Aci PRC 211 1 2022 PDF

Inch-Pound Units
International System of Units
Selecting Proportions
for Normal-Density and
High-Density Concrete
Guide
Reported by ACI Committee 211
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First Printing
American Concrete Institute July 2022
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ISBN: 978-1-64195-186-9
Selecting Proportions for Normal-Density and High-Density Concrete-Guide
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ACI PRC-211.1-22
Selecting Proportions for Normal-Density and

High-Density Concrete-Guide
Reported by ACI Committee 211
Ezgi Wilson, Chair Michael A. Whisonant, Secretary
Kamran Amini John F. Cook David L. Hollingsworth Allyn C. Luke

William L. B arringer Kirk K. Deadrick TarifM. Jaber Kevin A. MacDonald
Katie J. Bartojay Bernard J. Eckholdt III Robert S. Jenkins Ed T. McGuire
Muhammed P. A. Basheer Joshua J. Edwards Joe Kelley Karthik H. Obla
James C. Blankenship Timothy S. Folks Gary F. Knight H. Celik Ozyildirim
Casimir J. Bognacki David W. Fowler Eric P. Koehler James S. Pierce
Peter Bohme Brett A. Harris Frank A. Kozeliski Steven A. Ragan
Anthony J. Candiloro G. Terry Harris Robert C. Lewis G. Michael Robinson
Ramon L. Carrasquillo T. J. Harris Tyler Ley James M. Shilstone
Bryan R. Castles Lance S. Heiliger John J. Luciano Lawrence L. Sutter
Teck L. Chua Richard D. Hill Dannawan Ludirdja
Consulting Members
Donald E. Dixon Royce J. Rhoads Woodward L. Vogt

Said lravani John P. Ries
James N. Lingscheit Ava Shypula
This guide to concrete proportioning provides background infor CONTENTS

mation on, and a procedure for, selecting and adjusting concrete
mixture proportions. It applies to normal-density concrete, both CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 2
with and without chemical admixtures, supplementary cementitious
1 . 1-Historical background, p. 2
materials, or both. The procedure uses calculations based on the
1 .2-Introduction, p. 2
absolute volumes occupied by the mixture constituents. The proce
1 .3-Scope, p. 3
dure incorporates consideration of requirements for aggregate
gradation, workability, strength, and durability. Example calcula
tions are provided, including adjustments based on the results of CHAPTER 2-NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p. 3
the first trial batch. Appendixes cover laboratory tests and propor 2 . 1 -Notation, p. 3
tioning of high-density concretes. 2.2-Definitions, p. 4
Keywords: absolute volume; admixtures; air content; durability; mixture

CHAPTER 3-CONCRETE PROPERTIES, p. 4
proportioning; supplementary cementitious materials; trial batching; water
3 . 1-Water-cementitious materials ratio (w!cm), p. 4
cementitious materials ratio (w/cm); workability; yield.
3 .2-Workability, p. 4
3 .3-Consistency, p. 4
ACI Committee Reports and Guides are intended for 3 .4-Strength, p. 4
guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting 3 .5-Durability, p. 5
construction. This document is intended for the use of indi
3 .6-Density, p. 5
viduals who are competent to evaluate the significance and
limitations of its content and recommendations and who will
3 .7-Generation of heat, p. 5
accept responsibility for the application of the material it 3 .8-Permeability, p. 5
contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and
all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall
not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom. AC! PRC-2 1 1 . 1 -22 supersedes AC! 2 1 1 . 1-9 1 (09) and was adopted and published
July 2022.
Reference to this document shall not be made in contract
Copyright © 2022, American Concrete Institute.
documents. If items found in this document are desired by
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2 SELECTING PROPORTIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND HIGH-DENSITY CONCRETE-GUIDE (ACI PRC-211.1-22)
3 .9-Shrinkage, p. 5 A. 7-Mixtures for small jobs, p. 32

