LECTURE NOTES IN SPECIALIZED INVESTIGATION 1 WITH LEGAL MEDICINE

(CDI 3)
Course Facilitator: Fairybelle K. Liwayan

Specialized Investigation and Special Crime Investigation deals with the study of major
crimes based on the application of special investigative techniques.

The study concentrates more on physical evidence, its collection, handling, identification and
preservation in coordination with the crime laboratory. Special Crime Investigation involves
a close relationship between the prober in the field and the crime laboratory
technician. They work together as a team, reacting to and extending one another’s theories
and findings both working patiently and thoroughly to solve a crime from their investigative
discoveries.

In the present criminal justice system of our country, the court relies more on physical
evidence rather than extra-judicial confession.

CHAPTER 1
SPECIALIZED INVESTIGATION AND FUNDAMENTALS OF LEGAL MEDICINE

In most cases especially those involving deaths, medical expertise is needed as examination
of the body is important. It is imperative that the medico legal expert be present during
the crime scene processing until the cadaver is brought to where autopsy will be conducted.

THE FIELD OF FORENSIC MEDICINE

• A branch of medicine which covers both the fields of forensic pathology and clinical
forensic medicine.
• Branch of medical science which deals with the application of medical knowledge to
elucidate legal problems.

Legal Medicine- branch of which deals with application of medical knowledge to the
purposes of law and in the administration of justice. It is the application of basic and clinical,
medical and paramedical sciences to elucidate legal matters. The concept and practice of
Legal Medicine in the Philippines is of Spanish origin.

Medical Jurisprudence- knowledge of law in relation to the practice of medicine. It

concerns with the study of the rights, duties and obligations of medical practitioner with
particular reference to those arising from doctor-patient relationship.

NATURE OF THE STUDY OF LEGAL MEDICINE

• Knowledge of legal medicine means the ability to acquire facts, the power to arrange those
facts in their logical order, and to draw a conclusion from the facts which may be useful
in the administration of justice.
• Medical Jurist (medical examiner, medico-legal officer, medico-legal expert) – a
physician who specializes or is involved primarily with medico- legal duties. They are mostly
in the service of the government.
• It is the duty of every physician, when called upon by the judicial authorities, to
assist in the administration of justice on matters which are medico-legal in character.
• To be involved in medico-legal duties, a physician must possess sufficient
knowledge of:
o Pathology
o Surgery
o Gynecology
o Toxicology
• Other branches of Medicine germane to the issues involved.

FORENSIC- denotes anything belonging to the court of law or used in court or legal
proceedings or something fitted for legal or public argumentations.

MEDICINE- a science and art dealing with preventation, cure and alleviation of disease.
It is that part of science and art of restoring and preserving health. It is the science and
art of diagnosing, treating, curing and preventing disease, relieving pain, and improving the
health of a person.

LEGAL- that pertains to law, arising out of, by virtue of or included in law. Refers to anything
conformable to the letters or rules of law as it is administered by the court.

JURISPRUDENCE- science of giving a wise interpretation of the law and making just
application of them to all cases as they arise.

PRINCIPLE OF STARE DECISIS. A principle that, when the court has once laid down a
principle of law or interpretation as applied to a certain state of facts, it will adhere to and
apply to all future cases where the facts are substantially the same.

BRANCHES OF LAW WHERE LEGAL MEDICINE MAY BE APPLIED

A. In CIVIL LAW, knowledge of legal medicine may be useful on the following:
1. Determination and termination of civil personality (Art.40-41);
2. Limitation or restriction of a natural person’s capacity to act (Art. 23 and
29);
3. Marriage and legal separation
4. Paternity and filiation
5. Testamentary capacity of a person making a will.

B. In CRIMINAL LAW, legal medicine is applicable in the following provisions of the

Penal Code:
1. Circumstances affecting criminal liability;
2. Crimes against person;
3. Crimes against chastity.

C. In REMEDIAL LAW, legal medicine is applied in the following provisions of the

Rules of Court:
1. Physical and mental examination of a person (Rule 28);
 2. Proceedings for hospitalization of an insane person (Rule 101); and
3. Rules on evidences (Part IV).

D. In SPECIAL LAWS:
1. Dangerous Drug Act (RA 6425, as amended)
2. Youth and Child Welfare Code (PD 603)
3. Insurance Law (Act No. 2427 as amended)
4. Code of Sanitation (PD 856)
5. Labor Code (PD 442)
6. Employee’s Compensation Law

FACTUM PROBANDUM AND FACTUM PROBANS

FACTUM PROBANDUM: The ultimate facts or proposition to be established.

FACTUM PROBANS: The material evidences to prove or establish the facts or proposition.

MEDICAL EVIDENCE

Evidence- the means, sanctioned by the Rules of Court, of ascertaining in a judicial

proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact. If the means employed to prove a fact
is medical in nature then it becomes a medical evidence.

TYPES OF MEDICAL EVIDENCE

1.Autoptic or Real Evidence – evidence made known or addressed to the senses of the
court. It is not limited to that which is known through the sense of vision but is extended
to what the sense of hearing, taste, smell and touch is perceived. (Sec.1, Rule 130)

Limitations to the Presentation of Autoptic Evidence:

a) Indecency and Impropriety – presentation of evidence may be necessary to serve the
best interest of justice but the notion of decency and delicacy may cause inhibition of
its presentation.
Ex: Court may not allow exposure of the genitalia of an alleged victim of
sexual offense to show the presence and degree of the genitalia and extra-
genitalia injuries suffered.

b) Repulsive Objects and those Offensive to Sensibilities – foul smelling objects,

persons suffering from highly infectious and communicable disease, or objects which
when touch may mean potential danger to the life and health of the judge may not be
present

However, if such evidence is necessary in the adjudication of the case, the question of
indecency and impropriety or the fact that such evidence is repulsive or offensive to
sensibilities, it may be presented. This will depend on the sound discretion of the
court.

2.Testimonial Evidence – a physician may be commanded to appear before a court to

give his testimony. His testimony must be given orally and under oath or affirmation. A
physician may be presented in court as an ordinary witness and/or as an expert witness:
 ORDINARY WITNESS EXPERT WITNESS

A physician who testifies in court A physician on account of his training

on matters perceived from his patient in and experience can give his opinion on a set of
the course of physician-patient medical facts. He can deduce or infer
relationship. something, determine the cause of death, or
(Sec. 20, Rule 130, Rules of Court) render opinion pertinent to the issue and
medical nature. (Sec. 48-49, Rule 130)
Exception: Privilege of Communication
between physician and patient. The probative value of the expert medical
(Sec. 24 c, Rule 130) testimony depends upon the degree of
learning and experience on the line of what
the medical expert is testifying, the basis and
logic of his conclusion, and other evidences
tending to show the veracity or falsity of his
testimony.

