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Structural Analysis TC50312E

Ali Bahadori-Jahromi PhD, MSc, BEng, CEng, FICE


Professor of Civil Engineering & Course Leader
6 Structural Mechanics
1Introduction Before the size of a structural element can be determined it is
2 Eurocodes first necessary to know the forces, shears and bending
3 Loads moments acting on that element.
4 Limit State
5 Loads on It is also necessary to know how these will be resisted by the
Individual
Elements
element. The principles of structural mechanics are needed
for these calculations.
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of Students are strongly recommended to revise their notes on
Beams
structural mechanics. However, two particular aspects of
8Compression structural mechanics are covered.
Members
9 Material
Properties – The theory of bending
10 Summary – The behaviour of compression members
7. Design of Beams for Bending Moments

1Introduction Beam section is not going to fail under load if


2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
4 Limit State Internal resistance bending moment (MR) is greater than
5 Loads on maximum external bending moment (BM)
Individual
Elements
6 Structural The comparison may be carried out under:
Mechanics
7 Design of (i) serviceability loads, when the behaviour of the material in
Beams the beam is elastic.
8Compression
Members
(ii) Under ultimate loads, when the behaviour of the material in
9 Material
the beam may be plastic.
Properties
10 Summary
Elastic and plastic
1Introduction Elastic and plastic material behaviour of ductile materials
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
• Under serviceability loads the material behaviour will generally
4 Limit State
be elastic and will follow Hooke’s law:
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
– Stress =E x strain
Mechanics E:Young’s modulus for the material.
7 Design of
Beams
𝛿𝐿
Strain=
8Compression 𝐿
Members Class question-What is the unit for strain?
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
1Introduction If the stress reaches the ultimate strength of the material and
2 Eurocodes the loads are increased, it may be possible for the material
3 Loads to deform without breaking by demonstrating plastic
4 Limit State behaviour.
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
Bending stress in beams
1Introduction Bending stresses in beams: elastic behaviour
2 Eurocodes Stresses will vary from zero on the neutral axis (NA) to maximum at
3 Loads top and bottom.
4 Limit State
The governing equation for elastic bending is
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
where
Mechanics M bending moment
7 Design of
Beams
I second moment of area of the beam, which is a geometric
8Compression property of the beam shape.
Members f stress in the material
9 Material
Properties y distance from the NA
10 Summary E Young’s modulus of elasticity for the material.
R radius of curvature after bending.
1Introduction The term E/R relates to the deformation of the beam and is
2 Eurocodes used in calculating deflections. It is not required for strength
3 Loads calculations, so the equation reduces to
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
1Introduction We are interested in maximum stresses which occur when y is
2 Eurocodes greatest, that is at the top or bottom of the beam. Both I and y
3 Loads are properties of the shape of the section, and we can define a
4 Limit State new property Wel.
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
The equation can be rewritten as
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
1Introduction • Equation (i) may be used to calculate the greatest moment M
2 Eurocodes that can be carried by a beam of known size ( Wel known) and
3 Loads material (maximum permissible f known).
4 Limit State
• Equation (ii) may be used to calculate the maximum stress f
5 Loads on
Individual
occurring within a beam of known size ( Wel known) when
Elements subject to an applied bending moment ( M known).
6 Structural • Equation (iii) may be used to find the beam property Wel needed
Mechanics
if a beam of known material (maximum permissible f known) is
7 Design of
Beams to carry a certain applied bending moment ( M known).
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
1Introduction Bending stresses in beams: plastic behaviour
2 Eurocodes A beam made of a ductile material will have a moment of resistance
3 Loads (MR) greater than M in equation (i). This is because the material
4 Limit State in the top and bottom of the beam can deform plastically, so
5 Loads on allowing the stresses in material near the neutral axis to
Individual increase.
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics When the BM on the beam reaches the MR, all the material in the
7 Design of
beam will be at the same stress.
Beams Similar to elastic section modulus we can define
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
and re-write two of the elastic equations:
10 Summary
1Introduction Equation (i) may be used to calculate the greatest moment M
2 Eurocodes that can be carried by a beam of known size (Wpl known)
3 Loads
and material (maximum permissible f known).
4 Limit State
5 Loads on Note that equation (ii) for elastic bending has no equivalent in
Individual the context of plastic behaviour.
Elements
6 Structural Equation (iii) may be used to find the beam property Wpl
Mechanics needed if a beam of known material (maximum
7 Design of
Beams
permissible f known) is to carry a certain applied bending
8Compression moment ( M known).
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
For a rectangular beam
W pl is 50% greater
than Wel, so the
internal MR under
plastic conditions is
50% greater than the
internal MR under
elastic conditions.
1Introduction
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements Figure illustrates
6 Structural stresses and forces in a
Mechanics rectangular beam, an I
7 Design of beam and a reinforced
Beams
concrete (RC) beam.
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
1Introduction
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual Following example and exercises show how beams can be
Elements
6 Structural
sized on the basis of elastic behaviour under serviceability
Mechanics loads.
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
10 Summary
Example
1Introduction Example
2 Eurocodes A rectangular timber beam spanning 4.5 m supports a UDL,F= 3.75 kN,
3 Loads including its self-weight, as shown in Figure. Taking the breadth b of
4 Limit State the beam as 47 mm and the allowable stress f (assuming elastic
5 Loads on behaviour) to be 7 N/mm2, what depth d of beam is required?
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties
Figure: Load diagram for Example
10 Summary
Answer for Example
1Introduction
2 Eurocodes
3 Loads
4 Limit State
5 Loads on
Individual
Elements
6 Structural
Mechanics
7 Design of
Beams
8Compression
Members
9 Material
Properties Structural Graded
10 Summary
C24 Timber, 47mm
x 200mm
Thank you for your attention
Appendixes
The Greek Alphabet

Upper, lower Name Pronounced Upper, lower Name Pronounced


A, α alpha AHL-fah Ν, ν nu nee
Β, β vita VEE-tah Ξ, ξ xee ksee

Γ, γ gamma GHAH-mah Ο, ο omikron OH-mee-kron

Δ, δ thelta THEL-tah Π, π pi pee


Ε, ε epsilon EHP-see-lon Ρ, ρ ro roh, roe
Ζ, ζ zita ZEE-tah Σ, σ, ς sigma SEEGH-mah
Η, η ita EE-tah Τ, τ tau tahf
Θ, θ thita THEE-tah Υ, υ upsilon EWP-see-lon
Ι, ι iota YO-tah Φ, φ phi fee
Κ, κ kappa KAH-pah Χ, χ chi hee
Λ, λ lamtha LAHM-thah Ψ, ψ psi psee
Μ, μ mu mee Ω, ω omega oh-MEH-ghah

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