Urban Mobility Readiness Index: 2022 REPORT
Urban Mobility Readiness Index: 2022 REPORT
Urban Mobility Readiness Index: 2022 REPORT
Readiness Index
2022 REPORT
Foreword
Just as the world was beginning to recover from the disruption of
COVID‑19, global cities encountered a new wave of challenges from
high inflation and slowing growth to an energy crisis and increasing
threat of climate change. As cities tackle these issues and look for
ways to strengthen their economic and environmental resilience, they
should make modern mobility systems a core part of their strategies.
Efficient and equitable mobility networks are key engines of urban
vitality and sustainability.
In this report, you’ll find the 2022 edition of the Urban Mobility
Readiness Index, a ranking of 60 global cities on how prepared they are
for mobility’s next chapter, created by the Oliver Wyman Forum and
the University of California, Berkeley. This year’s edition introduces
a Public Transit sub‑index, a ranking of how well cities are managing
their public transit systems and how many commuters use them.
Public transit is by far the most eco‑friendly way to enable large groups
of people to move around and can help businesses attract the workers
they need and keep city centers buzzing with activity.
This report also includes commentary and analysis on each city and
region’s strengths and challenges. We hope that you come away from
this report informed, inspired, and prepared to innovate mobility for a
more sustainable and equitable future.
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Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Contents
4
Foreword 3
Regional analysis 16
City profiles 28
Methodology 110
References 118
5
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
The building
blocks of urban
mobility
In defining the new transport paradigm, four key trends
were identified in the 2022 Urban Mobility Readiness Index
where top cities are able to distinguish themselves
6
The 2022 Index includes a selection of 60 global cities
across five regions: Asia Pacific, Europe, Latin America,
the Middle East and Africa and North America
The top performing cities are clustered in North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific
North America
Europe
Asia Pacific
Latin America
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
7
The Index captures what business, consumers, and policymakers
consider indispensable for urban mobility
Social impact metrics are based on volatile variable measures that often
prove controversial for municipal governments to regulate, such as
Social Impact commuting time, traffic fluidity, public transit utilization, commuter density,
car ownership, vehicle occupancy, population density, road safety, air quality,
and international airport volumes.
Infrastructure metrics focus on static measures that are likely to remain near
constant over time or are at least difficult to change, such as the density of
Infrastructure public transit stations, the walkability of a city, and the strength of a city’s
multimodal networks.
8
The 2022 Urban Mobility Readiness Index
The top cities score highly in a diverse set of metrics, underscoring the importance of a
well‑rounded playbook
1. San Francisco
2. Stockholm
3. Helsinki
4. Singapore
5. Zurich
6. Amsterdam
7. Munich
8. Berlin
9. Paris
10. London
11. New York
12. Chicago
13. Boston
14. Washington, D.C.
15. Tokyo
16. Hong Kong
17. Los Angeles
18. Oslo
19. Seoul
20. Madrid
21. Sydney
22. Vancouver
23. Atlanta
24. Barcelona
25. Toronto
26. Montreal
27. Houston
28. Dallas
29. Beijing
30. Dubai
31. Milan
32. Dublin
33. Shanghai
34. Moscow
35. Warsaw
36. Istanbul
37. Abu Dhabi
38. Doha
39. Santiago
40. Kuala Lumpur
41. Buenos Aires
42. Cape Town
43. Sao Paulo
44. Bangkok
45. Mexico City
46. Jakarta
47. Johannesburg
48. Rio de Janeiro
49. Riyadh
50. Delhi
51. Jeddah
52. Mumbai
53. Bogota
54. Casablanca
55. Cairo
56. Lima
57. Quito
58. Manila
59. Nairobi
60. Lagos
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
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Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Mobility
matters for the
future of cities
Sustainable and efficient mobility is vital for economies
as they face new disruptors
10
Cities, just recovering from the disruptions Public Transit Is Key
of COVID‑19, cannot let new economic
challenges and worsening extreme weather
for Urban Vitality
stall efforts to modernize their mobility Hong Kong tops our inaugural Public Transit
systems. They need efficient and equitable sub‑index. Its affordable transport network
mobility networks to ensure resilience and has high station density and a strong rail
drive economic vitality. network for the city’s large population. It’s a
popular mode of transit among commuters,
Many cities already have implemented these despite the fact that it isn’t available 24/7, like
strategies, including affordable and extensive in some cities. But Hong Kong has room for
transit systems and more shared options improvement. It lags in autonomous transit
such as e‑bikes and scooters, according to the and lacks smartphone apps to seamlessly
2022 edition of the Urban Mobility Readiness navigate its multimodal network.
Index – a forward‑leaning ranking of how
well‑positioned global cities are to lead Public transit is the most efficient and
mobility’s next chapter. sustainable way for cities to transport large
groups of people compared to private means
Conducted by the Oliver Wyman Forum in of transit, and an efficiently run system can
partnership with the University of California, not only encourage workers and tourists to
Berkeley, this year’s edition introduces a travel through cities but can provide more
new Public Transit sub‑index that measures equal opportunity access to additional
how well cities are maintaining mass transit mobility modes, jobs, shopping centers,
networks and how many commuters use it. and more.
And while efficient public transit is a key
ingredient for many cities, there are other With many public transit systems struggling
elements that can elevate a city’s mobility. to recoup riders and revenue in this new
work‑from‑home era, it’s an immense piece
Thanks to its proximity to Silicon of the puzzle for cities to solve to recover
Valley firms and a rich ecosystem for efficiently. The potential domino effect of a
mobility‑as‑a‑service and autonomous tech, desolate public transit system is staggering:
San Francisco claims this year’s overall economic fallout from poor revenue and
top ranking. The Golden Gate city also lost jobs to operate it, increased congestion
offers robust incentives for consumers to associated with more private travel, likely
buy electric vehicles and has invested in a more road fatalities, and worse noise, light,
strong charging infrastructure. And while and air pollution.
San Francisco’s public transit usage isn’t as
high as it could be thanks to a car‑centric Making public transit convenient and
infrastructure, the city introduced “slow” affordable is vital for cities looking to regain
streets during lockdown measures to ridership. More than half of commuters in
accommodate more micromobility modes Canada, the United States, and the United
like cycling and walking. Kingdom said that affordability was the
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Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
most important factor when choosing a integrates and connects each of these
mode of transportation, according to an different transport modes. A single ticket
Oliver Wyman Forum consumer sentiment costs just over $3 and can be used on any
survey completed in October 2022. travel mode.
Accessibility and safety tied as the second
most‑important factor. Tokyo, ranking seventh in our Public
Transit sub‑index, plans to enhance its
Convenient and affordable is a hallmark network with more buses that connect the
of Helsinki’s public transit system. It’s city center with the waterfront area via Bus
multimodal, offering travel by bus, tram, Rapid Transit, tests of demand‑responsive
metro, train, and ferry. A journey planner transport programs, and more convenient
app, created by a startup in Helsinki, transport hubs.