3 . I O-Modulus of elasticity, p. 5
APPENDIX B-HIGH-DENSITY CONCRETE
CHAPTER 4-BACKGROUND INFORMATION, p. 6 MIXTURE PROPORTIONING, p. 33
4 . 1 -Trial batching, p. 6 B . 1 -General, p. 3 3
4.2-Slump, p. 6 B.2-Aggregate selection, p. 33
4.3-Aggregates, p. 6 B.3-Adjustment in anticipation of drying, p. 33
4.4-Water, p. 7 B.4-Adjustment for entrained air , p. 33
4.5-Chemical admixtures, p. 7 B.5-Handling of high-density aggregates, p. 33
4.6-Air, p. 7 B.6-Preplaced aggregate , p. 33
4.7-Water-cementitious materials ratio (wlcm), p. 8
CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE
CHAPTER 5-PROPORTION SELECTION
PROCEDURE, p. 13 1.1-Historical background
5. 1 -Background, p. 14 The ability to tailor concrete properties in accordance
5.2-Selection process, p. 1 4 with project requirements reflects technological develop
5.3-Estimation of batch weights, p. 1 4 ments that have taken place, for the most part, since the early
1 900s. The use of the water-cement ratio (w/c)-one of the
CHAPTER 6-EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL key parameters of mixture proportioning-as a tool for esti
A DMIXTURES, p. 17 mating strength was recognized in approximately 1 9 1 8. In
6. 1-Background, p. 1 7 the early 1 940s, improvements in durability were achieved
6.2-Air-entraining admixtures, p . 1 8 with the use of air entrainment. These major developments
6.3-Water-reducing admixtures, p . 1 8 in concrete technology were augmented by the develop
ment of chemical admixtures to achieve special properties,
CHAPTER 7-EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTA RY counteract possible deficiencies, and improve cost effec
CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS, p. 19 tiveness (ACI 2 1 2.3R). The first water-reducing admixture
7. 1-Background, p. 1 9 was developed in the 1 920s and was patented in Europe
7.2-Pozzolanic versus cementitious, p . 1 9 in 1 932, and then in the United States in 1 939. Slowly,
7.3-Types o f supplementary cementitious materials, p. water-reducing admixtures came into widespread use in the
19 1 970s and played a major role in improving workability,
7.4-Mixture proportioning with supplementary cementi thereby adjusting mixture proportions. Around this time, it
tious materials, p. 20 was also found that some concrete characteristics could be
7.5-Temary systems, p. 2 1 improved with the addition of certain industrial by-products,
7.6-Impact of SCMs on sustainability, p . 2 1 now called supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs).
The use of these materials has not only improved various
CHAPTER 8-TRIAL BATCHING, p . 21 concrete properties, but also played a major role in contrib
uting to environmental sustainability. With the implementa
CHAPTER 9-SAMPLE COMPUTATIONS, p. 21 tion of these technological developments, in current prac
9. 1 -Background, p. 2 1 tice, most commercially produced concrete contains some
9.2-Example 1 : Mixture proportioning using portland type of chemical admixtures, SCM, or both, and their pres
cement only, p. 22 ence needs to be considered while mixture proportioning.
9.3-Example 2: Mixture proportioning of binary mixture
containing fly ash, p. 24 1.2-lntroduction
9.4-Example 3: Mixture proportioning using cementi Concrete is composed principally of aggregates, a port
tious efficiency factor, p. 26 land or blended cement, and water, and may contain SCMs,
9.5-Example 4: Mixture proportioning using target paste chemical admixtures, or both. It will contain some amount
volume, p. 27 of entrapped air and may also contain purposely entrained
air created with the use of an admixture or air-entraining
CHAPTER 10-REFERENCES, p. 28 cement. Chemical admixtures are frequently used to accel
Authored documents, p. 29 erate or retard the time of setting, improve workability, or
reduce water requirements (ACI 2 1 2.3R). Their use may
APPENDIX A-LABORATORY TESTS, p. 29 affect strength and other concrete properties. Depending
A. I-Need for laboratory testing, p. 29 on the type and amount, certain SCMs such as fly ash
A.2-Prequalification of materials, p. 30 (ACI 232.2R), natural pozzolans, slag cement (ACI 233R),
A.3-Properties of cementitious materials, p. 30 and silica fume (ACI 234R) may be used in conjunction
A.4-Properties of aggregates, p. 30 with portland or blended cement. They are added to provide
A.5-Trial batch series, p. 3 1 specific properties such as higher strength, decreased perme
A.6-Test methods, p . 3 1 ability, resistance to the intrusion of aggressive solutions,
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SELECTING PROPORTIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY AND HIGH-DENSITY CONCRETE-GUIDE (ACI PRC-211.1-22) 3
increased resistance to alkali-aggregate reaction and sulfate weight aggregates), with a workability suitable for normal
attack (ACI 225R and ACI 233R), reduced heat of hydra cast-in-place construction (as distinguished from specialty
tion, reduced shrinkage, improved late-age strength devel concrete mixtures such as pervious or self-consolidating
opment, and for economic reasons. concretes). Proportioning with lightweight aggregates and
The selection of mixture proportions involves a balance recycled aggregates are other common options; however,
between economy and requirements for durability, strength, they are beyond the scope of this document. Please refer to
workability, density, and appearance. The required char ASTM C330/C330M and ACI 2 1 3 R for lightweight aggre
acteristics are determined by the intended application of gates, and ACI 555R for recycled aggregates.
concrete, and by the conditions expected to be encountered Also included are several design examples applying the
