SSC Thorsten
SSC Thorsten
Turbo Generators
1949: On-line PD testing first developed by Westinghouse. Required experts to analyze results.
1975: Ontario Hydro (with EPRI & CEA) develops the first non-expert, on-line PD test method
for large hydrogenerators.
1988: Development of On-line PD test method for motors and turbo generators.
1990: Key personnel from Ontario Hydro leave to form Iris Power LP to market on-line PD
testing.
2002: Over 50% of utility generators (>20 MW) in North America use Iris
technology. Rapidly expanding use in Europe and Asia.
2012: Meeting the requirements of IEC 60034-27-2 (issued in 2012)
Frequency = 1/T
= 1 / 20e-9
= 50MHz
PD Theory: Capacitive Model
1) A Potential difference (V) builds up
across an gas-filled void
2) PD occurs when:
Ev=Vv/dv > 3 kV/mm Vcopper
(Electrical stress exceeds electrical
breakdown point of the gas in the Cins
void)
VCopper Vvoid Cvoid
3) Each discharge breaks the
molecular bonds in the insulation Cins
Vair = Vo / 3
PD Theory: Capacitive Model
Vair = Vo / 3
V0
Assume 11kV machine + Cins
V0
- +
-> Phase to ground voltage is 6,35kV. Vair Cair
-
Vair = 6,35kV / 3
Vair = ~2,12kV
Eair =Vair/dair
0V
dair = 0.5mm
Mechanical(50%)
50% due to bearing/vibration
Electrical (50%)
40% due to failure of the Stator Winding Insulation
Solution: ON-LINE PARTIAL DISCHARGE TESTING
6.6 kV Motor
Poor impregnation using global VPI technique leads to inadequate bonding of
groundwall – produces VOIDS
Failure Mechanisms
VOIDS NEAR THE CORE IRON CAUSED BY LOOSE COILS
Abrasion of bar/semicon
coating
200 MW
Turbogenerator
Outline
About us
PD theory
Failure mechanisms
Online PD detection
Test instruments
Result analysis
Conclusion
Online detection of PD
Challenge when measuring PD
- Differentiate between electrical noise and
machine PD
Noise sources:
- Sparking electrical connections
- Slip ring sparking
- Transmission line corona
- Electrical Equipment, sparking power tools
- Etc..
Online detection of PD
Accuracy of PD data is key!
- False readings lead to incorrect diagnoses and
unnecessary shutdown & cost.
- IRIS Power has 1.5% false indication rate
5 20 40 100 350
80 pf Sensor
Test Instrument
Frequency (MHz)
TGA-B
Classification Machine sensor System Sensor
Machine PD X X + Delay
System Noise* X + Delay X
Bus Noise* X+ < Delay X+ < Delay
Time of flight
Double-Ended Install - “Time of pulse arrival between a pair of couplers”
Speed of light:
300.000m/s=0,3m/ns
delay= 10 m
DISTANCE X DISTANCE X
+ Delay V=d/t
T=d/V=10m/0,3m/ns TGA-B
T=33ns
Classification Machine sensor System Sensor
Machine PD X X + Delay
System Noise* X + Delay X
Bus Noise* X+ < Delay X+ < Delay
Long cable effects
Single-Ended Install - “Pulse shape analysis (rise time and degree of pulse
oscillation)”
Power Cable
>30m
NOISE SIGNAL
ATTENUATES
PD SIGNAL TGA-B
PASSES
Pulse Shape versus Cable Length
Couplers on Machine Terminals
25 kV Couplers on Large Turbo
Stator Slot Couplers
DM 2000DM 2000
44
SSC Termination
Iris Termination Box
Most Motors & Small Turbo-Generators Large Turbo-Generators (>200MW)
2 sensors installed per phase 1 sensor installed per parallel per phase
Outline
About us
PD theory
Failure mechanisms
Online PD detection
Test instruments
Result analysis
Conclusion
Periodic Monitoring
Portable Instrument:
Turbine Generator Analyzer (TGA-SB)
On-Line PD
Provides early warning: 24kV ~ 4-6 years
Testing:
11kV ~ 3-4 years
6kV ~ 1-2 years
3,3kV ~ several weeks or months
900
800
PD+
700 DIAGNOSES?
PD-
600
Qmax 500
(mV)
400
300
200
100
0
Phase Resolved Partial Discharge Plot
Unit PD Noise
Pu ls e D en sity L in ear Plo t Pu ls e D en sity L in ear Plo t
B ipola r M a c hine P D B ipola r T ota l S ys te m N ois e
0 to 3.16 pps 3.16 to 10 pps 10 to 31.6 pps 31.6 to 100 pps 0 to 3.16 pps 3.16 to 10 pps 10 to 31.6 pps 31.6 to 100 pps
100 to 316 pps 316 to 1000 pps > 1000 pps 100 to 316 pps 316 to 1000 pps > 1000 pps
150 150 150 150
P u lse M a g n itu d e [m V ]
50 50 50 50
0 0 0 0
-5 0 -5 0 -5 0 -5 0
-1 0 0 -1 0 0 -1 0 0 -1 0 0
-1 5 0 -1 5 0 -1 5 0 -1 5 0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
P h a s e A n g le [ d e g ] P h a s e A n g le [ d e g ]
How to deterime Failure Mechanism
Polarity Temperature Load FAILURE
Phase Angle
Predominance Dependence Dependence MECHANISMS
45º/225º ↑↓ Manufacturing
Defect
15º/195º
75º/255º ? Phase to Phase
225º + ↑↓ ↑↑ Bar/Coil
Movement
45º/225º ↑↓ Internal
Delamination
15º/195º
75º/255º ? Contamination
Outline
About us
PD theory
Failure mechanisms
Online PD detection
Test instruments
Result analysis
Conclusion
Why perform PD testing
Stator windings are subject to a variety of failure mechanisms.
➢ Stator winding is second highest cause of failure (40%).
▪ Iris has the largest accessible database. Over 550,000 test results
from thousands of machines
▪ Proven noise separation methods have allowed for reliable and low
cost testing