3.Experimental Evidence – A medical witness may be allowed by the court to confirm

his allegation or as a corroborated proof to an opinion he previously stated.
4. Documentary Evidence- Medical Documentary
Evidence may be:
a. Medical Certification or Report on:
i. Medical examination
ii. Physical examination iii. Necropsy/ autopsy
iv. Laboratory v. Exhumation vi. Birth
vii. Death
b. Medical Expert Opinion
c. Deposition

5.Physical Evidence – these are articles and materials which are found in connection
with the investigation and which aid in establishing the identity of the perpetrator or the
circumstances under which the crime was committed, or in general assist in the
prosecution of a criminal.

Criminalistics - is the identification, collection, preservation and mode of

presentation of physical evidence. It is the application of sciences such as
physics, chemistry, medicine and other biological sciences in crime detection and
investigation.

TYPE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCES:

a. Corpus Delicti Evidence – objects or substances which may be a part of the body
of the crime.
b. Associative Evidence- these are physical evidence which link a suspect to the
crime.
c. Tracing Evidence- these are physical evidence which may assist the investigator in
locating the suspect.
 PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE
The physical evidence recovered during medico-legal investigation must be preserved to
maintain their value when presented as exhibits in court.

METHODS OF PRESERVING EVIDENCE

1. Photographs, audio and/or video tape, micro- film, Photostat, Xerox, voice tracing,
etc.
2. Sketching- rough drawing of the scene or object to be preserve is done. It must be
simple, identifying significant items and with exact measurement.

KINDS OF SKETCH:
Rough Sketch- made at the crime scene or during examination of living or dead body.
Finished Sketch- sketch prepared from the rough sketch for court presentation.

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS TO BE INCLUDED IN A SKETCH:

a. Measurement must be accurate;
b. Compass direction must always be indicated to facilitate proper orientation in the
case of crime scene;
c. Essential item which has a bearing in the investigation must be included;
d. Scale and proportion must be stated by mere estimation;
e. There must be a title and legend to tell what it is and the meaning of certain marks
indicated therein.
3. Description- putting into words the person or thing to be preserved. It must cause a
vivid impression on the mind of the reader, a true picture of the thing described.

Minimum Standard Requirements which must be satisfied in the description of the person
or thing to make it complete:
a. Skin Lesion
b. Penetrating wound
c. Hymenal Laceration
d. Person
4. Manikin Method- miniature model of a scene or of a human body indicating marks of a
various aspects of the things to be preserved.
5. Preservation in the Mind of the Witness

DRAWBACKS OF PRESERVING EVIDENCE IN THE MIND OF THE WITNESS:

• The capacity of a person to remember time, place and event may be destroyed
or modified by the length of time, age of the witness, confusion with other
evidence, trauma or disease, thereby making the recollection not reliable;
• The preservation is co-terminus with the life of the witness.
• Human mind can easily be subjected to too many extraneous factors that may
cause distortion of the truth.
6. Special Methods- Special way of treating certain type of evidence may be necessary.
Preservation may be essential from the time it is recovered to make the condition unchanged
up to the period it reaches the criminal laboratory for appropriate examination.

SPECIAL WAYS OF PRESERVATION:

a. Whole human body- embalming.
b. Soft tissues (skin, muscles, visceral organs) – 10% formalin solution.
c. Blood- refrigeration, sealed bottle
container, addition of chemical preservatives.
d. Stains (blood, semen) – drying, placing in sealed container.
e. Poison- sealed container

MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS OF IDENTIFICATION

Identification is the determination of the individuality of a person or thing.

IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFICATION
•To establish the identity of the offender and that of the victim in the prosecution of
the criminal offense.
•To identify a person missing or presumed dead in order to facilitate the settlement of
the estate, retirement, insurance, and other social benefits.
•Identification resolves the anxiety of the next-of- kin, other relatives and friends as to
the whereabouts of a missing person or victim of calamity or criminal act.
•Identification may be needed in some transactions like cashing of check, entering a
premise, sale of property, release of dead bodies to relatives, parties to a contract,
etc..

RULES IN PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

❖ Law of Multiplicity of Evidence in Identification- the greater the number of points
of similarities and dissimilarities of two persons compared, the greater is the
probability for the conclusion to be correct.
❖ The value of the different points of identification varies in the formulation of
conclusion (e.g. visual recognition by relative or friends may be of lesser value as
compared with fingerprints or dental comparison).
❖ The longer the interval between the death and the examination of the remains, the
greater is the need for experts in establishing identity.
❖ It is necessary for the team to act in the shortest possible time specially in cases of
mass disaster.
❖ There is no rigid rule to be observed in the procedure of identification of persons.

METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION
By comparison-Identification criteria recovered during investigation are compared with
records available in the file.
By exclusion- If two or more persons have to be identified and all but one is not yet
identified, then the one whose identity has not been established may be known by the
process of elimination.
IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONS

Classification of the Bases of Human Identification

• Those which laymen use to prove identity- no special training or skill required
• Those which are based on scientific knowledge- made by trained men, well-seasoned by
experience and observation

ORDINARY METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION

o Points of Identification Applicable to Living Persons Only
Characteristics which may easily be changed:
✓ Growth of hair, beard or mustache
✓ Clothing- a person may have a special preference for certain form,
texture or style
✓ Frequent place of visit- A person’s special desire or habit to be in a place
if he has the opportunity to do so
✓ Grade of profession- e.g. a mechanic may be recognized by his tools, a
clergy man by his robe, or a nurse by her cap
✓ Body ornamentations- earrings, necklaces, rings, pins, etc. Usually worn
by persons

Characteristics that may not be easily changed

✓ Mental memory- a recollection of time, place, and events.
✓ Speech- a person may stammer, stutter, or lisp; manner of talking and
quality of the voice.
✓ Gait- a person, on account of disease or some inborn traits, may show
a characteristic manner of walking.
✓ Mannerism- stereotype movement or habit peculiar to an individual.
(E.g. way of sitting, movement of hand, movement of body, movement
of facial muscles, manner of leaning, etc.)
✓ Hands and feet- Size, shape, and abnormalities.
✓ Foot or hand impression
✓ Complexion
✓ Changes in the eyes- near- sightedness, far-sightedness, state of being
color blind, etc.
✓ Facies- different kinds of facial expressions brought about by disease
or racial influence.
✓ Left- or right-handedness
✓ Degree of nutrition- in relation to height and age.

o Points of Identification Applicable to Both Living and Dead before Onset of

Decomposition
✓ Occupational marks- certain occupations may result in some characteristic
marks or identifying guide
✓ Race
▪ Color of the Skin
❖ Caucasian-Fair
 ❖ Malayan-Brown
❖ Mongolian-Fair
❖ Negro- Black
▪ F eature of the face
❖ Caucasian-Prominent sharp nose
❖ Malayan- Flat nose with round face
❖ Mongolian- Almond eyes and prominent cheek bone
❖ Negro- Thick lips and prominent eyes
▪ Shape of the Skull
❖ Caucasian- Elongated skull
❖ Malayan- Round head apparel
❖ Mongolian- Round head
❖ Red Indians and Eskimos- Flat head
✓ Stature- change in height; rate of growth
✓ Tattoo marks- introduction of coloring pigments in the layers of the skin by
multiple puncture.
✓ Weight- not a good point of identification for it is easily changed from time
to time.
✓ Deformities- may be congenital or acquired
✓ Birth marks
✓ Injuries leaving permanent results- e.g. amputation, improper union of
fractured bones
✓ Moles
✓ Scar- a remaining mark after healing of the wound.