Global average
51.7%
Leading cities
1. Hong Kong
2. Zurich
3. Stockholm
4. Singapore
5. Helsinki
6. Oslo
7. Tokyo
8. Paris
9. Berlin
10. London
Lagging cities
51. Cairo
52. Abu Dhabi
53. Casablanca
54. Quito
55. Cape Town
56. Manila
57. Johannesburg
58. Riyadh
59. Nairobi
60. Jeddah
100%
40%
60%
80%
20%
0%
12
Europe Continues to Europe, particularly cities in Scandinavia,
Global average
47.5%
Leading cities
1. Oslo
2. Amsterdam
3. Helsinki
4. Stockholm
5. Hong Kong
6. Singapore
7. Munich
8. London
9. Zurich
10. Berlin
Lagging cities
51. Cairo
52. Lima
53. Kuala Lumpur
54. Jakarta
55. Mumbai
56. Doha
57. Riyadh
58. Nairobi
59. Jeddah
60. Lagos
100%
40%
60%
80%
20%
0%
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Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
54%
be better prepared for future disruptions with
resilient and sustainable economies. By some
estimates, every $1 billion invested in public
transport could create 50,000 jobs and every
$1 invested may bring $5 in returns.
14
80%
And for cities ranking outside of the top
echelon of the index, there’s still reason
for optimism as many look to capitalize
the industry’s pivot to sustainable,
interconnected networks: Dublin and
Johannesburg have invested in their
micromobility networks; Mumbai has seen
a drop in traffic fatalities thanks to a road The share of European cities,
safety strategy; Dubai plans to make its particularly in Scandinavia, that claim
public transit system emissions‑free by 2050 the top 10 spots in our Sustainable
and announced an agreement with Singapore Mobility sub‑index. They boast a
to bolster its public transport and road comprehensive package of electrified
infrastructure; and Mexico City continues mobility, easy access to public transit,
to be a pioneer in offering non‑monetary and strongly encourage micromobility
electric vehicle incentives, like tax modes like walking and cycling.
exemptions from “no‑car days.”
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Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Regional
analysis
16
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Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Asia Pacific
Asia Pacific encompasses leading,
developing, and lagging cities with regards
to urban mobility readiness. The leading
mobility cities offer affordable, efficient, and
2022 vs. 2021 Score high‑density mass transit systems alongside
Singapore 4 (-1) 70.2% high‑quality roads with national road and
Tokyo 15 (+1) 65.7% rail connections. Hong Kong is home to
Hong Kong 16 (-8) 65.4% what is widely regarded as one of the most
Seoul 19 (+1) 64.8% efficient public transit systems in the world,
Sydney 21 (+1) 62.9% topping the ranks for the Public Transit
Beijing 29 (-2) 58.2% sub‑index introduced this year. Public transit
Shanghai 33 (-4) 56.9% utilization is a strength for these cities, whilst
Global average 53.7% private vehicles play a secondary role in
Asia Pacific average 51.9%
urban transport.
Kuala Lumpur 40 (-2) 45.1%
However, air and noise pollution are often
Bangkok 44 (+2) 40.5%
high in Asian cities and should be a key focus
Jakarta 46 (+1) 39.9%
in the future with regards to sustainable
Delhi 50 (-2) 38.3%
mobility. For developed cities, such as Beijing,
Mumbai 52 (-1) 36.1%
investments are being made to support
Manila 58 (-2) 31.2%
electrification and improve electric vehicle
market share. However, these cities are about
to lose the race to Europe as European cities
head towards carbon neutrality in 2050.
For developing cities, including Jakarta
and Manila, sustainable mobility is less of a
priority and motorized vehicles are likely to
remain the most common transit option.
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Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit
Distribution of Asian Pacific cities’ scores in percentage
Singapore 70.2%
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index Score
Average scores of Asian Pacific cities in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban
Mobility Readiness Index, compared with global average
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
19
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Europe
European cities dominate the top echelon
of the 2022 Urban Mobility Readiness
Index. Their mobility networks are highly
sustainable thanks to high public transit use
2022 vs. 2021 Score and electric vehicle penetration, particularly
Stockholm 2 (-1) 72.0% in Scandinavian cities. Stockholm, Helsinki,
Helsinki 3 (+1) 70.7% and particularly Oslo (ranking top for
Zurich 5 (+5) 69.9% Sustainable Mobility) have made significant
Amsterdam 6 (-1) 69.8% investments in charging infrastructure and
Munich 7 (+2) 69.5% implemented ambitious consumer incentives
Berlin 8 (-2) 69.0% to use electric vehicles, boosting the region’s
Paris 9 (+3) 68.9% electric vehicle market share. In fact, the
London 10 (-3) 68.4% incentives in Oslo have been so successful
Oslo 18 - 65.3%
that public authorities are considering
Europe average 64.1%
winding them down.
20
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit
Distribution of European cities’ scores in percentage
Stockholm 72.0%
Oslo 75.9%
Sustainable Mobility
Zurich 73.2%
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index Score
Average scores of European cities in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban
Mobility Readiness Index, compared with global average
Europe Global
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
21
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Latin America
Latin American cities are developing or
lagging in their mobility maturity, as Urban
Mobility Readiness Scores fall below the
global average of 54%. Cities in the region
2022 vs. 2021 Score offer relatively affordable, multimodal public
Global average 53.7% transit networks that maintain relatively high
Santiago 39 (+1) 46.6% ridership, but transit commute speed and
Buenos Aires 41 - 43.8% accessibility would need to be improved for
Sao Paulo 43 - 41.0% cities to boost Public Transit scores.
Mexico City 45 (-1) 40.0%
Latin America average 39.0% In lower‑income cities, providing equitable
Rio de Janeiro 48 (-3) 38.6% and affordable access to public transit may
Bogota 53 (-3) 35.3% be challenging. However, Rio de Janeiro’s
Lima 56 (-1) 34.8%
Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan has been
Quito 57 - 32.2%
credited with extending the reach of public
transit to more low‑income residents.
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Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit
Distribution of Latin American cities’ scores in percentage
Santiago 46.6%
Bogota 43.2%
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index Score
Average scores of Latin American cities in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban
Mobility Readiness Index, compared with global average
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
23
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Middle East
Most cities in the Middle East are developing,
whilst African cities are currently lagging
and Africa
in their mobility maturity. However, some
cities, including Dubai, Doha, Riyadh, and
Jeddah, are rising in our Urban Mobility
Readiness Index ranks, driven by substantial
2022 vs. 2021 Score investments in mass transit.
Dubai 30 (+2) 57.8%
Global average 53.7% Local authorities in Dubai seek to develop
Abu Dhabi 37 (-1) 53.6% a public transit package on par with
Doha 38 (+1) 46.7% leading global cities, while also investing
Middle East average 46.5% in alternative transit such as their fully
Cape Town 42 - 42.8% automated metro and urban air mobility
Johannesburg 47 (+2) 39.6% trials. Due to start operations in 2023, a new
Riyadh 49 (+5) 38.3% mass transit system under construction
Jeddah 51 (+7) 36.3%
in Riyadh has the potential to increase
Casablanca 54 (-2) 35.0%
public transit use, supporting the region’s
rapid growth.
Cairo 55 (-2) 34.8%
Africa average 34.0%
Despite recent investments, the preference
Nairobi 59 - 26.3%
for cars contributes to low utilization
Lagos 60 - 25.3%
of non‑motorized transit in the Middle
East, although a high penetration of
shared mobility services helps lower
congestion levels.
24
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit
Distribution of Middle Eastern and African cities’ scores in percentage
Dubai 57.8%
Sustainable Mobility
Dubai 53.9%
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index Score
Average scores of Middle Eastern and African cities in percentage across the five dimensions of
the Urban Mobility Readiness Index, compared with global average
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
25
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
North America
The success of North American cities
is driven by infrastructure and system
efficiency. San Francisco tops the 2022
Urban Mobility Readiness Index by excelling
2022 vs. 2021 Score in market attractiveness thanks to a rich
San Francisco 1 (+1) 72.5% network of academics and entrepreneurs
New York 11 - 67.4% embracing emerging technology. The
Chicago 12 (+2) 67.3% city is close to Silicon Valley, Stanford
Boston 13 - 66.7% University, University of California at
Washington, D.C. 14 (+1) 65.7% Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National
Los Angeles 17 - 65.3% Laboratory, and it has embraced the
North America average 64.2% new technology emerging from these
Vancouver 22 (+1) 62.8% institutions – particularly autonomous
Atlanta 23 (-4) 62.4%
driving systems.
