ch4 Modern

Chapter-4
Temporary Structures In Modern Construction

Formwork
Formworks-Temporary structures
Formwork :
Temporary material (sheeting) erected to contain freshly placed and
compacted concrete until it has gained sufficient strength to be self-
supporting.
Formwork greatly affects the final appearance of the finished
structure
Formwork is a large proportion of the total cost of a structure
Forms mold the concrete to desired size and shape and control its
position and alignment.
Formworks-Temporary structures
Formwork activity accounts for 30% to 60% of the cost of the concrete
skeleton and extends 40% to 60% of the total project duration
Formwork supports:
Its own weight
The freshly placed concrete
Construction live loads (including materials, equipment, and
personnel).
Objectives in formwork selection:
Quality - In terms of strength, rigidity, and dimensions of the forms

Safety - for both the workers and the concrete structure
Economy - the least cost consistent with quality an safety requirements
Requirements of Good Formwork
It should be carefully designed, so as to be strong enough.

It should be rigid enough to retain its original shape.
It should be tight enough.
The inner surface of the formwork should be smooth
Classification of Formwork according to size
Small-sized formwork
operation by workers manually-timber and aluminum

Large-sized formwork
crane facilities are required in the operation-reduce the number of

jointing and to minimize the number of lift.-stiffening components
Classification according to materials
Timber
Most popular formwork material-low initial cost-high adaptability to
complicated shape-labor intensive and environmental unfriendly
The timber used for the formwork should satisfy the following requirements:
It should be well seasoned,

It should be light in weight,
It should be easily workable with
nails without splitting, and
It should be free from knots.
Steel
Heavy weight-suitable for large-sized panels
The advantage of steel formwork over timber formwork include:
It is stronger, more durable and have longer life.
It can be put to sufficient large number of reuses.
It can be installed and dismantled with greater ease and speed.
The quality of exposed concrete surface obtained by use of steel form is
excellent and mostly it need no further treatment.
It is water proof
Suitable for large-sized panels
Aluminum formwork
Enables the walls and slab to be placed monolithically in the same operation.
Consistent concrete shapes and finishes are obtained.
The smooth finish of the concrete greatly reduces or eliminates the need for
costly plastering
Plastic formwork
Light in weight hence requires less handling cost

It can be utilized in large concrete section
Use repetitively if carefully install and use it
Local practices
In Ethiopian case, formwork construction is left to the carpenters.
The technology of formworks in Ethiopia is at infant stage.
Major problems associated with conventional formwork systems are:
Designs of formworks are rarely practiced
Accounts little percentage of the total project cost
Labor intensive
High wastage
Limited number of reuses
Need for qualified labor force and supervision
Limited spans
Formworks in Modern Construction
A mechanized formwork system
Formwork for Concrete
Today modular panel forming is used.
Steel Plate reinforcement
Formwork for Wall
Vertical Posts
It consists of
Timber sheeting
Vertical posts
Horizontal members Struts
Rackers
Stakes
Wedges
After completing one side of
formwork reinforcement is
provided at the place then the
second side formwork is
provided.
Formwork for Column
It consists of the following
Side & End Planks
Yoke
Nut & Bolts
Two end & two side planks are
joined by the yokes and bolts.
Formwork for Slabs & beams
It consists of
Sole plates
Wedges
Props
Head tree
Planks
Batten
Ledgers
Beam formwork rests on
head tree
Slab form work rests on
battens and joists
If prop height are more than
8’ provide horizontal braces.
Lintel or Beam Formwork
Formwork for Stairs
It consists of Riser Planks
Vertical & inclined posts

Inclined members
Wooden Planks or sheeting
Stringer
Riser Planks
Slab formwork
Classification according to nature of operation
Manually operated formwork

Self-lifted formwork
Crane-lifted formwork
Innovations in concrete formwork
Glass reinforced plastic formwork

Tunnel formwork
Flying formwork
Jump formwork
Slip formwork
Tunnel Formwork
Tunnel form is a box sized steel fabricated form that allows the wall and the
slab to be casted in a single operation. Once reinforcement is placed,
concrete for walls and slabs can be poured in a continuous pour.
Tunnel Formwork
Table Flying Formwork
These systems consist of slab formwork "tables" that are reused on multiple
stories of a building without being dismantled. The assembled sections are
either lifted per elevator or "flown" by crane from one story to the next.
All support systems have to be height adjustable to allow the formwork to
be placed at the correct height and to be removed after the concrete is cured.
The size of these tables can vary from 70 to 1,500 square feet
The most common sheathing is plywood, but steel and fiberglass are also in
use
Table Flying Formwork
Slip formwork
Slip-forming is a construction technique Used for vertical and horizontal

structures such as towers, bridge columns reinforced concrete pavement.
suitable for uniform shaped structures
Slip form systems require a small but highly skilled workforce on site
The height of a vertical slip form can range from about 1 m to 2 m with the
most common size being 1.2 m tall
The slip form does not require a crane to move upwards so the need for
crane time is reduced.
At the end of the operation the formwork is removed using a crane.
Slip formwork
The entire process is thoroughly inspected and highly controlled.

There is a minimum height of construction of about four floors, above
which the cost of slip forming becomes economical
The costs are higher in setup but reduced overall due to the speed
of completion.
There are no construction joints.
Slip form Paving
Technique
Vertical slip form
Climbing Formwork
Climbing formwork is a special type formwork for vertical concrete structures that
rises with the building process.
While relatively complicated and costly, it can be an effective solution for
buildings that are either very repetitive in form or that require a seamless wall
structure.
Where climbing form is most commonly used
Skyscrapers or High Rise Buildings

Airport Control Towers
Elevator Shafts
Silos
Self Climbing Formwork
Rail Guided Climbing Formwork
Guided climbing formwork
Causes of Formwork Failure
The main causes of formwork failure are:

1.
1. Improper stripping and shore removal

2. Inadequate bracing
3. Vibration
4. Unstable soil under mudsills*, shoring not plumb
5. Inadequate control of concrete placement
6. Lack of attention to formwork details.
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Chapter-4

Temporary Structures In Modern Construction

Quality - In terms of strength, rigidity, and dimensions of the forms

It should be carefully designed, so as to be strong enough.

operation by workers manually-timber and aluminum

crane facilities are required in the operation-reduce the number of

It should be well seasoned,

Light in weight hence requires less handling cost

It consists of Riser Planks

Vertical & inclined posts

Manually operated formwork

Glass reinforced plastic formwork

Slip-forming is a construction technique Used for vertical and horizontal

The entire process is thoroughly inspected and highly controlled.

Skyscrapers or High Rise Buildings

The main causes of formwork failure are:

1. Improper stripping and shore removal

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