MODERN DISCOVERIES/TECHNIQUES IN IDENTIFICATION

1. DNA and Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis
2. Forensic Odontology including Bite Mark Comparison
3. Forensic Podiatry
4. Hair Analysis
5. Fingerprint Analysis
6. Forensic Anthropology
7. Facial Reconstruction
8. Forensic Carbon Dating
9. Etc

MEDICO-LEGAL INVESTIGATION
Medico-legal cases
In the field of the law enforcement, medico-legal cases refer to those that involve injuries
or ailments, in which investigations are essential to determine the cause and the responsible
party. Also, such cases involve medical cases with legal implications. Furthermore, such cases
may refer to legal cases requiring medical practitioners’ expertise.

SOME CASES WHICH USUALLY HAVE MEDICO-LEGAL IMPLICATIONS:

• Assault and battery (domestic violence and child abuse)
 • Accidents
• Cases of trauma with suspicion of foul play
• Injuries
• Sexual offenses
• Abortion
• Suicide/attempted suicide
• Cases of asphyxia
• Custodial deaths
• Etc
Medico-legal investigations involve the discovery, preservation, documentation and analysis
of evidence, as well as the reconstruction of events leading to the injury or death
investigation. The investigation process involves the following:
1. Investigation of the circumstances
2. Searching the body
3. Laboratory examinations

CESSATION OF LIFE: DEATH

IMPORTANCE OF DEATH DETERMINATION:

1. The civil personality of a natural person is extinguished by death.
2. The property of a person is transmitted to his heirs at the time of death.
3. The death of a partner is one or the cause of dissolution of partnership agreement.
4. The death of the principal or agent is a mode of extinguishments of agency.

5. The criminal liability of a person is distinguished by death.

6. The civil case for claims which does not survive is dismissed upon death of the
defendant.

CAUSE OF DEATH: refers to the disease, injury or a combination of these that produces
a physiological derangement in the body and can be considered responsible for the death.
Example: gunshot wound

UNDERLYING OR APPROXIMATE CAUSE OF DEATH: refers to the condition or the

initial or act that triggered the chain of events leading to death.

ANTECEDENT CAUSE OF DEATH: Refers to the intervening or intermediate disease or

injury that occurred as a result of the underlying cause of death.

IMMEDIATE CAUSE OF DEATH: refers to the final complication resulting from the
underlying cause of death, occurring closest to the time of death and directly causing death.

MECHANISM OF DEATH: refers to the physiological derangement set in motion by the

causes of death, which leads to the cessation of cellular electrical activity.
MANNER OF DEATH: refers to the means or circumstances by which the cause of death
occurred. The manner of death can be:
a. NATURAL DEATH
b. HOMICIDE
c. SUICIDE
d. ACCIDENT
e. THERAPEUTIC COMPLICATION
f. UNDETERMINED
Note: Medico-legal doctor alone or the physician in charge of the examination of the body
alone determines the cause of death, approximate cause of death, etc. Only a doctor can
pronounce a person dead.

OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF DEATH

• Suicidal death
• Euthanasia
• Negligent death
• Death from syncope which includes death from asphyxia

INDICATORS OF DEATH/SIGNS OF DEATH

1. Rigor Mortis
- occurs 2-6 hours after death and is characterized by the hardening of muscles
-In temperate countries, rigor mortis will be present for 2-3 days while in tropical
countries the duration is 2 days.
Note: Rigor mortis is different from Cadaveric Spasm.
2. Algor Mortis
3. Livor Mortis
- discoloration of the body which appears 20-30 minutes after death and complete
in about 12 hours

INJURIES AND WOUNDS WHICH MAY BE PRESENT ON A BODY

1. Blunt Force Injuries
❖ Resulting from forceful contact with a blunt object
❖ Most common type of injury encountered by forensic pathologists

Classifications:
a. Abrasions
b. Contusions
c. Lacerations

2. Sharp Force Injuries

Classifications:
a. Stab Wounds
• Sometimes called puncture, perforating or penetrating wound
b. Incised Wounds
 c. Chop Wounds

3. Self-inflicted Wounds
4. Burn Injuries
Injury caused by the application of heat or by a chemical or physical agent having an
effect similar to heat. Burns caused by moist heat are scalds.
5. Defense Wounds
6. Blas Wave injuries
7. Gunshot Wounds
Ranges of Fire:
a. Contact
b. Near–contact
c. Close range
d. Intermediate range
e. Distant range
 CHAPTER 2
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

CRIME SCENE: a location at which an offense was committed and where the potential for
evidence of that crime may exist. A crime scene may include a home, automobile or a
remote location in the woods.

THE CSI TEAM/SOCO TEAM

In the Philippine setting, CSI is better known as Scene of Crime Operation (SOCO) if
investigation is done by a group of trained PNP personnel called SOCO Team. The SOCO
Team is composed of:

1. SOCO Team Leader

2. Specialists/Technicians
a. Forensic Chemist
b. Fingerprint Expert/Technician
c. Forensic Photographer
d. Medico Legal Officer
e. Firearms Examiner/ Forensic Ballistician
f. Driver and/or Evidence Custodian
g. Measurer/Sketcher

Depending on the nature of the case, he SOCO Team may be composed of:
1. Team Leader
2. Assistant Team Leader
3. Photographer
4. Evidence and evidence recorder
5. Evidence recovery personnel
6. Driver/security

CRIME SCENE PROTOCOLS:

Step 1: Interview. The first step in investigating a crime scene is to interview the first
officer at the scene or the victim to determine what allegedly happened, what crime took
place, and how was the crime committed.
This information may not be factual information but it will give the investigators a place to
start.
Step 2: Examine. The second step in the investigation of a crime scene, which will help
identify possible evidence, identify the point of entry and point of exit, and outline the
general layout of the crime scene.
Step 3: Document. The third step in the protocol involves creating a pictorial record of
the scene as well as a rough sketch to demonstrate the layout of the crime scene and to
identify the exact position of the deceased victim or other evidence within the crime scene.
Step 4: Process. This is the last step in the protocol. The crime scene technician will
process the crime scene for evidence, both physical and testimonial evidence. It is the crime
scene technicians’ responsibility to identify, evaluate and collect physical evidence from the
crime scene for further analysis by a crime laboratory.
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION ✓ Evaluate the situation.
✓ Save and Preserve life and provide
emergency first aid for those injured at
Incident Report the scene.
✓ Prepare to take the Dying Declaration
of severely injured person if any.
✓ Arrest, detain, and remove any suspect
present if more than one (1), isolate.
✓ Cordon the area to secure and
preserve the crime scene.
✓ Prevent entry of persons into the
cordoned area.
First Responders proceed ✓ Conduct preliminary evaluation at the
crime scene and interview witnesses
to the Crime Scene
to determine what and how crime was
committed and write down details.
✓ Turn-over the crime scene to
investigator.