Toronto 25 (-4) 62.0%
North American cities typically offer strong
Montreal 26 - 60.9%
market attractiveness, usually through
Houston 27 (+1) 59.2%
a strong university presence and high
Dallas 28 (+3) 58.5%
international airport volumes. However,
Global average 53.7%
these cities are sprawling, making it
difficult for public transit authorities
to provide enough stations. As a result,
commuters have long walks to reach transit
stations and utilization rate is low. Instead,
many residents rely heavily on private
car ownership as their primary mode of
transport. There have been substantial
investments in electric vehicle charging
infrastructure, particularly in Californian
cities, in an effort to make car usage
more sustainable.
26
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit
Distribution of North American cities’ scores in percentage
Vancouver 58.5%
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index Score
Average scores of North American cities in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban
Mobility Readiness Index, compared with global average
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
27
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
City Profiles
9. Paris 48
10. London 50
12. Chicago 54
13. Boston 56
15. Tokyo 60
18. Oslo 66
19. Seoul 68
20. Madrid 70
28
21. Sydney 72 41. Buenos Aires 92
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Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
San Francisco
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
San Francisco takes the top ranking in this However, San Francisco does not feature
year’s Urban Mobility Readiness Index in the top 15 in Sustainable Mobility or
thanks to a rich ecosystem of academia Public Transit rankings. The city’s limited
and entrepreneurs who have made the number of public transit stations means
city a global hub for Mobility as a Service long walks to reach them and relatively
and connected autonomous vehicles low usage. Despite attempts to mitigate the
technologies. The city is close to Silicon threat of natural disasters, such as forest
Valley, Stanford University, University fires and earthquakes, San Francisco’s
of California at Berkeley, and Lawrence legacy infrastructure means that its mobility
Berkeley National Laboratory, and it has systems are still inadequately prepared to
embraced the new technology emerging from meet these challenges.
these institutions, in particular autonomous
driving systems. In 2022, San Francisco
became one of the world’s first cities to allow
commercial operations of self‑driving cars.
30
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
31
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Stockholm
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
32
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
33
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Helsinki
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
Helsinki is a leader in providing a clean and is valid on any form of transport in the
urban living environment, and it ranked entire region. Helsinki is also very walkable,
third in both the Urban Mobility Readiness and many journeys are carried out on foot.
Index and the Sustainable Mobility
sub‑index. Extensive car‑free zones and However, the city is home to few major
a high market share of electric vehicles mobility companies, and this has had an
contribute to superior air quality, and both impact on the amount of private investment
noise and light pollution are low. Car taxation available for mobility research. Helsinki
in Finland is based mainly on vehicle carbon residents have few shared‑mobility options.
dioxide emissions intensity, and the country
has Europe’s second highest excise duty for Another weak point is air travel. Helsinki
petrol (gasoline) and fourth highest for diesel Airport is not a European hub and sees
(though this is partly because Finland did relatively low passenger volumes and few
not reduce fuel excise duties in early 2022 in international connections. Its development
response to rising fuel prices). as a hub for travel between Europe and
East Asia has been hampered by the war
The multimodal public transportation in Ukraine.
network comprises bus, tram, metro,
commuter train, and ferry services. It is
convenient thanks to linkages to the robust
national rail system and a journey planner
app, created by a Helsinki startup, that
integrates all transport modes. The system
is also affordable: A single ticket costs $3.168
34
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
35
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Singapore
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
Singapore topped the Urban Mobility in many personal vehicles help to incentivize
Readiness Index in 2020 but has since positive driving behavior.
slipped in part because of its performance
in shared and active mobility. Micromobility Academics work together with government
is a particular weakness, with a relatively officials, and the government has taken an
low share of people walking or biking, in active role in connected autonomous vehicles
spite of good cycling infrastructure. There promotion, especially through its National
is great wariness of the safety implications Research Foundation. Singapore launched
of e‑scooters, which are not banned but are the world’s first self‑driving taxi trial in
subject to strict usage rules.9 The city‑state 2016, and the city‑state has become a living
would benefit from enabling regulations and laboratory for urban mobility solutions, with
more investment to promote shared mobility numerous startups. It is now considered a
and Mobility as a Service. model for metropolises aiming to distinguish
themselves in autonomous mobility.
However, Singapore’s traditional strengths
remain – notably a rich innovation Singapore invested in one of the world’s
ecosystem and a strong political will first automated rail systems, dating back to
to improve mobility that have led to 2003, and is now credited with maintaining
forward‑looking policies like congestion one of the best. Public transit options
pricing. Singapore’s traffic management are affordable and within easy walking
system is unparalleled, and its road‑user distance. Strong risk‑preparedness and
charging system has made it a pioneer in disaster‑management capabilities make for a
reducing congestion. Moreover, traffic rules resilient transportation network.
are strongly enforced, and onboard cameras
36
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
37
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Zurich
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
Zurich’s public transport system is efficient, However, the city’s reliance on trams
affordable, and almost always within easy could cause it to fall behind metro‑based
walking distance. That lands the city second cities, because the automation of metros
in Public Transit, as well as fifth in the Urban has progressed much faster. One reason is
Mobility Readiness Index. Zurich also benefits that, despite strong public investments in
from Switzerland’s excellent rail network. mobility, Zurich is home to few mobility
companies, which limits the access to private
Zurich’s roads – like those in the rest of funding for infrastructural upgrades, such as
Switzerland – are safe and high‑quality, autonomous transit.
which benefits pedestrians and results
in low rates of traffic fatalities. One In shared mobility, too, Zurich lags behind
reason is a traffic enforcement structure European peers. Usage rates are low, and
that incentivizes good driving behavior relatively few companies provide services.
through an exponential, and ultimately And the city’s cautious approach to connected
income‑based, system of fines. Congestion autonomous vehicles technologies may
is not a major issue, and air quality is put it at a disadvantage in next‑generation
highly rated. mobility. In some ways, Zurich is an example
of slow technology adoption: The municipal
Switzerland’s largest city is planning to government has not invested in technology
release an advanced master plan in 2023,10 related to autonomy or connectivity, for
which is likely to integrate urban and social example. Zurich Airport, while the largest airport
space with transport. It will also feature an in Switzerland, logs relatively few passengers
urban climate vision and include an agenda and offers limited international connections
for implementation over the next few decades. in comparison to large European hubs.
