ASSIGNMENT 1

1. What is quality? How does your company interpret the term:

'quality'? Explain the dimensions of quality. What are the key quality
attributes to look for? How can we quantify quality by using attributes /
variables?

Quality refers to the degree to which something meets certain standards or

expectations. Quality is a measure of how good (within expected tolerance) or
bad (outside expected tolerance) something is. The dimensions of quality refer to
the different aspects or characteristics of a product or service that contribute to
its overall quality. For example, performance, features, conformance, aesthetics,
and durability. Quality can be quantified by using attributes or variables, which
are specific characteristics or measurements of a product or service that can be
used to assess its quality. The most common way to quantify quality using
attributes is by using statistical process control (SPC) methods. Measurement is
the first step in quantifying quality using attributes is to define and measure the
relevant attributes or variables. Data analysis is done after collecting data so that
it can be analyzed to determine the level of quality. Control is done after
analyzing data in which action is taken to control the attribute or variable.
Continuous Improvement is performed regularly to review identified
opportunities for improvement. Quality is foundation to my business and it’s the
key to keeping my customers satisfied. Delivering highest amount of value for the
lowest price. Resulting in high first pass yield and low scrap. Some of the key
attributes to look for is that the umbrella is durable, it can withstand severe
weather conditions. Functionality, ensuring that the umbrella can open and close
back smoothly without any issues such as jam.

UCL

CL

LCL
The image above shows a control chart with three basic elements which are
upper control limit, center line, and lower control limit. If the data crosses UCL
or LCL then it is a special cause variation. Data between the red lines indicates
normal process variation. Special cause variation is a type of variation that
attributed to a situation that influence the process. These special causes impact
your process in negative ways and result in instability and unpredictability.

2. What is TQM? How does your company interpret the term: 'TQM'? Design a

simple quality-focused example, that you have created. What is TQC (Total
Quality Control) and what is the difference between TQM and TQC? Don't
forget to include a technical illustration / image, that you have created to
illustrate this challenge / solution (1 point of 10).

Total Quality Management (TQM) is a management approach that seeks to

improve the quality of products and services by involving all employees in a
continuous process of improvement. The goal of TQM is to achieve customer
satisfaction by meeting or exceeding customer expectations. TQM is based on
several key principles, such as: continuous improvement, customer focus, process
management, systems approach, fact-based decision making, and employee
involvement. TQM is often implemented using a framework such as Deming
cycle (plan-do-check-act) or six sigma methodology. Total Quality Control
(TQC) is an approach to quality management that emphasizes the need for all
employees in an organization to be involved in the quality control process. It is
defined as an effective system for integration of quality development, quality
control and continuous quality improvement. TQC focuses on continuous
improvement and the elimination of defects in the production process. TQM
focuses on creating a culture of quality within the organization, where everyone
is committed to meeting or exceeding customer requirements. TQC is a quality
control approach, while TQM is a holistic management approach that includes
quality control but goes beyond it to involve all aspects of the organization in the
quest for quality. TQC is typically carried out by a dedicated quality control
team, whereas TQM involves the participation of all employees in the
organization. TQM means to Efficiency and Effectiveness to my company.
Following the eight principles of TQM: customer focus, employee involvement,
integrated system, process-centric approach, systematic flow, continual efforts,
fact-based decision-making, and relationship management. My company
interprets TQM as a management approach to long-term success through
customer satisfaction. All members of organization participate in continuous
improvement. It’s a way for my company to ensure that TQM provides quality
assurance that customers will get what they expect.
 TQ
M
Quality
Assurance
Quality Control

Inspection
The image above shows four levels of evolution of Total Quality Management.

3. How can we achieve organizational excellence with quality? Systems thinking

principles for quality management in any organization. Design a simple example,
that you have created. Don't forget to include a technical illustration / image,
that you have created to illustrate this challenge / solution (1 point of 10).