✓ Assume responsibility over the crime scene

✓ Conduct assessment of the crime scene
✓ Conduct interviews
✓ Conduct Crime Scene Investigation
✓ Request for technical assistance in
Investigator-on-Case (IOC) processing of the crime scene from CL
SOCO and ensure the ff:
arrive at the crime scene 1. Evaluation of Evidences at the crime
scene
2.Documentation (Photography/
Sketching note taking /
videography)
3.Collection and handling of Evidences
4.Custody and Transport of pieces
of Evidences
6. Request Laboratory Examination
of recovered physical evidence
to PNP Crime Laboratory

1. Preparation Prior to the Conduct of SOCO.

2. Crime Scene Approach.
Conduct of SOCO 3. Preliminary Crime Scene Survey with Investigator-
on-case
by Crime 4. Evaluation of Physical Evidence.
5. Narrative Description of the Crime Scene
Laboratory 6. Crime scene Photography/Videography
7. Sketch of Crime Scene.
8. Detailed Crime Scene Search.
9. Physical Evidence Recording and Collection.
10. Final Crime Scene Survey with Investigator-on-case.
11. Submit result of SOCO to Investigator-on-case

✓ Ensure that appropriate inventory has

been provided.
Investigator-on-case ✓ Release is accomplished only after
check crime scene completion of the final survey and
before cordon is lifted proper documentation.
✓ Release the crime scene in writing
with the notion that there is only one
chance to perform job correctly and
completely.
SURVEYING THE CRIME SCENE
Once the scene has been secured, with the help of others, a lead investigator will start the
process of evaluating the area. The lead investigator will immediately gain an overview of
the situation and develop a strategy for the systematic examination and documentation of
the entire crime scene.

WALK-THROUGH
The initial survey of the crime scene carried out by the lead investigator to gain an overview
of the scene in order to formulate a plan for processing the scene.

THINGS TO DO IN CONDUCTING WALK-THROUGH OR INITIAL SURVEY:

1. First, the perpetrator’s path of entry and exit should be established;
2. The investigators should then follow an indirect path to the center of the scene,
possibly one already established by the first responding officer to allow for attention.
3. Do not attempt to follow the possible path of the suspect because you might destroy
possible evidence.
4. Obvious items of crime-scene evidence must immediately be documented and
photographed.
5. Any fragile evidence, such as shoe and tire impressions must be secured or tagged.
6. The investigators should remember that the crime scene is three-dimensional; evidence
may be found on the walls or ceilings as well as on the floor and other surfaces.

PROCESSING THE CRIME SCENE

GENERAL SOCO PROCEDURES
1. Preparation prior to the conduct of SOCO.
2. Crime Scene approach.
3. Preliminary Survey.
4. Evaluation of Physical Evidence.
5. Narrative Description of the Crime Scene.
6. Detailed Crime Scene Search.
7. Crime Scene Photography/Videography.
8. Sketch of the Crime Scene.
9. Physical Evidence Recording & Collection.
10. Final Crime Scene Survey.
11. Turn-over/Release of Crime Scene to Investigator-on-case.

FIRST OFFICER AT THE CRIME SCENE

They generally refer to police officers who have jurisdiction of the area where the incident
or crime has taken place and will proceed to the crime scene to render assistance to the
victim and to protect and secure the incident scene.

FIRST RESPONDER’S RESPONSIBILITIES:

1. Initial receipt of information-record
a. Date and time
b. Method of transmission
1. Radio call
2. Telephone
3. Bystander
4. Pager/Cell
c. Identity of person giving information
d. Weather conditions
e. Location of dispatch
f. Brief details
2. Scene arrival
a. Record exact location
b. Record exact time of arrival
c. Record description of scene and surroundings
d. Weather/temperature conditions
e. Lighting conditions
f. Be cognizant of others present at the scene:
1. Police personnel
2. Non-police personnel
3. Suspects may linger as well as witnesses
3. Evacuate injured person to the nearest hospital.
4. Cordon off the crime scene with whatever materials like ropes, straws, human
barricade, police line if available.
5. Prepare to take dying declaration of severely injured person.
6. Prevent entry of unauthorized persons within the cordoned area.
7. Prepare to brief the investigators of the situation upon their arrival.
Other Considerations:
✓ Recording of pertinent information such as time, date and place of incident,
weather condition, names and addresses of witnesses.
✓ Note the position of the victim upon arrival/discovery of the victim.
✓ Take note the identity of person/s who entered the crime scene prior to the arrival
of the investigator and the SOCO.

ESTABLISHING AND PROTECTING THE BOUNDARIES OF A CRIME SCENE:

❖ Inner perimeter - immediate area where the crime was committed.
❖ Outer perimeter -surrounding area which includes any entry and exit points, or
in the case of a shooting, any area where spent ammunition might be found.
❖ Extended perimeter, which is where any evidence might have been thrown by
the suspect while fleeing.

NOTE: SPECIAL SOCO PROCEDURES

In cases where the evidence gathered needs special processing due to significant or
sensational cases, the specialists from the Crime Laboratory shall be requested.
a. In bombing cases, the EOD personnel should first clear the area and declare it
“secured” prior to entry of the SOCO. The former, before entering the crime scene
must submit to the latter for swabbing. All evidence collected must be pre-cleared by
the EOD prior to documentation.
b. In suspected or reported chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN)
situations, the SOCO shall directly coordinate with the Special Rescue Team
of the Bureau of Fire and Protection before the conduct of the crime scene investigation.
c. In mass victim situation, the Regional/District SOCO who has jurisdiction over the
area, in addition to their function, shall act as the FR to the Interim Disaster
Victim Identification Task Group (IDVI TG) of the PNP Crime Laboratory. The IDVI TG
shall immediately assess the forensic specialists needed to be deployed
at the crime scene and relay the requirements to the PNP Crime Laboratory
Headquarters.
d. The SOCO has motu proprio authority to direct all operating units involved in the
police operation to submit their respective personnel for forensic examination;
their service fi rearms for ballistic tests; and other pieces of evidence involved to
expedite the investigation of the case.

HEINOUS/VIOLENT CRIMES — refer to crimes directed against politicians, elected

government officials, government officials appointed by the President, judges,
prosecutors, IBP lawyers, media practitioners, militant party list members/leftist
activists, foreign nationals, and other persons through shooting, bombing, strafing,
assault, and other violent overt acts resulting in their death or incapacitation.

SENSATIONAL CRIMES — refer to crimes directed against politicians, elected

government officials, government officials appointed by the President, judges,
prosecutors, IBP lawyers, media practitioners, militant party list members/leftist
activists, foreign nationals, and other persons through shooting, bombing, strafing,
 assault, and other violent overt acts resulting in their death or incapacitation that
attract national/international public attention/scrutiny.

CRIME SCENE SEARCH

Objectives of a Crime Scene Search
❖
To systematically look for physical evidence that may prove useful in establishing
that a crime has been committed.
❖
To determine what method of operation the perpetrator may have used.