38
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
39
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Amsterdam
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
Amsterdam has a world‑renowned cycling Amsterdam already has a high density, with
culture and infrastructure, and more than one station for every four electric vehicles.13
a quarter of all trips are made by bike,11 by
far the highest share in the Urban Mobility The city also plans to encourage market‑led
Readiness Index. However, the bicycle is solutions with pitch competitions to
so dominant that usage of other forms of strengthen the climate for innovation. The
mobility – such as ride‑sharing and public Smart Mobility program notes that, if the
transit – is relatively low, and the city is home city wants to step into ride‑share urban
to relatively few mobility companies. air mobility, changes to legislation will
be required. It also indicates an openness
To address these challenges, the city to testing phases with e‑scooter and
government’s 2019‑2025 Smart Mobility microcar providers.12
program presents a vision of connected and
electric mobility to create a more holistic
network. It consists of three pillars: (i)
implementing affordable shared mobility
as an alternative to private cars; (ii)
encouraging eco‑friendly mobility options;
and (iii) digitizing the mobility network to
better manage traffic.12 The plan envisages
continued investments in mobility to support
connected autonomous vehicles technologies
and shared mobility. It also aims to add more
electric vehicle charging stations, of which
40
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
41
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Munich
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
Munich, ranked seventh in our Urban Mobility conveniently located near mass transit
Readiness Index, also carries the same stations. A proposed redistribution of traffic
ranking in the Sustainable Mobility sub‑index. lights aims to encourage environmentally
The city maintains a robust, affordable, and friendly mobility options.
multimodal public transit system consisting
of eight‑line metro and regional rail systems, Munich Airport has climate goals of its
13 tram lines, and a bus network. Operating own, including plans for carbon‑neutral
hours for the metro and tram systems are operations by 2030.16 The airport plans
long, and tickets are relatively low‑priced. to reduce its emissions by 60% through
Thanks to its extensive bikeways, Munich has measures such as supplying clean energy
the second highest percentage share of cycling and electrifying its road vehicle fleet.
journeys in the Urban Mobility Readiness The remaining 40% will be offset by
Index (after Amsterdam). supporting climate protection projects,
including the creation of a forest to offset
The Bavarian capital aims to build on its carbon dioxide emissions and promoting
success with a plan to make its mobility regional biodiversity.17
network carbon‑neutral by 2035.14 An
intermediate goal for 2025 is for at least While Munich excels in its climate plans, it’s
80% of traffic to be a combination of not without its challenges. Munich Airport
emissions‑free vehicles, public transit, has strong international connectivity but
pedestrians, and cyclists. To reduce car suffers from low international passenger
traffic, there are also plans to install up volumes. And the city’s dependence on
to 200 mobility hubs,15 where riders can legacy infrastructure will make it challenging
select shared bicycles, cars, and scooters to switch to autonomous transit.
42
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
43
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Berlin
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
Berlin has embraced multimodality through it records few traffic fatalities. Though the
its networks of metro and suburban trains, standard maximum speed limit is 50 kph,
trams, and ferries. These are supported by this has been reduced to 30 kph in certain
an integrated app, which provides journey areas – residential and mixed‑use, for
planning and payment for all types of example – to make streets safer, as well as
transport, including cars and e‑scooters. reducing noise and pollution.
However, low station density makes public
transit less convenient, and more journeys Berlin is famous for past legal battles
are made by car and on foot. In 2020, Berlin against prominent ride sharing companies,
replaced three older airports with the and ride sharing still attracts relatively
Brandenburg Airport; however, numerous few passengers. Also, few new mobility
technical problems mean that it is still companies have chosen Berlin as their
only the third busiest in Germany,18 with European base.
fewer international destinations than many
European peers.
44
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
45
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Paris
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
Over the last couple of years, Paris has serving 68 new stations. In addition, major
repurposed some of its road space, and it infrastructure work is being carried out
now has significantly fewer parking spaces to improve traffic flow ahead of the 2024
to encourage Parisians to use other forms of Olympic Games.
transit. Car‑free zones, extra bike parking
facilities and measures to improve safety Innovation in smart mobility flourishes,
have made the city more accessible by bike, in part thanks to a strong academic sector:
and by 2021 it had more than 1,000 km of The French capital is home to several of the
cycling infrastructure, including 300 km of world’s top institutions for engineering and
bike lanes.21 computer science. The government also
invests strongly in the sector, and there are
Few parts of the city are more than a short many mobility companies headquartered
walk from a public transit station, and in Paris.
the system enjoys a high rate of usage. As
well as the 16‑line Paris metro system, the Traffic management remains
city is also served by the Réseau Express underdeveloped because of insufficient
Régional network, which reaches out to the infrastructure investment, and city residents
surrounding region, as well as four tram complain of high levels of noise and light
lines around the perimeter. The Grand Paris pollution typically associated with vehicles
Express project, scheduled for completion on the road. However, the speed limit was
in 2030, will further expand the city’s lowered from 50 to 30 kph across most of
public transit.22 As part of Europe’s largest Paris in 2021 to reduce noise and improve
transport project, trains will run on 200 km road safety.
of new, automated tracks around the city,
46
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
47
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
London
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
London has one of the largest public transport The city’s government is encouraging
networks in the world, with integrated metro the switch to electric vehicles through
(“Underground”), train and bus systems investment in charging infrastructure and
spanning the city.23 In 2022, services started incentives for the use of electric vehicles,
on the new, high‑frequency Elizabeth line such as a “cleaner vehicle discount” on the
stretching between suburbs to the east and Congestion Charge. As part of the Mayor’s
west of the city. Transport Strategy to increase active and
sustainable mobility, uptake of plug‑in
Pollution levels have dropped dramatically electric vehicles has been increasing year‑on
over the past 10 years, at least partly year.24 Furthermore, cycling infrastructure
thanks to London’s restrictions on has been significantly expanded, so that
polluting vehicles. The Low Emission in 2022, 20% of Londoners live within
Zone and Ultra Low Emission Zone impose 400 meters of the Cycleways network.20 In
charges on older, more‑polluting vehicles. addition, sustained increase in customer
The Ultra Low Emission Zone was expanded demand for London’s Santander Cycles hire
in 2021 from central London to a wider area, scheme has been recorded for 2021/2022.
a move expected to further contribute to
air quality. London’s fight against pollution The UK capital hosts a wealth of top academic
is also helped by modest levels of car institutions – such as Imperial College
ownership and the London Congestion London and University College London – and
Charge, which is levied on most vehicles innovation flourishes. This is particularly
circulating central London. However, the case for connected autonomous vehicles
residents still complain of high levels of noise technologies, for which tests have been
and light pollution. underway in parts of the city.25
48
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
49
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
New York
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
New York’s public transit system boasts is the biggest and most successful in the
several major multimodal hubs, and large United States. It has 24,500 bikes and over
parts of it run throughout the night. The 1,500 stations and operates in all boroughs,
system is also friendly to bikes onboard. apart from Staten Island, as well parts of
However, New York’s transit systems need New Jersey.
investment and modernization. While the
Metropolitan Transportation Authority is New York is slowly rolling out e‑scooters,
upgrading subway signals that are 70 years with several pilots in the Bronx. It is taking
old, autonomous operation is not imminent. a cautious approach because of the risk of
accidents, and e‑scooter rental companies
The New York area’s airports have rebounded are still not allowed to operate in Manhattan.
in a big way since the COVID pandemic. Both A sign that the city is taking micromobility
international connections and passenger seriously is a plan to encourage people to
volumes are strong, and facilities have been report vehicles stopped on cycling lanes, by
upgraded this year. The city is also seen as letting them claim 25% of the fine. Another
a big potential market for urban air taxis, major change has been the removal of
where helicopters remain popular despite thousands of street parking places to make
noise pollution. way for outdoor restaurants.