Achieving organizational excellence with quality can be achieved by means of an

integrated approach. Establish a clear vision and mission which is focused on
quality and implements low risk. Develop a quality management system that
meets ISO 9001 international standard, continuously improve product and
services, and meet or exceed customer expectations. Focus on customer needs,
gather customer feedback, and drive continuous improvement. Measure and
monitor performance using metrics such as on-time delivery. Continuously
improve by using methods and tools such as six sigma and total quality
management. Encourage innovation and creativity to find new and better ways
of doing things. Quality system thinking principles includes holistic approach
that helps better understand and manage complex systems. It considers the
relationships and interactions between the different components of a system, and
the system as a whole. Systems thinking focuses on the feedback loops that exist
with a system. Systems thinking understands that the behavior of a system can
emerge from the interactions between its components. Systems thinking
recognizes that systems are constantly changing and evolving and that they must
adapt to their environment in order to survive. Systems thinking considers the
ability of a system to withstand change, and to recover from disruptions and
disturbances. Systems thinking encourages the use of different perspectives of
the different stakeholders, to understand and manage a system. Systems
thinking understands that systems can be transformed through intervention and
redesign; it helps to identify leverage points to change the system behavior. My
company is ISO certified and is in compliance with ISO 9001.

ISO 9001

The image shows that to achieve organizational excellence. The QMS must meet
ISO 9001 standards: international standard, continuously improve product and
services, and meet or exceed customer expectations.

4. Deming's 14 rules of quality management systems. What is the Deming

cycle? How is your company doing this? Design a simple quality-focused
example, that you have created. What is the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality
Award and the Baldridge National Quality Program? Don't forget to include a
technical illustration / image, that you have created to illustrate this challenge /
solution (1 point of 10).

Deming's 14 rules of quality management are a set of principles and guidelines

for improving quality and performance in organizations.
 - Organizations should adopt a new philosophy of quality.
- Cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality.
- End the practice of awarding business on the basis of price tag.
- Improve constantly and forever the system of production and service.
- Institute training on the job.
- Institute leadership
- Drive out fear
- Break down barriers between staff areas
- Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets for the work force
- Eliminate numerical quotas for the work force
- Remove barriers that rob people of pride of workmanship
- Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement
- Put everybody in the company to work to accomplish the transformation

The Deming Cycle: is a four-step process that organizations can use to

continuously improve their products, processes, and service quality systems.

The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award is a prestigious award that

recognizes organizations for their achievements in quality and performance
excellence.

The award is based on the Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence,

which is a framework that includes seven categories: leadership, strategy,
customers, effectiveness, measurement, analysis, and knowledge management.

My company is using the Deming cycle when starting a new improvement

project, developing a new or improved design of a process or product,
implementing change or working towards continuous improvement.
 PLAN

JUST
DO
IT.

The image above shows the PLAN-DO-ACT-CHECK cycle which is a four step
model to carry out a change.

5. What are the most common errors when starting quality initiatives in the real-
world (versus the academic textbook world...)? Design a simple quality-focused
example, that you have created. Don't forget to include a technical illustration /
image, that you have created to illustrate this challenge / solution (1 point of 10).

Common errors when starting quality initiatives:

- Lack of clear goals and objectives

- Not involving employees
- Focusing too much on compliance
- Not measuring and monitoring performance
- Not allocating resources
- Not reviewing and updating the initiative
- Lack of leadership support
- Lack of communication
- Managers see quality as an extra cost

My company avoid common errors as we have training for employees.

 $

Missing
Information ?

Direction?

The image above shows an employee lost with no help due with lack of leadership
support. Question marks for showing unclear goals. This causes loss of money.
Not having clear objective is due to missing information.

6. Explain the true cost of poor quality, considering several different

attributes. How is your company doing this?  Don't forget to include a technical
illustration / image, that you have created to illustrate this challenge / solution (1
point of 10).

Cost of poor quality (COPQ) are costs that would disappear if systems,

processes, and products were perfect. Is it the cost which is associated with
manufacturing poor quality products or service for the customer. The cost of
poor quality has four categories appraisal, internal failures, external failures,
and prevention cost. COPQ includes cost of not doing something correct with
high quality standard the first time. This includes the cost associated in fulfilling
the gap between the expected and actual product/service quality and the cost of
lost opportunity due to the redirecting of resources to resolve the quality issue.
This includes waste, rework, customer returns, sorting, excessive overtime,
excessive turnover, premium freight costs, overdue receivables, handling
complaints, expediting, system costs, planning delays, late paperwork, lack of
follow-up, excess inventory, and unused capacity.
My company is monitoring cost of poor quality by internal and external failures.
Internal failure costs result from the finding of defects prior to delivery of the
product or service to the customers. In addition, these are the costs due to the
failure of a product to achieve the required quality standards. External failure
costs arise from the rejection of the product or services by the customers after
delivery. In other words, these are the costs when a product or service fails to
meet the required quality standards and is detected after it reaches the customer.
My company uses use COPQ to understand the opportunities to improve quality
by reducing internal and external failure costs. Basically, they do this by
spending more on preventing problems rather than fixing them.