METHODS OF SEARCH
a) Strip or Line Search
A strip search is typically used in
outdoor scenes to cover large
areas in which detailed
examination is necessary. It is a
technique frequently used by
archaeologists when they search
a particular area. The strip
search uses a series of lanes
across the crime scene. This method can be used by one person or a group of searchers. It
is done as follows:
1. Each lane contains a searcher that walks down the lane parallel to the other
searcher.
2. Once the searchers get to the end of the lane they reverse their direction and walk
back adjacent to the lane they just searched.
3. This process is continued until the entire crime scene area has been searched.
4. If one of the searchers find evidence, all searchers should stop until the evidence
is properly processed and they received additional information.

b) Grid or Double Strip Search

A combination of the strip search
and is useful for large crime
scenes, particularly outdoor
scenes.
After completing the strip search,
the searchers are doubled back,
perpendicularly across the area
they just searched. It is very time
consuming, but causes a very
methodical and thorough
examination of the area. It also has
the advantage of allowing
searchers to view and search the crime scene from two different viewpoints, thereby
increasing the possibility of uncovering evidence not previously noticed.
c) Spiral Search
This ever widening circle techniques is
conducted with the searching officer
starting at the focal point of the crime
scene or the centre of the area, working
outward by circling in a clockwise or
counter- clockwise direction to the outside
edges of the crime scene. A good pattern
for a rather confined area as in a small
room. It is also helpful to apply this pattern in layers. This can be done as follows:
• Visually search the top third of the room, as well as the ceiling.
• Search the middle third of the room including drawers and cabinets.
• Search the lower third, using the spiral technique.

d) Quadrant/Zone/Sector Search
Quadrant Search is used when the search area is
particularly large and cumbersome. This type of
search requires the crime scene to be divided into
four large quadrants (the four large quadrants can
also be sub-divided into four smaller quadrants).
Each quadrant or sector is then searched
separately as an individual unit, using the spiral,
strip and/or grid search pattern.

e) Wheel/Pie Search

The pie or wheel search is based on the establishment

of a circle surrounding the crime scene. The circle is
then divided into six quadrants in a pie-like fashion.

CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY

GENERAL METHODS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
1. Overlapping Method – A photographic method of taking a series of photographs in
a circular or clockwise direction, overlapping each other slightly to show the entire crime
scene. If a single photograph cannot show the entire crime scene, apply this method.
2. Progressive Method – A photographic method of taking a crime scene photographs
starting from a fixed point, photographing each piece of evidence as the photographer
moves toward it, and progressively gets closer. (from general to specific)
DOCUMENTATION OF THE CRIME SCENE
The investigator/photographer’s notes are his/her personal record of the search for
evidence. The objective of note taking at a crime scene is to make detailed notes that will
remain fully meaningful even months after the event. Oftentimes, a note that is completely
clear to the writer a short time after being made later becomes unintelligible.

The notes taken should begin with the investigator’s name and assignment to the case. Notes
should be supplemented by sketches and photographs of the scene. Notes should be
recorded in the order that the observations they pertain to are made, and will not
necessarily be in logical order. During the initial stage of the recording process, it is
important only that the notes are complete, as the investigator will later reorganize the
information during the writing of the formal report.

A. Essential Items of information that should be Included during Note Taking

1. Dates, times, and locations
2. Detailed Description of the Victim and his/her Clothing
3. Wounds the Victim has received
4. A General Description of the Crime Scene
5.The type of Camera and Film Used in Photographing the Crime Scene.
6. Discovery of Each Significant Item of Evidence

PROCEDURE FOR PHOTOGRAPHING THE CRIME SCENE

1. GENERAL VIEW or Long Range View
-overall view of the crime scene to include the reference point.
2. MEDIUM VIEW or Mid Range View

-showing the four angles of the crime scene including the possible entrance and exit point
of the suspect.
3. CLOSE-UP SHOT-to identify the subject.
4. EXTREME CLOSE-UP SHOT-to show the extent damage on the subject.

CRIME SCENE SKETCHING

KINDS OF SKETCH
1. Sketch of Locality – It deals with the vicinity of the crime scene in relation to the
environs, to include neighboring buildings, structures, or means of access leading to the
scene.
2. Sketch of Grounds – This is the kind of sketch which illustrates the scene of the crime
with the nearest physical surroundings, such as the room adjacent or opposite the room
of the crime scene, the number of floors of a building or house, the yard and the
other natural structures.
3. Sketch of Details – It includes the positions and exact locations of the physical
evidence in the crime scene.
4. Cross Projection (Sometimes called Exploded view or Bird’s eye view) – It also
describes the immediate scene only, specifically inside a room as the scene of the
crime.
COMPUTER-AIDED CRIME SCENE SKETCHING
Sophisticated software makes it possible for investigators to generate professional crime
scene drawings as well as reconstructions of motor vehicles accidents. Drawings can be
easily manipulated and updated and used in other programs to produce a finished report.
Some programs can rescale drawing to enlarge them for courtroom presentation.

SOME ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF SKETCH

1. Measurements = This is the element of sketch wherein measurements are shown in the
sketch to show accurate spaces and distances of relevant objects to their point of
reference.
2. Essential Items = All items in the scene must be included. Never decide outright that
some items are irrelevant.
3. Scale Of Proportion = It is the element of the finished sketch. It is the essential of
the finished sketch to the actual size or measurements at the scene.
4. Victim and Suspect identification = This includes the name of the victim. Other
identification data may be included if available such as: birthdate and birthplace.
5. Time and date = It includes the exact time of the preparation of the sketch but most
importantly the time and date of the occurrence of the crime should be recorded.

CRIME SCENE MEASUREMENT

TYPES OF MEASUREMENT:

1. Triangulation
An object is located by drawing two straight lines from two fixed points creating a
triangle; the object is in an angle formed by the line.

2. Rectangular
This method uses two walls in a room as fixed points, from which distances are measured
at right angle to the object.
3. Baseline/Coordinate Method
The baseline method also known as coordinate method, uses the principle of measuring an
object between two known points. This single reference line is called the baseline. The
baseline can be a wall or the known center of the room. The measurement of the evidence is
taken in the following manner. A starting point is decided on one of the ends of the baseline.
From that point, a measurement is made to the point that is right angle to the evidence. A
second measurement is then taken from the object to the baseline. In outdoor scenes, a
straight line is established from one fixed point to another fixed point. Using one end of
the line as a starting point, an object can be located by measuring along either side of the
baseline to the point at right angle to the object.
4. Polar Coordinate
One permanent object is chosen and with the use of a compass, the direction of the object
to be measured is determined.
5. Compass Point
A protractor is used to measure the angle between two lines. One point along a wall is
selected as the origin. An axis line drawn from the origin is the line from which the angle is
measured.
6. Grid
Starting at a known permanent reference point at the scene, a measurement of
predetermined increments is marked off horizontally and vertically. On each horizontal and
vertical increment, a line or string is laid so that the scene resembles many small squares.
When a piece of evidence is found it is recorded to the nearest increment from the
reference point. A measurement from the increment to the
evidence is taken horizontally and vertically.