50
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
51
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Chicago
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
After the COVID pandemic, the an early adopter of vehicle loop detection
accompanying economic downturn, and to monitor highways. As other American
the protests against racial injustice crises cities move forward with electrification,
in 2020, Chicago released a Strategic Plan Chicago lags behind, both in terms of
for Transportation to address inequity in charging infrastructure and electric vehicle
the transportation system.26 It includes market share.
one‑ and three‑year goals to build safer
streets and crosswalks to encourage walking, Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport is one
increase access to opportunities in neglected of the world’s busiest and best‑connected
neighborhoods, and expand protected bike airports, ranking fourth in airport volumes
and bus lanes. In particular, the authorities in the Urban Mobility Readiness index and
have sought to make public transit widely third in the Unted States, behind New York
accessible, by making it more affordable and and Atlanta. The airport also boasts strong
increasing its hours of operation.26 international flight connectivity.
52
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
53
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Boston
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
Boston offers affordable service on a Renowned for its innovative culture, the
comprehensive transit network consisting of city and its surrounding area incubate
five modes: commuter rail, subway, buses, top mobility talent and research through
ferry, and the RIDE – a door‑to‑door service its abundance of leading universities and
for people with disabilities who cannot labs, with Harvard University, and the
easily use the Boston area’s public transit Massachusetts Institute of Technology in
system.27 However, the city’s legacy transit close proximity to the city.
infrastructure will make any transition
to autonomous transportation difficult Boston’s Logan International Airport has
to implement. limited international connections and
modest passenger volumes.29 However,
Boston is one of the most bike‑friendly passenger volumes are increasing after a
cities in the United States thanks to a robust downturn with the COVID pandemic and a
cycling infrastructure. The city’s 2030 $62 million grant has been awarded by the
mobility plan aims to increase cycling by Federal Aviation Administration to support
fourfold, create flexible lanes that can adapt infrastructure projects at the airport.29
for greater biking capacity, and expanding
its bikeshare network to create 268 stations
by the end of 2022.28 Boston also hopes to
make its city even more walkable, with
pedestrian‑first traffic signals that shorten
wait times at crossings and adapt to real‑time
pedestrian traffic flows.28
54
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
55
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Washington, D.C.
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
The Unted States capital benefits from being Cycling infrastructure has been
the seat of the national government and improving with the District Department of
has one of the country’s most developed Transportation and as of the end of 2021,
mass transit systems, offering affordable there were 24 miles of protected bike lanes
prices and multiple modes of transit.30 (with a physical separation from car lanes).31
The Metrorail network, serving 91 stations And there is still growing demand to install
over 117 miles of track averaged over more protected bike lanes with the DDOT
600,000 riders per day until 2019, after embarking on a plan to build 20 miles of new
which numbers declined during the COVID protected bike lanes by 2023. The bikeshare
pandemic. The Metrobus network operates service, Capital Bikeshare, has 5,000 bikes
around the clock.30 Like many Unted States and more than 600 stations in Washington,
cities, however, some areas have low station D.C. and the surrounding area. E‑scooters
density, and car ownership still rules. are permitted, and more than 10,000 are
available in the District.32
Washington D.C. also possesses a robust
traffic management system, featuring
changeable message signs, coordinated
traffic lights for arterial roads, and
high‑occupancy lanes. However, the city
has been slower than some of its peers in
making electric charging infrastructure
widely available.
56
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
57
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Tokyo
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
58
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
59
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Hong Kong
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
Hong Kong offers one of the best public convenience for commuters, and encourages
transportation services in the world and people to choose the metro over other
lands atop the Public Transit sub‑index. modes of transportation. Profits generated
The Mass Transit Railway operates a from property sales are used to finance new
multi‑layered network that serves 166 railway projects, and the system is one of
stations with very few delays or service the most profitable operators in the world,
disruptions. It is affordable, stations are despite being self‑financing and setting fares
rarely more than a short walk away, and relatively low. It could thus serve as a model
interchanges are designed to be seamless for other cities.
to ensure a smooth flow of passengers. As a
result, Hong Kong residents are avid users of Hong Kong has installed ample car‑free
public transportation, and it has the highest zones, and the rate of car ownership is
utilization rate in the world. However, the relatively low. The city is pedestrian‑friendly,
system is lagging in autonomous transit. and a high share of journeys are carried
out on foot. But Hong Kong’s policies
The city’s high population density has led and systems are insufficient to promote
local authorities to prioritize public transit shared mobility.
over private modes, and to integrate the
metro system into the city infrastructure.
Residential communities and offices are built
above stations, and the network counted
1,550 station retail outlets as of December
2021.34 This optimizes land use, is financially
and environmentally sustainable, offers
60
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
61
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Los Angeles
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
Los Angeles has historically experienced To make better use of roads, some carpool
high levels of car ownership, and its lanes have been converted to Express Lanes,
notorious traffic congestion may reach which are free for carpoolers but charge
new peaks as traffic returns to pre‑COVID single drivers a toll. The prices change based
levels. One way to improve mobility for on real‑time traffic demand to ensure that
Angelenos is better public transit options. vehicles travel at least 45 mph in the toll
But the city spreads over a wide area, which lanes.36, 37
makes it challenging to provide a service
with a sufficient density of stations. As a The electrification of the vehicle fleet is
consequence, travel by public transit tends continuing, helped by financial incentives,
to be slow, and ridership is low: Only 6% as well as a California order directing that all
of workers living in the city of Los Angeles new car sales be zero‑emission by 2035.38, 39
commute by public transportation.35
62
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
63
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Oslo
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
Often called the electric vehicle capital has also improved its cycling and public
of the world, Oslo holds the top rank in transport infrastructure. Its metro network
our Sustainable Mobility sub‑index. The consists of several lines, with another
Norwegian capital has encouraged adoption under construction. Multiple tram lines run
with strong monetary incentives, and local primarily on the road network, though with a
authorities have invested heavily in charging few dedicated tracks.
infrastructure. Electric vehicles have also
been encouraged through lower road tolls The city promotes a circular economy: It uses
and taxes, free parking schemes, and access biogas produced from bio‑waste and city
to bus lanes. In September 2021, the number sewage to fuel city buses and waste trucks.
of electric vehicles entering Oslo’s toll ring The city has the ambition to become one of
was higher than the number of fossil‑fueled the first zero emission cities in the world
vehicles. Oslo is home to so many electric and is targeting a 95% reduction in climate
vehicle drivers that the government has even emissions by 2030.
begun dropping some incentives because
they’re no longer necessary. However, a relatively small academic
community may limit Oslo’s ability to
Oslo has won a reputation for road safety, innovate, and few mobility companies are
which it achieved through a combination of headquartered or operating in the city,
measures that slow traffic and discourage restricting access to external resources
car use, such as tolls on vehicles, a reduction for development.
in the number of parking spaces, increased
parking charges, and the imposition of a
30 kph speed limit outside schools. The city
64
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
65
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Seoul
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
Seoul’s affordable and efficient public transit of private cars. The government expects
system sustains high ridership levels, and the policies to reduce residents’ annual per
the city ranked second for Public Transit. capita greenhouse‑gas emissions.
Seoul Metro is one of the world’s largest
urban railways and has 23 lines, 293 stations A rich ecosystem of strong university
and 319 km of track. The system serves talent and several local mobility and tech
nearly 10 million inhabitants within Seoul players fosters technological innovation in
and the Gyeonggi, Incheon, and northern mobility‑related industries, such as batteries,
Chungnam provinces. automation, robotics, and urban air mobility.