What people see: What people don't

Larger portion see: Smaller
Scrap portion
Rework Lost Customer Loyality
Inspection Staff Morle
Compliants Handling

The image above shows COPQ in detail.

7. What is a QMS (Quality Management System) and how does a QMS prevent
poor quality? What are the key modules of a QMS and how do they interact with
each other? Are engineering managers interested in QMS? What can a good
QMS do for your company? Explain WHY? Design a simple quality-focused
example, that you have created. Don't forget to include a technical illustration /
image, that you have created to illustrate this challenge / solution (1 point of 10).
Quality Management System (QMS) is a systemic approach relatively large and
complex to manage an organization’s quality processes and activities to ensure
that they consistently meet or exceed customer requirements and expectations.

QMS can help prevent poor quality in several ways:

- Establishing clear quality standards
- Identifying and managing risks
- Monitoring and measuring performance
- Continual improvement
- Employee engagement
- Compliance

QMS typically includes several key modules that interact with each other to help
ensure that an organization’s processes and activities consistently meet or exceed
customer requirements and expectations.
- Quality Manual
- Procedures and work instructions
- Forms and templates
- Training modules
- Auditing
- Management Review
- CAPA

A good Quality Management System (QMS) can provide several benefits for a
company such as.
- Improved customer satisfaction
- Increased efficiency and productivity
- Better quality products and services
- Compliance with regulations and standards
- Cost savings
- Improved employee engagement, and an interactive quality knowledge
management/documentation system.

Yes, engineering managers are interested in QMS as they develop and maintains
quality standards. A good QMS can provide a systematic approach to lean
process improvement to my company.
 Quality Management System
The image above shows QMS system and what is represents.

8. What are the quality characteristics of world-class organizations? Design a

simple quality-focused example, that you have created. Don't forget to include a
technical illustration / image, that you have created to illustrate this challenge /
solution (1 point of 10).

World-class organizations that compete in the global marketplace are concerned

about excelling in the following areas:

 Customer service
 Quality control and assurance
 Research and development/new product development
 Acquiring new technologies
 Innovation
 Team-based approach (adopting and using effectively)
 Best practices (study and use of)
 Manpower planning
 Environmentally sound practices
 Business partnerships and alliances
 Reengineering of processes
 Mergers and acquisitions
  Outsourcing and contracting
 Reliance on consulting services
 Political lobbying

World-class organization also focus on several human resources topics:

 Worker productivity (improvement)

 Employee training and development
 Open communication between management and employees
 Employee benefits and perquisites
 Codes of workplace conduct
 Conflict resolution
 Employee satisfaction
 Flextime arrangements
 Management-employee-union relations

The image shows that the organization is eco-friendly, innovative and satisfies
customer which are few characteristics for world class organization. My
company focus on customer, resources and capabilities, strategic vision, value
creation, and quality focus.
9. Responsibility and total quality. Who should be responsible for total quality in
an organization? How is your company doing this? Design a simple quality-
focused example, that you have created. Don't forget to include a technical
illustration / image, that you have created to illustrate this challenge / solution (1
point of 10).

Accepting responsibility is important and part of ethical behavior. This is crucial

in the modern workplace as human nature is one that tends to ignore
responsibility and commitment and looks to blame others for shortcomings and
failures. In a total quality setting, individuals are responsible for their own
actions and accountable for their performance, including both failures and
successes. This builds trust, integrity, and other elements of ethics that are
crucial in the total quality environment.

FAILURES SUCCESS INDIVIDUALS

In the above image, the failures and success are an individual responsibility to
convey in an organization. My company is doing this by giving acknowledgement
cards to employees to address their success.