EVIDENCE MANAGEMENT

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN INTRODUCING PHYSICAL EVIDENCE IN COURT

1. Proof of identity
2. Chain of Custody
3. Competency must be proven

STAGES IN THE COLLECTION, PRESERVATION, HANDLING AND DISPOSITION

OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE:
1. Collection
2. Protection
3. Preservation
4. Custody
5. Transmittal

COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE

EVIDENCE/ITEM DESIRED CONTAINER

Paper Envelope
Glass Peg (foam)
Firearm Box or board of exact size
Hair Wrap it first with filter paper before placing it in an
envelope
Dirt Wrap it first with filter paper before placing it in an
envelope
Cloth Box- Do not fold the area where there is stain. Encircle
the location of the stain using a chalk for easy
identification.
Seminal Stain If moist, drop distilled water using a dropper and use
the same to collect it, then place it in a test tube.
Blood Use a sterilized eye dropper to collect the blood and
place it in a test tube and add saline solution. At least 5
cc for laboratory examination.
Use saline solution or distilled water to prevent blood
coagulation.
SEALING OF EVIDENCE PACKAGE
The person sealing the evidence shall place his initials or individual identifier across the
seal or tape on the package.

Information on each package should minimally include:

a. Name of the agency
b. Agency Case Number
c. Item number
d. Date
e. Investigator’s identifier

Additionally, packaging of evidence should include;

a. Where the item was found
b. By whom
c. Date and time found
d. Description of item

Note: A package is considered as sealed if the contents are properly secured in place and
the seal/container is not tampered.
• Evidence which by their nature could not be marked on each surface such as blood,
hairs, fibers, are placed in the plastic container where that container is then marked.
An evidence card is used where the initials of the investigator, date and time of
collection, specific case and other information is written.

CONDUCT OF FINAL SURVEY

Guidelines:
1. This survey is a critical review of all aspects of the earlier search already
performed.
2. Discuss the search jointly with all personnel for completeness.
3. Double check documentation to detect inadvertent errors.
4. Check to ensure all evidences are accounted for before leaving the scene.
5. Ensure all equipment used in the search is gathered.
6. Make sure possible hiding places of difficult access areas have not been overlooked
in detailed search.
7. Consider this critical issue: Have you gone enough in the search for evidence,
documented all essential things, and made no assumptions which may prove to be
incorrect in the future?

RELEASE OF CRIME SCENCE

Guidelines:
1. Release is accomplished only after the completion of the final survey.
2. At minimum, documentation of release should indicate the following;
a. Time and date of release
b. To whom released
c. By whom released
 3. Ensure that appropriate inventory has been provided as necessary, considering legal
requirements, to the person to whom it is released.
4. Once the scene has been formally released, re-entry may require a warrant.
5. Only the person-in-charge has the authority to release the scene.
6. Consider the need to have certain specialist to search the scene before it is
released.

STANDARD CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION FORMS

1. CSI Form “1 ” – (First Responder’s Report Form) To be accomplished by the FR detailing
among other things, his rank, name, initial information gathered and anything that was moved
in the crime scene prior to the arrival of the investigator. Further, Form 1 should be signed
by a witness. Form 1 should always be included as part of the FR’s kit.
2. CSI Form “2”– (Request for the Conduct of SOCO) To be accomplished by the IOC and
submitted to the SOCO Team Leader at the crime scene.
3. CSI Form “3” – (Turn- over of Collected Evidence from IOC to SOCO Team) To be
accomplished by the IOC certifying that the items/physical evidence found, collected and
initially marked and inventoried by the investigator at the crime scene were properly turned-
over to SOCO Team Evidence Custodian.
4.CSI Form “4” – (SOCO Report Forms 1-4) The initial findings of the SOCO Team shall
be contained in the SOCO Report Forms 1 to 4 which shall be accomplished immediately
after completion of the SOCO. A copy of the said reports shall be provided to the IOC
within 24-hour after the release of the crime scene. The IOC may also use those forms in
the absence of a SOCO Team.
5. CSI Form “5” – (Release of Crime Scene Form) This shall be accomplished by the IOC
or the COP and witnessed by the SOCO Team Leader and conformed by the owner of the
property or representative of the local authority. A copy of the crime scene release form
shall be provided to the owner.
6.CSI Form “6” –(IOC/Investigator’s CSI Form) This shall be accomplished by the IOC
at the OSCP prior to the lifting of the security cordon.

CHAPTER 3
INVESTIGATIONS OF CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS

What are the crimes against persons? (Revised Penal Code, Criminal Law Book II)
1. Destruction of Life
• Parricide, Murder, Homicide
• Infanticide, Abortion
• Duel
2. Physical Injuries
• Mutilation
• Serious Physical Injuries
• Administering injurious substances or beverages
• Less Serious Physical Injuries
• Slight Physical Injuries and maltreatment
3. Rape
Note: The provided elements for each felony is what makes the crime. A lacking in one
element may make the act another classification of crime. The elements per felony are
detailed in the RPC, Criminal Law Book II.

DEATHS UNDER SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES:

a. Death caused during tumultuous affrays. Killer identity is unknown.
b. Deaths under exceptional circumstances as in the case of a legally married person
catching the spouse committing coitus with another person.

HOMICIDE (GENERIC) INVESTIGATION

1. PLACES OF IMPORTANCE
a. The crime scene.
b. Avenues of approach.
c. Avenues of escape.
d. Places where victim was seen immediately preceding his death.
e. Places where suspect claims he was, where he was seen prior to, during and after
the crime was committed for the purpose of checking his alibi.
f. Places where evidence can be found.
g. Other places as indicated by the peculiar circumstances of the crime.
2. TIMES OF IMPORTANCE
a. Time when fatal injury was inflicted.
b. Time of incapacitation.
c. Time of death.
d. Time body was discovered.
e. Time crime was reported.
f. Time of arrival of police at the scene.
g. Time victim was last known to be alive.
h. Time relative to victim’s movements preceding death.
i. Time relating to suspect’s movement.
j. Time relating to police activity.
3. PERSONS OF IMPORTANCE
a. Victim
b. Witnesses
c. Suspects
d. Person who reported the crime
e. Alibi witnesses
f. Persons who stand to gain by the death
g. Relatives and other sources of information
4. THINGS OF IMPORTANCE
a. Body of the deceased
b. Belongings of the deceased
c. Items of evidence should be legally obtained and carefully preserved
d. Weapons
e. Means of transportation
f. Sounds, shots, screams, arguments, or falling objects
g. Odors
BASIC OUTLINE FOR HOMICIDE INVESTIGATIONS
a. Record the time the call was received as well as the time of arrival at the scene.
b. Ascertain if victim is still alive. Record all first impressions of the scene.
c. If the victim is alive, give first aid. If victim is alive and conscious but in imminent
death, try to get a dying declaration.
d. Protect the crime scene.
e. Do not remove anything until well documented. Follow Golden Rule in CSI.
f. Do not untie knots in ropes and similar items of evidence.
g. Designate on person to pick up all the physical evidence.
h. Conduct detailed, systematic crime scene search.
i. Crime scene photography.
j. Look for physical evidences that will tend to prove the elements of the crime you are
investigating.
k. Look for unusual odors, symbols, fetishes, rituals.
l. When the body is finally moved, attention should be given to the area beneath the
body.
m. While moving the body, use a rubber sheet to prevent contaminating the crime scene
with spilled blood.
n. Conduct a careful inspection of a dead person holding a gun.
o. Note the condition and types of food at the crime scene.
p. Determine course and direction of each bullet.
q. If all slugs are not removed at the crime scene, have the body X-rayed.
r. Take photographs of all bystanders.
s. Try to;
• determine if any of the victim’s properties or money is missing
• record the color of blood stains
• determine what portion of the stain is wet
• if the blood is wet, see if a paper clip will separate the stain as it goes
through or if the blood will flow together again
• note size, dimension and location of stains
• determine direction and distance of blood drops
• enter in your notebook details of the test to determine whether the
victim is still alive. Record if the body is cool to touch, warm, etc.
• record the weather
• talk to everyone with whom the suspect has talked into
• look for weapons which could have inflicted the wound
• obtain soil samples at ten-foot intervals when appropriate
• take samples of other items for exclusionary purposes
• obtain botanical samples when necessary
• take a temperature reading of the scene.
t. If it is necessary to cut off the victim’s clothing, the cut should not be done through
bullet or knife holes. Where [possible, cut the clothing along the seams so that the
clothing can be restored to approximately its original condition
u. The spatter pattern of blood spots should be noted as it is.
 v. Be cautious. Remember that fingerprints may be present on light switches, light
bulbs, etc.
w. When fingerprinting objects, consider the principles in the lifting of fingerprints.
x. Aerial photographs of the crime scene and escape route should be taken, when
possible and practicable.