But Seoul lags many peers in offering
Few residents prefer walking or cycling to incentives for electric vehicles, and adoption
less environmentally friendly transport remains correspondingly modest.
modes. But the city’s “Vision 2030 for
Transportation in Seoul,” moves away from
a past emphasis on car ownership and
economic growth and instead focuses on
pedestrians and environmental protection.40
It consists of policies to promote walking
and cycling by increasing the space for
sidewalks, closing roads to cars on certain
days, setting up bike‑sharing services, and
building cycle paths. Other policies include
the encouragement of car‑sharing and other
measures to discourage the excessive use
66
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
67
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Madrid
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
Madrid provides affordable transit through the lowest European cities in the Urban
a strong multimodal network including Mobility Readiness Index for number of
metro, local rail, and buses, as well as charging points per capita.
park‑and‑ride facilities. Bikes can be carried
on public transport with some restrictions,41 The Madrid 360 Sustainable Mobility
and the city operates BiciMAD, an electric Plan includes an expansion of the metro
bike‑sharing service.42 Madrid is the hub and bus‑lane networks, including the
of Spain’s high‑speed rail network, which implementation of 60 km of green corridors
makes it very easy to access from the rest of to enable buses to achieve similar speeds to
the country. The network has significantly the metro.46 High‑occupancy vehicle lanes
reduced inter‑city travel by road and air.41, 42 will be introduced at all major road entrances
to the city, according to the plan. And the
The city is pushing forward with clean city’s electric bike sharing system, BiciMAD,
air initiatives which include a maximum will be expanded, as will its network of bike
speed limit of 30 kph in many streets and lanes and the availability of parking spaces
low‑emissions zones for different parts of the for bicycles and personal mobility vehicles.
city, preventing more‑polluting vehicles from
circulating.43, 44, 45 Drivers must display an Madrid‑Barajas Airport is not a major
environmental sticker reflecting how clean European hub, and it has comparatively
their vehicle is. The zones are scheduled to low passenger numbers. Madrid lacks an
be extended in the coming years. Madrid extensive presence of top universities and
is also installing electric vehicle charging labs working on mobility and is home to few
points, but the pace of deployment has been mobility companies.
modest, and the Spanish capital ranks among
68
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index score
City scores in percentage across the five dimensions of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index,
compared with global and regional averages
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
69
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Sydney
Sydney boasts a strong multimodal transport
network, seamlessly connecting bus, train,
and ferry. It includes a fully automated metro
system, which opened in 2019 and is one of
the world’s most innovative transit systems.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
70
Vancouver
Vancouver’s affordable public transit has
a strong multimodal network, and the
city ranks 22nd globally for Public Transit.
Vancouver’s long history of automated
transit started with its Skytrain, putting
the system at the forefront of innovation.
Its mass transit authority plans to achieve
net‑zero emissions by 2050 and deploy over
400 electric buses by 2030.49 It also aims
to identify infrastructure vulnerabilities to
climate‑related events. Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
The city hosts few shared mobility
companies and lacks a central multimodal
22/60 15/60 22/60
app for routing and payment across
providers. Vancouver’s airport has low GDP per capita (US$)1 52,725.73
international passenger volumes and Population
2
2,533,176
relatively few connections despite being Surface area (km )2 3 912
Canada’s second busiest. Population density (people per km )2 4 2,698
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
71
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Atlanta
Atlanta has a car‑centric approach to
mobility, translating into low public transit
station density and longer walks to stations.
As a result, utilization rates are currently low,
even though the transit system is fast and
affordable – qualities that may help boost
ridership in the future.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
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72
Barcelona
Barcelona’s well‑connected multimodal
public transit network is affordable and
complemented by Spain’s strong rail
system. Barcelona also benefits from a
national road network that provides strong
regional connectivity. A national road safety
plan announced this year plans to halve
traffic deaths and serious injuries by 2030,
through increasing bike lanes and lowering
speed limits.51
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Despite low‑emission zones, electric vehicle Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
market share remains lower than in many
other European cities, due to relatively
24/60 17/60 21/60
low density of charging stations. Cycling
adoption lags other European cities, but GDP per capita (US$)1 35,274.16
a proposed mobility plan aims to improve Population
2
5,212,249
traffic lights for cyclists and create safer Surface area (km )2 3 1,072
bicycle parking.52 Population density (people per km )2 4 4,477
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
73
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Toronto
Toronto has affordable public transit, and its
subway system, buses, streetcars, trains, and
ferries are connected by a strong multimodal
network. The metropolitan area benefits
from the regional connectivity offered
by Canada’s strong road network. Road
infrastructure is of high quality, and Toronto
sees relatively few traffic fatalities. However,
the city’s 2017 Vision Zero goal to eliminate
traffic deaths hasn’t yet been achieved:
Fatalities remain in the double digits.53 Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
Few mobility companies are based in
Toronto, and past initiatives to attract private
25/60 19/60 34/60
sector investment have failed. The city’s
international airport logs low passenger GDP per capita (US$)1 54,155.82
volumes compared with leading global hubs. Population
2
6,512,786
Surface area (km )2 3 2,344
Population density (people per km )2 4 2,889
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
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74
Montreal
Montreal has prioritized multimodality in its
dense, affordable bus and metro networks.
The city’s 2021‑2023 Transportation
Electrification Strategy aims to have 84% of
trips electrically powered.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
75
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Houston
Houston’s high rate of car ownership
contributes to low usage of its limited
public transit system. But the city is
seeking to improve public transportation
through its Moving Forward Plan. This
envisages multimodal offerings, including
more park‑and‑ride facilities, and aims to
expand bus and light‑rail services, as well as
high‑occupancy‑vehicle lanes.55
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
76
Dallas
Dallas is emerging as a living lab
for connected autonomous vehicles
technologies, and several mobility providers
carried out pilots in the city in 2022.
Arlington, a 30‑minute drive west of Dallas,
launched an on‑demand self‑driving shuttle
service last year in partnership with mobility
providers and a local university.56 Traffic in
Dallas is increasing, and the city operates
adaptive congestion pricing to prevent major
traffic blockages. Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
However, Dallas has not yet developed
infrastructure to encourage non‑motorized
28/60 41/60 45/60
modes of mobility, such as walking and
cycling. As such, Dallas is regarded as one of GDP per capita (US$)1 75,644.63
the least bikeable cities in the United States. Population
2
6,673,253
Surface area (km )2 3 5,278
Population density (people per km )2 4 1,317
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
77
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Beijing
Beijing commuters benefit from strong
regional connectivity, as China boasts an
excellent rail network. The city has achieved
wide adoption of electric vehicles by offering
incentives for consumers, such as easing
restrictions on peak‑hour driving for electric
vehicles57 and extensions on tax breaks for
electric vehicle buyers.58
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
78
Dubai
Dubai is institutionally friendly to new
paradigms in mobility. The city has invested
significantly in urban air mobility and
scooter‑sharing pilots over the last year.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
79
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Milan
Milan boasts a well‑connected, multimodal
network of central transit hubs and suburban
park‑and‑ride stations. Its public transit
system is fast and affordable.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
80
Dublin
Dublin has few road fatalities and enforces
traffic laws diligently, in line with Ireland’s
road safety strategy. The city has one of the
fastest growing market shares of electric
vehicles, and the government has invested
in building out the charging infrastructure.
However, Dublin does not have a strong
mobility innovation ecosystem, and few of
the leading universities and labs operating in
the mobility space are present in the city.
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Dublin’s airport is not a major hub and has Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
low international connectivity compared
with its European peers.
32/60 13/60 28/60
GDP per capita (US$)1 111,335.27
Population 1,314,477
2
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
81
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Shanghai
Ride‑sharing is popular among residents,
and the city continues to invest in shared
mobility modes. Bold regulations and
investment in charging stations have fueled
impressive growth in the city’s electric vehicle
market share.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
82
Moscow
Moscow operates a wide variety of public
transit modes, including buses, trams,
subways and more. The public transportation
network is supported by a well‑developed
multimodal app.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
83
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Warsaw
Warsaw benefits from a high level of
employment in the transportation sector.
