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    Complex Numbers

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    hamza
    Complex numbers can be represented in exponential, polar, and rectangular forms. The exponential form is written as A = z e^jθ, where z is the amplitude and θ is the angle. The polar form is written as A = z∠θ, with e^jθ replaced by the angle symbol. The rectangular form is written as A = x + jy, where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part. Basic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division can be performed by manipulating the real and imaginary parts of complex numbers in rectangular form or the amplitude and angle in polar form.

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    Complex Numbers

    Uploaded by

    hamza
    132 views6 pages
    Complex numbers can be represented in exponential, polar, and rectangular forms. The exponential form is written as A = z e^jθ, where z is the amplitude and θ is the angle. The polar form is written as A = z∠θ, with e^jθ replaced by the angle symbol. The rectangular form is written as A = x + jy, where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part. Basic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division can be performed by manipulating the real and imaginary parts of complex numbers in rectangular form or the amplitude and angle in polar form.

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    Complex numbers

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    Complex numbers can be represented in exponential, polar, and rectangular forms. The exponential form is written as A = z e^jθ, where z is the amplitude and θ is the angle. The polar form is written as A = z∠θ, with e^jθ replaced by the angle symbol. The rectangular form is written as A = x + jy, where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part. Basic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division can be performed by manipulating the real and imaginary parts of complex numbers in rectangular form or the amplitude and angle in polar form.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    132 views6 pages

    Complex Numbers

    Uploaded by

    hamza
    Complex numbers can be represented in exponential, polar, and rectangular forms. The exponential form is written as A = z e^jθ, where z is the amplitude and θ is the angle. The polar form is written as A = z∠θ, with e^jθ replaced by the angle symbol. The rectangular form is written as A = x + jy, where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part. Basic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division can be performed by manipulating the real and imaginary parts of complex numbers in rectangular form or the amplitude and angle in polar form.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    Complex Numbers

    Complex numbers are typically represented in three forms:


    exponential, polar, and rectangular.
    1- In the exponential form a complex number A is written as A = z e jθ
    z is known as the amplitude or magnitude, θ is called the angle, and j is
    the imaginary operator j = √−1

    2- The polar form of a complex number A, which is symbolically equivalent to


    the exponential form, is written as A = z∠θ °
    Note that in this case the expression e jθ is replaced by the angle symbol θ.
    3- The rectangular representation of a complex number is written as
    A = x + jy
    where x is the real part of A and y is the imaginary part of A, which is
    usually expressed in the form
    x = Real (A)
    y = Imag (A)

    x=z cos θ

    The conjugate, A*, of a complex number A = x + jy is defined to be


    A* = x − jy
    ADDITION
    The sum of two complex numbers A = x1 + jy1 and B = x2 + jy2 is
    A + B = x1 + jy1 + x2 + jy2 = (x1 + x2) + j(y1 + y2)
    that is, we simply add the individual real parts, and we add the individual
    imaginary parts to obtain the components of the resultant complex number.
    This addition can be illustrated graphically by plotting each of the complex
    numbers as vectors and then performing the vector addition. This graphical
    approach is shown

    SUBTRACTION
    The difference of two complex numbers A = x1 + jy1 and B = x2 + jy2 is
    A − B = (x1 + jy1) − (x2 + jy2) = (x1 − x2) + j(y1 − y2)
    MULTIPLICATION
    The product of two complex numbers A = z1 e jθ1 = x1 + jy1
    and B = z2 e jθ2 = x2 + jy2 is
    AB = (z1 e jθ1 )(z2 e jθ2 ) = z1z2 e j(θ1 + θ2 ) = z1z2 θ1 + θ2
    or
    AB = (x1 + jy1)(x2 + jy2)
    = x1x2 + jx1y2 + jx2y1 + j2y1y2
    = (x1x2 − y1y2) + j(x1y2 + x2y1)

    DIVISION
    The result of dividing two complex numbers A = z1e jθ1 and B = z2 e jθ2
    is
    A/B = z1 e jθ1/ z2 e jθ2 = (z1/z2) e j(θ1 − θ2) = (z1/z2) θ1 − θ2
    Example#1
    If a complex number A in polar form is A = 10 30°, express A in both
    exponential and rectangular forms.

    A = 10 30° = 10e j30° = 10[cos 30° + j sin 30°] = 8.66 + j5.0


    EXAMPLE 2
    Calculate the sum A + B if A = 5 36.9° and B = 5 53.1°.

    We must first convert from polar to rectangular form.


    A = 5 36.9° = 4 + j3
    B = 5 53.1° = 3 + j4
    Therefore,
    A + B = 4 + j3 + 3 + j4 = 7 + j7
    = 9.9 45°

    EXAMPLE 3
    Given A = 5 36.9° and B = 5 53.1°, Calculate the product in both polar and
    rectangular forms.
    AB = (5 36.9°)(5 53.1°) = 25 90°
    = (4 + j3)(3 + j4)
    = 12 + jl6 + j9 + j212= 25j

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