IN HANDLING THE SUSPECT;

a. If the suspect is at the crime scene, DO NOT ADVISE HIM OF HIS
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS UNLESS HE IS TO BE QUESTIONED THERE
IMMEDIATELY FOR EVIDENCE OF HIS OWN GUILT TO BE USED AGAINST HIM
IN COURT.
b. Obtain the following evidence from the suspect:
• The suspects clothing should be photographed, marked, and sent to the
laboratory.
• Any scratches on the suspect should be photographed.
• Fingernail scrapings should be obtained.
• Take blood samples from the suspect in a medically approved manner and with
proper legal jurisdiction.
• Take hair samples.
• Acquire handwriting samples when applicable.
• Have the fingerprint technician check the paper money which may have been
taken from the victim’s house for the victim’s fingerprints.
• Check the suspect’s personal effects very closely for items of evidentiary
value.
• Obtain teeth mark impressions when appropriate.
• Semen samples in rape or rape with homicide cases should be obtained
medically, not by hand.
• Consider polygraph examinations.
c. Never take a suspect or a subject to the crime scene in the clothing he was wearing
at the time he was arrested. (This includes shoes.)
d. Attempt to ascertain the following;
• Suspect’s mode of living as compared to the amount of his income
• Evidence which by their nature could not be marked on each surface such as
blood, hairs, fibers, are placed in the plastic container where that container
is then marked. An evidence card is used where the initials of the investigator,
date and time of collection, specific case and other information is written.
• Compare his behavior before the crime with his behavior after the crime.
• Make a methodical and complete check of the suspect’s alibi.

BODY AND POST PORTEM

1. Designate a member of the investigating team to secure the cadaver from the scene up
to the place where the autopsy will be conducted.
2. An investigating officer should remain at the autopsy area to prevent the embalming of
the cadaver and to prevent anyone from touching or removing any of the clothing from the
said cadaver until the medico-legal officer arrives.
3. Obtain a copy of the autopsy report.
4. Make a detailed report to the Chief of Office regarding the findings of the medico-legal
officer.

FOLLOW-UP INVESTIGATION
1. Look for possible witness/es, who may be close friends or relatives of the victim, past
pictures of the victim with anyone, or even relatives that can possibly help in the solution of
the case.
2. Methodically interview residents in the area and record the interviews by using a tape
recorder or taking notes.
3. Re-enact the crime to possibly establish what transpired at the crime scene.
4. Return to the crime scene during the time of day the crime was committed. (As we are all
creatures of habit, possible witnesses and suspects can be located through this technique).
5. Conduct case conference for regular updates.
6. Check the victim’s and the suspect’s toll calls. (Records of toll calls are usually retained
for approximately three months by the telephone companies).
7. Present photographs and crime reports to several psychiatrists to ascertain what type of
person would commit such a crime, including the motives.
8. If there is/are already witnesses, keep them separated so that they will give what they
personally observed and not just corroborate what others are saying.

COURT PRESENTATION
1. Have a diagram of the crime scene and the location of all evidence.
2. Make a list of the evidence on hand and what you hope to prove with it.
3. Be prepared to show the following:
a) Relationship existed between the victim and the suspect.
b) Indications that the suspect threatened to harm the victim.
c) Possible witnesses to the threats.
d) A photograph of the crime scene (before and after processing) can be very helpful.
e) Review everything, including testimony, with the prosecutor before trial.
f) Review with witnesses their testimony to refresh their memory.

ASPHYXIAL DEATHS
ASPHYXIA : Mechanical interference with breathing or blood supply to the brain; Also
refers to obstruction or compression of carotid arteries; Used loosely, lack of oxygen as
mechanism of death.

KINDS OF ASPHYXIA:
• Environmental suffocation
• Smothering
• Choking
• Neck compression
• Manual strangulation
• Ligature strangulation
• Hanging
• Mechanical, Traumatic or Crush asphyxia
• Chest compression
 • Abdominal compression
• Postural or positional asphyxia
• Chemical asphyxia
• Asphyxia in drowning

SEX CRIMES INVESTIGATION

SALIENT FEATURES OF SEX CRIMES:
▪ It is triggered by emotion. A person who commits a sex crime has lost control of his
emotions.
▪ Gratification of the sex drive is often accomplished in strange and disguised ways.
▪ The motivation for crimes committed by insane persons is so often obscure and so
illogical as to defy analysis.
▪ Most sex offenders have peculiarities and fall under any of the following:
a. Fetishism
b. Symbolism
c. Ritualism

SEXUAL DYSFUNTIONS/ABNORMALITIES
• Tribadism
• Bestiality
• Sex fantasy
• Gerontophilia
• Infanto sexual
• Necrophilia
• Satyriasis
• Nymphomania
• Masochism
• Sadism
• Etc

KINDS OF VIRGINITY:
• MORAL VIRGINITY- not knowing the nature of sexual activity
• PHYSICAL VIRGINITY- knowledgeable of sexual activity but never had coitus
• DEMI-VIRGINITY- woman permits sexual acts as long as hymen is not ruptured
• VIRGO INTACTA- truly virgin woman; no changes on sexual organ despite sexual
intercourses

It shall be the duty of the police officer or the examining physician, who must be of the
same gender as the offended party, to ensure that only persons expressly authorized by
the offended party shall be allowed inside the room where the investigation or medical or
physical examination is being conducted.