Multimodality flourishes in Warsaw
with extensive car‑free zones. The Polish
capital’s Urban Mobility Operating System
project aims to further strengthen its
mobility‑as‑a‑service offerings by 2023,
with options including a journey planner to
integrate multimodal fares in one place.61
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
84
Istanbul
Road transportation is well developed
in Istanbul. High‑quality infrastructure
in the metropolitan area is supported by
strong connectivity with the rest of the
country. However, roads are often extremely
congested, especially in the morning and
evening rush hours.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
85
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Abu Dhabi
Abu Dhabi is implementing a strategy to
manage driving speeds in order to reduce
traffic accidents.62
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
86
Doha
Residents generally favor personal cars
over walking, but ride‑sharing is common
among residents as well. Doha lags in
sales of electric vehicles and needs to
expand its charging infrastructure and
experiment with incentives in order to spur
consumer adoption.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
87
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Santiago
Santiago benefits from strong regional
linkages thanks to Chile’s well connected
overall road network. The city possesses
an affordable public transit system,
combining bus, metro and train. It includes
an integrated fare system using a single
contactless transit smartcard.63
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
88
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur benefits from a wide variety of
public transit modes, ranging from Bus Rapid
Transit to rapid rail. Autonomous technology
powers the city’s metro system.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
89
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires is noted for its affordable
public transit, which has a high rate of usage.
Its networks include Bus Rapid Transit,
traditional buses, trams, and commuter rail
services. The six‑line metro system is known
for rapid service.64
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
90
Cape Town
Cape Town’s extensive Bus Rapid Transit
system has strong multimodal linkages, with
park‑and‑ride connections and permissive
rules for bikes on transit. The city is also
served by commuter and suburban rail
services.65 Cape Town has few internationally
competitive universities, which may hurt its
prospects for future mobility development.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
91
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Sao Paulo
Sao Paolo is connected by a strong
multimodal network, including significant
hubs connecting bus, metro, and rail
networks. Despite having bike‑friendly rules
on public transit, cycling adoption in the city
remains limited. However, the city has poor
rail connections to the rest of Brazil. Ticket
prices are high relative to local incomes,
putting public transit out of reach of Sao
Paulo’s poorest residents.
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Local and national authorities have sought to Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
encourage electric vehicle adoption through
monetary and non‑monetary incentives,
43/60 37/60 47/60
such as exemptions from some of Sao Paulo’s
circulation restrictions. GDP per capita (US$)1 12,566.23
Population 22,661,736
2
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
92
Bangkok
Bangkok has a rich mix of transportation
modes, including light rail, buses, and river
taxis, and it is linked by a strong multimodal
network. This enables residents to park at
commuter lots and bring bicycles on public
transportation. Transit is affordable for
the general public, with tickets priced at a
reasonable level relative to local incomes.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
93
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Mexico City
Mexico City benefits from Mexico’s national
investment in mobility, which has achieved
a high level of road connectivity. But the
city also suffers from an underdeveloped
traffic management system, as well as low
enforcement of transport safety rules. Public
transit consists of various forms of bus and
rail service, including a heavily used metro
network and Metrobús, a seven‑line Bus
Rapid Transit system.67
Urban Mobility Sustainable
The authorities offer monetary and Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
non‑monetary incentives to encourage
electric vehicle adoption, and these have
45/60 36/60 50/60
been effective. However, Mexico City has
not yet prioritized connected autonomous GDP per capita (US$)1 23,451.42
vehicles technologies. Investment and Population
2
21,861,468
enabling regulations are lacking, and fully Surface area (km )2 3 2,530
autonomous transit is not yet in place. Population density (people per km )2 4 8,617
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
94
Jakarta
Jakarta’s public transit system is affordably
priced and offers integrated payment for a
range of modes, including Bus Rapid Transit,
metro, light rail, and commuter rail. However,
the Indonesian capital’s transportation
infrastructure remains inadequate in terms of
the density of public transit stations and the
country’s low‑quality road network.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
95
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Johannesburg
Johannesburg benefits from strong road
connectivity with the rest of South Africa.
Over the next decade, local authorities plan
to invest extensively in public transportation.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
96
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro offers diverse public transit
modes, and transit stations are generally
within a short walk for residents. The
options include ferries, a metro, light‑ and
commuter‑rail services, city buses, and
minibuses. Mobility has been the focus of the
city’s recent planning efforts. Its Sustainable
Urban Mobility Plan,68 for example, is
credited with having extended the reach of
public transit to more low‑income residents.
Urban Mobility Sustainable
Rio de Janeiro’s airports lag Sao Paulo’s in Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
international connections and passenger
volumes. The city, like Brazil as a whole,
48/60 49/60 40/60
suffers from inefficient supply chain
infrastructure and poor‑quality roads. GDP per capita (US$)1 10,573.73
Population 13,068,231
2
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
97
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Riyadh
To support its rapid growth and diversify
its mobility options, Riyadh is nearing
completion of a new mass transit system
combining a bus network and a driverless
metro with 85 railway stations and six
lines.69 The metro will be connected to the
city’s international airport, the financial
district, the main universities, and the
downtown area. However, Saudi Arabia’s
limited rail network impedes the capital’s
regional connectivity. Urban Mobility Sustainable
Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
Riyadh is accustomed to cars for hire, and
residents have been quick to embrace
49/60 57/60 58/60
ride‑sharing. But the city, like the country,
suffers from limited enforcement of GDP per capita (US$)1 25,477.06
traffic regulations and a high rate of road Population
2
7,312,409
traffic fatalities. Surface area (km )2 3 1,673
Population density (people per km )2 4 4,326
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
98
Delhi
Delhi’s public transit is attractive and
affordable, and there is a multimodal app
to navigate the system. As of 2022, the
Delhi Metro network has 12 lines serving
286 stations.70
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
99
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Jeddah
Jeddah has strong regional linkages thanks
to Saudi Arabia’s well‑connected roads,
and road infrastructure in the metropolitan
area is high quality. The government
has invested in connected autonomous
vehicles technologies, but the city does
not yet have a framework to enable testing
and development.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
100
Mumbai
Mumbai has low car ownership levels,
and the city has a promising public transit
system. This includes suburban rail and
the Mumbai Metro, which is currently
being expanded,72 and also includes some
autonomous lines. While residents have
started to use electric mopeds and scooters,
the city’s share of electric cars remains low
amid limited density of charging facilities.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
101
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Bogota
Local authorities are prioritizing
electrification by investing in electric
vehicle charging infrastructure, incentives
for consumers to buy electric vehicles, and
a fleet of electric buses. Still, the density
of charging points and the electric vehicle
share of the car market remain relatively
low, although the level of car ownership is
generally low. The city has several car‑free
zones, and air quality is high.