10. Discuss some models for ethical quality decisions. How is your company
doing this? Design a simple quality-focused example, that you have created.
Don't forget to include a technical illustration / image, that you have created to
illustrate this challenge / solution (1 point of 10).
 - Categorical imperative model. In this model, right is right and wrong is
wrong, with no gray areas.
- Full disclosure model. In this model, the values of the stakeholders are
used to determine what is ethical.
- Doctrine of the mean model. In this model, moderation is ethical.
- Golden rule model. This model is based on the golden rule: “Do unto
others as you would have them do unto you.” It takes the viewpoints of
stakeholders into account in deciding what is ethical.
- Organizational ethical model. This model assumes that ethical decisions
are ones that best serve the organization’s interests.
- Professional ethical model. In this model, organizational decisions are
considered ethical only if they are approved by a broad cross-section of
professional peers. A professional code of ethics usually guides this model.

Environment Society

Categorical
Imperative

Economy

The image above shows three areas in which there is strictly right and wrong.
My company is doing this by making decisions involving members across board
and taking into consideration all aspects such as society, economy, and
environment.

Sustainable Green Focus
Dear Board of Directors and Shareholders,

Please watch the videos and understand the importance of thinking green before
making any decisions. It is our environment, and we need to sustain it for
generations to come. The Summary below for the videos will help you better
understand the effects it has on our planet as well as human beings.

1.) Bali Dive Safari Island Tracking Paul Ranky Copyright

VideoClip28
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVuXZsPK9So

The person in the video used old chairs, wood from different furniture laying
around. He let it dry up for 2-3 weeks which was able to form idols. There is one
beautiful idol of Rama and Sita. My company does something similar. The
handle for the umbrella is made from wood with a finishing coating on it to
prevent blisters to customers. This wood is re-shape from wood such as from
chairs, table and hibiscus tree. There are no cracks within the final molded
material.

2.) Bali Dive Safari Island Tracking Paul Ranky Copyright

VideoClip23
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9h89iKwU3g

At the gunung kawi temple, the display there was made out of coconut. That is
eco-friendly. It is flammable but sustainable. Please see material that is available
instead of creating something new in order to have a better environment.

3.) Paul Ranky 06 PA ElGalleon Philippines Clip6a 720pHD

wwwcimwareukandusa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U544Mo-us18

Sea turtles have played vital roles in maintaining the health of the world's oceans
for more than 100 million years. These roles range from maintaining productive
coral reef ecosystems to transporting essential nutrients from the oceans to
beaches and coastal dunes. Turtles help control their prey. Turtles nesting helps
beaches. Green turtles grazing on seagrass is an important way to keep seagrass
beds healthy.

4.) Paul Ranky 06 PA ElGalleon Philippines Clip4a 720pHD

wwwcimwareukandusa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QuoHbi93UTw
 5.) Paul Ranky 06 PA ElGalleon Philippines Clip5a 720pHD
wwwcimwareukandusa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJI7YLBCfhk
6.) Paul Ranky 06 PB ElGalleon Philippines Clip3a 720pHD
wwwcimwareukandusa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2NKuZX4jLI

Coral reefs protect coastlines from storms and erosion, provide jobs for local
communities, and offer opportunities for recreation. Reef corals build homes for
millions of species of marine life, they support healthy ocean food webs. Coral
reefs cover less than 1% of the ocean but are home to almost 25% of all known
marine species. There is waste in water which leads to water pollution. Water
pollution effects destruction of biodiversity, contamination in the food chain, lack
of potable water, disease, and infant mortality. Trash in the ocean, sea, rivers etc.
affects the water quality, endanger animals and different types of plants, and
pollute the outdoor environment which we tend to go for touring.

Thank You,

Hina Desai

Executive Summary

Tesla May Benefit From US Economy “Soft Landing,” Goldman Sachs Reports

https://cleantechnica.com/2023/01/22/tesla-may-benefit-from-us-economy-soft-
landing-goldman-sachs-reports/

Soft landing is a slow-down in economic growth that avoids recession. It brings

down inflation and avoids recession. Tesla being one of the top successful
companies in the Goldman Sachs list of stocks, would benefit from fed hope for
soft landing. Goldman Sachs list contains companies that are over $5 billion in
market capitalization.

“Accordingly, we forecast over 1.6 million vehicles delivered in 2023, a 24% growth
rate. [Further,] our long-term assumptions remain intact. We forecast over 5 million
vehicles [in annual deliveries] by 2031, as Tesla launches the Cybertruck and new
affordable vehicle platform.”
Based on the quote above, Tesla is profitable. It is still mentioned in Russell 3000
companies that are profitable with Altman z-score below ten-year median.
Altman Z score shows how close a company is towards bankruptcy.