For this purpose, a women's desk must be established in every police precinct throughout
the country to provide a police woman to conduct investigation of complaints of women
rape victims. In the same manner, the preliminary investigation proper or inquest of women
rape victims must be assigned to female prosecutor or prosecutors after the police shall
have endorsed all the pertinent papers thereof to the same office.

WHAT ARE THE EVIDENCES NEEDED TO FILE A CASE OF RAPE?

1. Testimonial Evidence – Affidavit of complainant and witnesses.
2. Documentary Evidence – photographs, videos, police reports and other documents.
3. Object Evidence – Medical records, seminal/DNA Test, weapons used and other forensic
reports.
4. Other relevant evidence

INJURIES MAY NOT RESULT DUE TO THE FOLLOWING:

▪ Sexual act was unlikely to result in injuries
▪ Sexually experienced
▪ Natural elasticity of the post-pubertal female genitalia, including the hymen
▪ Natural elasticity of the anus
▪ Use of lubricants

GUIDELINES TO SEX CRIME INVESTIGATOR:

a. Get the facts no matter how embarrassing to those interviewed.
b. Be intensely suspicious.
c. Be extremely curious.
d. Understand all the overtones of sex offenses.
e. Possess interview skills.
f. Have the abilities to analyze and to grasp the significance of details.
g. Take all complaints seriously.

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF EVERY COMPLAINT

a. The accusation may be an excuse to cover escapades or to secure sympathy
b. Be particularly analytical of charges made by children. Children can be mean and
grudgeful.
c. Look into the possibility of blackmail.
d. Change of life, hallucinations, daydreams.
e. Martyr complex
f. Desire to be in the limelight

INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES
a. Determine patterns.
b. Everyone is a suspect.
c. Conduct investigation of all suspects by the Inner-Outer Ring method.
d. Search of persons and places
e. Interview of sex offenders

DONTS IN INTERVIEWING THE VICTIM

1. Don’t joke. It is not a situation for a joke.
2. Don’t display avid curiosity.
3. Don’t bring unnecessary people into the room.
 4. Never indicate doubt to the victim.
5. Don’t be indifferent.
6. Don’t be sexy.
7. Don’t put words into her mouth.
8. Don’t try to put false courage in your witness.

Note: Medical examination of the victim should be conducted as early as possible. Victim’s
clothes and undergarments should be collected as part of evidence. Give the victim clean
clothes to wear after medical examinations and after all injuries obtained are properly
documented.

INVESTIGATION OF KIDNAPPING FOR RANSOM CASE

Precautions
a. Avoid indication that law enforcement officers have been informed of the
kidnapping.
b. Avoid publicity of any kind.
c. Contacts by law enforcers with relatives of the victim should be done in a neutral
place.
d. Investigations should be done with utmost secrecy.
e. If investigations will endanger victim’s life, it is better to freeze all investigative
activities until the victim’s relatives hear from the kidnappers.

WHEN DEMAND FOR RANSOM IS MADE BY TELEPHONE/CELLPHONE

a. Steps should be taken to legally record all telephone conversations.
b. Make legal arrangements to trace calls made by the kidnappers.
c. Covert surveillance of all places where telephone calls were made should be
conducted.

WHAT TO DO IN KIDNAP CALL REPORTS

a. Try to signal someone to listen on another extension.
b. Keep caller on line for as long as possible.
c. Give the kidnapper a code word for later identification.
d. Ask victim’s name, where and when seized, victim’s code name, and ask to speak to
the victim.
e. After the call,record important details and tell no one about the call.

WHEN DEMAND IS IN WRITING

Carefully handle the document for possible latent print lifting. Do not fold or mutilate the
document, maintain its original form for further examination by a Questioned Document
Examiner.

WHEN CONTACT IS MADE WITH THE KIDNAPPERS

a. Instruct victim’s relatives to request the kidnappers of proof that the victim is still
alive.
b. Victim’s relatives may ask the kidnappers to reduce the amount of the ransom.
AGREEMENT re: AMOUNT, PLACE, MANNER OF DELIVERY OF RANSOM MONEY
a. Denomination and serial numbers of the bills must be recorded.
b. The designated place for the delivery should be placed under surveillance as much
as possible.
c. Strictly follow the demands of the kidnappers as to the time, place and manner of
delivery.

IF VICTIM HAS BEEN RETURNED

a. Conduct the necessary investigation for the identification and arrest of the
kidnappers.
b. At this stage, all investigative techniques likely to lead to the identification and
arrest of the kidnappers should be utilized.

EXPLOSIVES INVESTIGATION

Investigation of this nature calls for the full use of ingenuity, investigative resourcefulness
and scientific crime detection methods. Generic preliminary procedures conducted by First
Responders in Crime Scene Investigation are observed. The safety and security of people
near or within the incident location is of paramount concern. The expertise of trained
personnel from the Explosives and Ordnance Division is needed for the identification,
determination, collection, preservation and management of explosive materials.

Note: Never touch any unexploded material or suspicious material within or near the
perimeters of the incident.
For unexploded bombs or IEDs, sandbags may be used to surround but not to cover the bomb
to direct the force upward and downward rather than laterally over adjacent areas. Place
barricades over the bomb to direct the force downward thus lessening the force in other
directions.

A bomb should only be moved by personnel with trainings on bomb management as bombs may
be set off by:
a. Picking it up
b. Inverting it
c. Stepping on it
d. Opening the lid
e. Some other similar natural acts involving movement of the bomb or part of it.

CARNAPPING INVESTIGATION
How can one detect a stolen vehicle?
a. Lack of license plate number
b. Sporting improvised plate
c. The vehicle appears to be abandoned
d. Sporting a fake license plate or stickers
e. Having no sticker for the current year
f. The vehicle appears to be haphazardly painted
 g. The plate number does not correspond with the year or model of the vehicle.

GUIDELINES IN CARNAPPING INVESTIGATION

a. Check registration papers, deeds of sale and other documents
b. Request Forensic Chemistry Division to have the motor and chassis numbers and
paints examined
c. If engine and chassis numbers have not been tampered with, trace the owner from
whom the said car was stolen
d. Request the owner to present papers of ownership
e. If motor and chassis numbers have been tampered with, bring the motor vehicle to
the plant of the company which assembled the vehicle to identify the owner by secret
numbers the plant has placed in the car.
f. If the owner has been identified by this method and by going through the records in
the office of the car company, contact the owner, bring him to the office.
g. Interview the possessor as to the persons from whom he acquired the motor vehicle
recovered from him.
h. Trace this persons for questioning and investigation.
i. If suspects have been arrested, question them regarding the five W’s and one “H”
not only regarding the recovered car but also past robberies committed by them.
j. Check the records of arrested suspects.

MODERN TECHNIQUES IN INVESTIGATION

1. Crime Scene Reconstruction
2. Forensic Ballistics
3. Age Progression
4. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
5. Macro-etching/ Serial Numbers Restoration
6. Tool Marks Analysis
7. Casting and Molding
8. Tire Marks Analysis
9. Etc

“The more science there is in forensic science, the more justice is served.”
The Course Facilitator encourages the students to do further researches and have more
readings related to the subject to learn more; knowledge is not to be limited by a provided
lecture note/handout.