Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the relevant literature that the researcher

considered strengthening the importance of the present study. It also presents

the synthesis of the art to fully understand the research for a better

comprehension of the study.

Related Literature

Deforestation is a global environmental problem that has serious

consequences for climate change, biodiversity loss, and human well-being.

According to Nepstad et al. (2014), “the pace of deforestation in the Amazon

rainforest grew by 88% between 2000 and 2012, with more than 60% of cleared

land converted into pasture for cattle ranching”. Hansen et al. (2013) utilized

“satellite data to estimate that tropical deforestation accounted for 10% of

global greenhouse gas emissions in 2012”. Our findings highlight the critical

importance of policies and practices that support sustainable land use and

forest conservation. For many years, deforestation has been a major

environmental concern, with serious consequences for both local populations

and global climate change. Tropical deforestation accounts for around 20% of

global greenhouse gas emissions, according to Asner et al. (2005), “making it a

crucial concern for climate change mitigation”. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-

4441/12/4/1194

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 Deforestation, in addition to its impact on the climate, adds to

biodiversity loss and can have serious social and economic ramifications for

people who rely on trees for a living (Hosonuma et al., 2012). According to

angelsen et al. (2014), “highlight the complexities of deforestation, emphasizing

the importance of integrated methods that consider the political, economic, and

social variables that drive forest loss”.

Disadvantages of deforestation

Deforestation is the removal of trees and other plants from forests for

a variety of reasons, including lumber production, agriculture, and

urbanization. Deforestation has several detrimental effects on the environment,

society, and economy. According to a Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

(2016) study, “deforestation accounts for around 10% of global greenhouse gas

emissions, which contribute to climate change”. Deforestation also causes soil

degradation, biodiversity loss, and changed water cycles, which can have an

impact on both human and animal populations (EPA, 2022). Food and

Agriculture Organization. (2016). State of the World's Forests 2016. Retrieved

from http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4793e.pdf

12
 Furthermore, deforestation has serious social and economic

consequences, particularly for indigenous populations that rely on trees for a

living (Global Forest Watch, 2022). According to Johnson and Lewis (2007),

“deforestation can lead to land and resource conflicts, displacement of

indigenous groups, and increasing poverty”. Environmental Protection Agency.

(2022). Deforestation. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/deforestation

In conclusion, deforestation has enormous negative consequences for

the environment, society, and economy. It leads to climate change, soil

degradation, biodiversity loss, and altered water cycles, as well as having

significant social and economic consequences for indigenous groups. To limit

the harmful effects of deforestation, it is critical to address the issue and

encourage sustainable forest management techniques. Global Forest Watch.

(2022). Deforestation. Retrieved from

https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/global/deforestation

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Related Studies (Local)

For decades, deforestation has been a major environmental concern

in the Philippines. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the causes

and repercussions of deforestation in the country. For example, Lasco, Pulhin,

and Sales (2004), discovered that “commercial logging, agricultural

development, and forest conversion to settlements were the primary drivers of

deforestation in the Philippines”. Van der Meer and Lanzaderas (2019),

investigated the “impact of deforestation on soil erosion in the Philippines'

Cagayan Valley region”. They discovered that deforestation increased soil

erosion, which had a detrimental influence on agricultural output and water

quality.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1462901121000697

Furthermore, Pulhin and Inoue (2006), investigated the “relationships

between deforestation, poverty, and governance in the Philippines”. They

discovered that poverty and poor governance were key contributors to

deforestation in the country. Galang et al. (2019), also evaluated the “impact of

community-based forest management on deforestation in the Philippines”. They

discovered that community-based forest management reduced deforestation

rates and improved forest conditions.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-3668-2_13
 14

Overall, these studies illustrate the complexities of the Philippines'

deforestation problem and the necessity for multifaceted measures to address

it.

Related Studies (Foreign)

Deforestation is a worldwide environmental issue with serious

consequences for biodiversity, climate change, and social and economic

development. Several studies have been conducted to explore the causes and

repercussions of deforestation in various parts of the world. For example,

Soares-Filho et al. (2014), discovered that “agricultural growth, infrastructure

development, and logging were the primary drivers of deforestation in the

Brazilian Amazon”. Another study, by Achard et al. (2014), used satellite data

to “assess global deforestation patterns and concluded that the world lost

around 2.3 million square kilometers of forest cover between 2000 and 2012”.

https://www.pnas.org/content/107/8/3388

According to Hansen et al. (2013), “deforestation rates in Indonesia

have been growing in recent years, owing mostly to the expansion of oil palm

and timber plantations”. Similarly, in Africa, Hansen et al. (2016) discovered

that “deforestation rates in the Congo Basin have increased due to mining,

logging, and agriculture”. https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2277

Additionally, Meyfroidt et al. (2013) cond-researched indirect “causes

of deforestation, such as international commerce and consumption patterns,

and discovered that these factors have a substantial role in pushing

deforestation in countries such as Brazil, Indonesia, and Malaysia”.

https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1702

Another study, conducted by Kouakou et al. (2020), looked into the

“reasons for deforestation in West Africa and discovered that agriculture,

mining, and fuelwood harvesting were the main culprits”. The study also

emphasized the significance of sustainable forest management practices in

reducing deforestation. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?

q=deforestation+in+africa

Deforestation in Southeast Asia has been driven by palm oil

cultivation, according to a study by Ghazoul and Sheil (2018). The study also

“emphasized the significance of certification programs in promoting sustainable

palm oil production and reducing deforestation”.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113045
 16

Additionally, Chakraborty and Banerjee (2020) evaluated the impact

of “deforestation on Indian villages and discovered that it resulted in

biodiversity loss, soil erosion, and reduced water availability”. The research

also found that community-based forest management approaches helped

mitigate the effects of deforestation. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7055370

Overall, this research shows the diverse and complicated drivers of

deforestation, emphasizing the need for effective policies and actions to address

this critical environmental issue.