Me: Have you heard about the most recent Tesla report from Goldman Sachs?
Srikar: What did they say, exactly?
Me: They claimed that a “soft landing” for the US economy may be
advantageous for Tesla
Srikar: Really? How so?
Me: A soft landing describes a slowdown in the economy, but not one that
results in a recession. The demand for Tesla’s electric automobiles would increase
since both consumer and business expenditure would continue to be stable.
Srikar: That makes sense, Hina. Growth at Tesla in undoubtedly influenced by the
state of the economy. They might be in a good position to keep growing their company
and increasing their market share if the US economy has a gentle landing.
Me: Exactly! However, it’s crucial to keep in mind that the economy’s
condition can alter at any time, and a variety of things might have an impact on its
course. As a result, it’s crucial to use caution if making predictions or choosing to
make an investment based on economic forecasts.

Tesla’s Huge Expansion Plans At Giga Texas

https://cleantechnica.com/2023/01/21/teslas-huge-expansion-plans-at-giga-texas/

Tesla’s headquarters is now based in Texas. They are looking to expand their
Gigafactory ever since they started up in Texas. Now the scope is not clear for
electric vehicle automakers. Currently, Tesla has many documents being pushed
to expand production capacity, surface area, and reach of multiple projects.
Once these documents are pushed through, tesla will have its new largest
building that will cover 693,093 square feet called cell 1. The second largest is
called drive unit which will cover 423.032 sq ft. Based on this article, Tesla will
be taking over the automotive electric vehicle industry. It already has the largest
manufacturing plan in central Texas. Manufacturing mass production would
reduce the price of vehicle.

Me: Tesla is taking over the automotive industry.

Srikar: Even though other companies such as Lexus are now making electric
vehicles. Tesla seems to be customers preference when purchasing electric vehicles.
Me: Does Tesla need that much space?
Srikar: Well, tesla is planning to add the cyber truck in their manufacturing process.
 Me: That’s great! Hopefully, the cyber truck is now extremely expensive as
they want customers to purchase more.
Srikar: Adding these new expansions will increase the lead while adding crucial,
multi-step production project for the element required to create EV’s
Me: Hopefully, this does not impact on-time delivery in a negative way.
Srikar: Definitely, it will be a high investment cost for tesla.

Can Low Speed Electric Vehicles Spark The EV Revolution In Africa? Part 2:
Funky Electric’s FE1

https://cleantechnica.com/2023/01/23/can-low-speed-electric-vehicles-spark-the-
ev-revolution-in-africa-part-2-funky-electrics-fe1/

Not everyone needs high speed electric vehicles especially for people who live in
rural and farming environments. Even for people who need to drive short
distance and are new to driving such as high school students or early college
students. Even small businesses looking for last minute delivery option. Low
speed electric vehicles have already become familiar in China. Now these low-
speed electric vehicles are now seen in African countries.

Me: Having these low-speed electric vehicles are affordable for low-income
families and provide more protection than bicycle or other forms of basic
transportation.
Srikar: Other countries like China and Africa are implementing this. Why hasn’t
India? This is a great idea!
Me: Low speed electric vehicle is low cost of $1.17 to drive 100 km
Srikar: Yes, it is eco-friendly, affordable, and smaller in size which is perfect in
certain areas such as farming.
Me: Anything is better than pollution. Electric vehicles should be created for
all types of households whether it is low income or not.
Srikar: In China, low speed electric vehicles sparked EV revolution a while ago. USA
could use this for new drivers to get familiar with or in the cities such as NYC. It
would be easier to park car and efficient.
Me: Consumers will benefit from it as it is safer than bicycles etc. and it is
cheaper to charge than gas prices. Especially, after the gas price significantly spiked
after Russia and Ukraine war.

References

- NJIT Professor Paul Ranky PPT Slides

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVuXZsPK9So
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9h89iKwU3g
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U544Mo-us18
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QuoHbi93UTw
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJI7YLBCfhk
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2NKuZX4jLI
- https://cleantechnica.com/2023/01/22/tesla-may-benefit-from-us-economy-
soft-landing-goldman-sachs-reports/
- https://cleantechnica.com/2023/01/21/teslas-huge-expansion-plans-at-giga-
texas/
- https://cleantechnica.com/2023/01/23/can-low-speed-electric-vehicles-
spark-the-ev-revolution-in-africa-part-2-funky-electrics-fe1/