2022
Manager, HR
Infra Technologies, USA Inc
Gurugram
Dear Ma'am/Sir,
Subject: Application for the Associate Consultant
This is with respect to the position of Associate Consultant in your esteemed organization.
I hold a Master's degree in Management (MBA) Finance from the premiere Management
Development Institute, Gurugram. I have a work experience of 5 years with a Fintech firm.
I am well aware of the developments in the finance sector and can contribute well with my
expertise and knowledge.
Please find my resume for the details of my credentials.
Looking forward to hearing from you soon!
Yours sincerely,
Sumita/Sumit
11111-11111

Resume:
Sumita/Sumit Khanna
36/7, Old Rajinder Nagar, Delhi | +91- 11111 1111 l sumita@gmail.com
Objective
To impart meaningful knowledge to the organization and help in better revenue and sales
with the parallel aim of working for the betterment of the economy/society.
Educational Qualification
Qualification Year Board/University Institution's Name
MBA 2015 MDI, Gurgaon MDI Gurgaon
BBA 2013 Delhi University College of Business Studies
Class 12 th 2010 CBSE Springdales, Dhaula Kuan,
New Delhi
Class 10 th 2008 CBSE Springdales, Dhaula Kuan,
New Delhi
Professional Experience
Consultant ABC Technologies (April’17 - December’17)
• Worked in association with the Finance team
• Delivered multiple projects within deadlines
• Handled Accounts of big clients
• Member of the Audit team, for learning purpose
• Attended professional development workshops organized by the organization
Project Associate XYZ Pvt. Ltd. (April’15 - March’17)
• Experience of working in a finance led team of seven members.
• Certified as ‘finance literate’, awarded as the best employee for a financial year.
• teaching Grade 3, 4, 5 and 6 as per CIE curriculum
• Worked in close association with senior finance executives of the firm,
• Built on the deck for client meetings and onsite projects.
Social Work
Volunteer for the Non-Profit Organization, education for all (December 2013-March 2014)
• Project: Each one teach one

• Job Role: Helping children with their education; majorly working over their
mathematics skills
Volunteer for the Non-Profit Organization, Teach India (October 2009-March 2011)
• Job Role: Organized campaigns to help spread literacy among the poor and
backward classes.
(The student may add more details if needed; the above are Hints)
2. Rajkumar Rao
Flat no. 78, Dream View hills,
Sector 57
NOIDA, UP
Subject: Interview Scheduled for 3 rd May, 2023 at office premises for the post of Associate
Offer for appointment for the post of Senior Accountant.
Dear Rajkumar,
We are pleased to inform you that your name has been shortlisted for an interview, for the
post of Senior Accountant at C and C Pvt Ltd. Please find the details below.
Date of interview: 3 rd Jan, 2023
Location: C and C Pvt Ltd, Sector 62, Noida
Time: 10:30 am
You requested to wear formals for the interview. Please carry all your credentials (Mark
sheets, certificates, work experience proofs etc) that you wish to show to the interview
panel. We also would like you to carry your Aadhar Card.
The interview would last for maximum 20 minutes. Kindly plan your day accordingly.
Kind regards,
Rani/Raj Mehta
Head – HR
+91- 33333000

Chapter-13 Meetings
1. Hint: Mention the agenda and the cause for the same.
Participants in the meeting: Mr. XY, Vice-President; Mr. A, HR Manager; Mr. AB.
Operations Head; Mr. ABC, Operations Manager and Mr. XY’s Secretary
Date: December 30th, 2022
Meeting started at 10:30 am
Mr. A started the meeting and discussed the agenda as to why there was a low percentage
of employees present in office.
Mr. AB intervenes and mentions how important it is for the company to have staff being
present in the office. It will ensure better facilities being offered and operations cost is
approved.
Mr. A and Mr. AB together presented a presentation with the statistics of absent versus
present in the last financial year.
Mr. ABC suggests ideas to have atleast 50 % attendance in every division, on a daily basis.
Mr. XY gave his valuable inputs on how the attendance of staff can be increased.
Mr. ABC gives his suggestions on having some bonus or incentive schemes for the
employees so as to attract them .
Mr. A concluded the meeting with vote of thanks to all the members who attended the
meeting.
2. Hint: Focus on one product. Mention the product and product specifications
Participants in the meeting: Mr. B, Vice-President; Mr. A Product Manager, Mr. C, Sales
Manager and their Associates
Date: December 29th, 2022
Meeting started at 12.00pm
Mr. C explains about the agenda of the meeting, and he talks about how people are facing
issues using their new product. Negative feedback discussed
The associates have brainstormed few ideas about how the product can be changed
according to the market requirements.
Mr. A listens to everyone carefully and shares his thoughts about changing the packaging
too. He also proposes to work on the ingredients, pricing and presentation of the product.
(We are taking the product to be edible)

Mr. A agrees and informs that he would like to discuss with the design team and finalize
the appropriate designs with everyone soon. Vice Chairman also exclaims the need to
bring down the price for a better and healthy competition in the market.
The meeting concluded with few ideas that everyone is ready to explore and implement.

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PAPER – 2: BUSINESS LAWS AND BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORTING

1. Chapter 4: The Limited Liability Act, 2008

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