Urban Mobility Sustainable
The enforcement of traffic laws is limited, Readiness Index Mobility Public Transit
and road traffic fatalities have worsened
in the past few years, giving the city a
53/60 34/60 48/60
poor rating for road safety. International
connections from the airport are poor, as GDP per capita (US$)1 6,173.84
is Bogota’s supply chain infrastructure, Population
2
10,626,196
and the city suffers from delays in Surface area (km )2 3 562
cargo transportation. Population density (people per km )2 4 17,945
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
102
Casablanca
Casablanca is a walker’s city and has one of
the highest percentages of pedestrians in the
Urban Mobility Readiness Index. The rate
of car ownership is low, yet road congestion
is high. The municipal and national
governments have been slow to invest in
charging stations, and the share of electric
vehicles is low.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
103
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Cairo
Most residents use the public transit system,
which includes buses, light rail, and the
Cairo Metro. The metro currently has three
lines, with one under construction and two
more planned.73
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
104
Lima
Car ownership rates in the city remain low,
and residents tend to use public and shared
transportation. The city’s public transit
network will become more expansive, as
multiple metro lines are being constructed as
part of a 2019 National Infrastructure Plan.74
Shared mobility is gaining significant market
share, in part thanks to a local tradition of
shared taxis.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
105
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Quito
Quito has created a strong public transit
offering at affordable prices, leading to its
widespread use. In addition to the existing
bus services, a metro line is expected to open
by the end of 2022.75
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
106
Manila
Several modes of transportation are available
in Manila, including jeepneys and some
metro lines. Linkages to active mobility
are provided by permissive transit rules
towards bikes, as well as significant cycling
infrastructure. Despite these multimodal
strengths, Manila’s public transit system has
room for improvement in speed, wait times,
station density, and affordability.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
107
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Nairobi
Nairobi’s public transit, consisting of
matatus (public minibuses) and buses, is
affordable, and wait times are low. However,
it is underutilized due to inadequate station
density and a poor national rail network.
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
108
Lagos
Car ownership has stayed at a moderate
level in Lagos, which may limit future
problems with noise and light pollution.
Instead, the city’s population relies on public
transportation, which currently consists
of Bus Rapid Transit and ferry services. A
rail system is being developed, with some
operations planned to begin shortly.76
Urban Mobility Readiness Index, Sustainable Mobility and Public Transit scores
City scores in percentage compared with global and regional averages
Urban Mobility
Readiness
Sustainable Mobility
Public Transit
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
109
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Methodology
For the 2022 edition of Oliver Wyman In developing the Urban Mobility
Forum’s Urban Mobility Readiness Index, our Readiness Index, we began with a vision
research covered 60 global cities for in‑depth of what cities need to be striving for – the
analysis. These cities are geographically characteristics that businesses, consumers,
diverse, representing six regions – North and policymakers consider indispensable
America, Latin America, Europe, the Middle today and will still be pursuing a decade
East, Asia Pacific, and Africa. They range from now. That approach led us to break
from sprawling megacities like Tokyo and out a sub‑index on Sustainable Mobility,
Delhi, to more compact cities such as Oslo which groups together cities’ performance
and Washington D.C., to fast‑developing on existing metrics such as the strength of
metropolises like Nairobi. They were selected the multi‑modal network, public transit
because of their distinct mobility challenges usage, electric vehicle ownership and
and the varied solutions they are pursuing. infrastructure, walking, and the cycling
They tend to be leaders in understanding infrastructure. In addition, a sub‑index on
the importance of mobility and serve as Public Transit was introduced to this year’s
economic epicenters for their regions, edition covering metrics such as the transit
making their efforts to improve mobility vital commute speed, public transit station
to the growth of much wider areas. The cities density, strength of the multimodal network,
were also chosen because data is available to and public transit utilization rate.
assess, compare, and track the evolution of
their mobility capabilities. The 60 mobility ecosystems examined in
this year’s Urban Mobility Readiness Index
consist of real‑time connected, multimodal
networks for moving people or goods with
minimal impact on the environment. Based
on internal discussions and conversations
with leading professionals and experts, the
research team arrived at the six key attributes
of future mobility ecosystems.
110
Integrated Leading cities in the mobility revolution are
Mobility in the future will stress intermodal, likely to expand their public transportation
one‑stop services that provide seamless modes, availability and linkages; provide safe
travel, commutes, and delivery experiences. roads, reliable services, and employment
opportunities; enable emerging technologies,
Accessible like electric and autonomous vehicles;
Future mobility will focus on user‑oriented emphasize digitization and sustainability;
approaches that are transparent, easy to bolster their risk preparedness; and align
use, affordable, convenient, efficient, and municipal policies, regulations, and
available to everyone. budgets accordingly.
Sustainable
Systems and solutions that will not degrade
the environment or health of city residents
and can even offer economic benefits to them.
Innovative
Cities should encourage a local innovation
ecosystem and take advantage of the latest
technologies, reinterpreting them to fit
their needs.
Collaborative
Municipalities need to create coalitions with
private‑sector enterprises – both large legacy
players and start‑ups – so they can work
together to shape the future.
Resilient
As disasters and other risks threaten the
health of cities, it is important that mobility
ecosystems emphasize preparedness in
a conscious effort to meet the needs of
their residents.
111
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Ranking dimensions
The Urban Mobility Readiness Index uses five basic dimensions to rank the 60 cities – infrastructure,
social impact, market attractiveness, system efficiency, and innovation. These five dimensions,
in turn, are comprised of a total of 57 metrics, – key performance indicators – that collectively
identify which cities are ready to excel in meeting their future mobility challenges.
• Cycling adoption
• Climate‑related losses
112
2022 Urban Mobility Readiness
Index Methodology
The Urban Mobility Readiness Index uses five basic dimensions to rank the
cities – infrastructure, social impact, market attractiveness, systems efficiency, and
innovation. Below, find the 57 metrics that fall under these five dimensions – key
performance indicators that identify which cities will excel in mobility.
Social Impact
Does the city maximize societal benefits while minimizing harmful qualities like poor air quality?
Infrastructure
Has the city developed robust infrastructure and expanded connectivity to support
future mobility?
113
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
Market Attractiveness
How well does the city engage the private sector and secure diverse investments to build
out mobility?
Systems Efficiency
How well does the municipal government coordinate and enhance the city’s mobility network
through things like traffic management systems or investment in e‑charging stations?
114
Innovation
How well does the city leverage local talent and resources to drive technological advances?
115
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
116
117
Urban Mobility Readiness Index 2022
References
1. Global Data. 2022 (see sources section)
2. United Nations. 2021. Retrieved from https://population.un.org/wpp/ | Demographia. 2022. Retrieved from http://www.
demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf
3. Demographia.2022. Retrieved from http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf
4. Demographia.2022. Retrieved from http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf
5. Funding for individuals & families.
Retrieved from https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/movingca/opportunities.html
6. Federal tax credits for electric and plug-in hybrid cars. 2022.
Retrieved from https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/taxevb.shtml
7. Strategy for a fossil-fuel free Stockholm by 2040. 2016.
Retrieved from https://international.stockholm.se/globalassets/rapporter/strategy-for-a-fossil-fuel-free-stockholm-
by-2040.pdf
8. Public transport in Helsinki. 2021.
Retrieved from https://welcome.helsinki/public-transport-in-helsinki-using-buses-trains-trams-and-the-metro-in-
helsinki/#9d7c4ec0
9. Rules and Code of conduct. 2022.
Retrieved from https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/getting_around/active_mobility/rules_and_public_education/
rules_and_code_of_conduct.html
10. Masterplan HB / Central. 2022.
Retrieved from https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/ted/de/index/taz/gestalten/masterplan-hb-central.html
11. Ways of encouraging bicycle use.
Retrieved from https://www.government.nl/topics/bicycles/bicycle-policy-in-the-netherlands
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Authors
Guillaume Thibault, Matthieu de Clerq, Fabian Brandt,
Andreas Nienhaus and Alexandre Bayen.