at the time of placement and beyond. These characteristics procedure to a variety of situations. For proportioning with
should be detailed in the job specifications. Some character ground limestone or other aggregate mineral filler, refer to
istics are governed by the concrete building code. A broad ACI 2 1 1 .7R.
range of characteristics ranging from high strength to self Information is provided on terms and concepts used in
consolidation and ftowable fills, from low-permeability bridge the proportioning procedure that may be unfamiliar to a
decks to pervious concrete parking lots, and many other novice user.
characteristics and applications have been made possible The procedure produces a first approximation for propor
with the use of admixtures and SCMs. tions of a concrete mixture. It is intended that the propor
The best concrete proportions are based on previous expe tions be checked by trial batches in the laboratory, field, or
rience with the materials that will be used on similar proj both, and adjusted as necessary to produce a concrete with
ects. Lacking that, numerous methods have been developed all the desired characteristics.
for proportioning concrete mixtures. Methods have been
developed ranging from arbitrary cement:sand:rock:water CHAPTER 2-NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS
proportions (that is, 1 :2:3 :0.5), empirical methods such as
workability factors (Shilstone 1 990), and methods developed 2.1-Notation
from first principles such as packing models (de Larrard and %free percentage offree moisture on an aggregate, %
Sedran 2002) and suspension methods (ACI 2 l l .6T). It %SCM percentage of supplementary cementitious
is beyond the scope of this discussion to review the back material to total cementitious by weight, %
ground and theory behind these methods or those of the rela %total percentage of total evaporable moisture
tively simple procedures of this guide. Computer programs content, %
for concrete mixture design incorporating many of these A% percentage of moisture absorption of an
theories are commercially available. aggregate, %
Frequently, existing concrete proportions are repropor Air% percentage of concrete volume occupied by
tioned to include chemical admixtures, SCMs, or a different air, %
material source. The performance of the reproportioned c cement weight, lb
concrete should again be verified by trial batches in the labo cm cementitious weight, lb
ratory or field. lc' specified compressive strength, psi
Proportions calculated by any method should always be fc,.' required average compressive strength, psi
considered provisional, subject to revision based on trial MC% percentage of moisture content of an aggre
batch results. Depending on circumstance, trial batches gate, %
may be prepared in a laboratory. With success in the lab, percentage of free moisture content of an
the trials should move on to full-size field batches with the aggregate, %
materials, means, and methods expected for the project. This m; initial weight of sample being tested for
procedure, when feasible, avoids pitfalls of assuming that moisture content, lb
data from small batches mixed in a laboratory environment moo oven-dry weight of sample, lb
will predict performance under field conditions. When using msso saturated surface-dry weight of sample, lb
maximum-size aggregates larger than 2 in., laboratory trial mw;;-ee free water weight, lb
batches should be verified and adjusted in the field using PV paste volume, ft3
mixtures of the size and type to be used during construction. Rr relative yield, %
Trial batch procedures are discussed in Chapter 8, with addi w water weight, lb
tional background and details provided in the appendixes. Wbatched batch-ready moisture-adjusted water weight,
lb
1.3-Scope total free water, lb
This guide describes a method for selecting proportions for weight of aggregate in saturated surface-dry
concrete made with hydraulic cement meeting ASTM C l 50/ condition, lb
C l 50M, C595/C595M, or C l l 57/C l l 57M with or without yield, %
other cementitious materials, chemical admixtures, or both. design target volume, ft3
This concrete consists of normal-density aggregates, high
density aggregates, or both (as distinguished from light-
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2.2-Definitions as a decimal. The abbreviation of "cm" represents cement

Please refer to the latest version of ACI Concrete Termi and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as
nology for a comprehensive list of definitions. Definitions fly ash, silica fume, and slag cement, as discussed further in
provided herein complement that resource. Chapter 7.
cement efficiency-the strength gained from each pound Differences in strength at a given w/cm may result from
of cement in a cubic yard. With units of psi/lb/yd3 , it is changes in placement or curing conditions; the maximum
computed by dividing the strength by the weight of cement size, gradation, surface texture, particle shape, strength,
for a cubic yard of concrete mixture. and stiffness of aggregates; differences in cement types or
dry-rodded unit weight-weight per unit volume of sources; air content; and the use of chemical admixtures
oven-dry aggregate compacted by rodding. It is also known that affect the cement hydration process or that develop
as "dry-rodded density." In this guide, dry-rodded density is cementitious properties themselves. Because most of these
used as the preferred term. factors are measurable, they are accounted for in the recom
finishability-the ability to level, smooth, consolidate, mendations for quantity of water. Accurate predictions of
and otherwise treat surfaces of fresh or recently placed strength and the meeting of strength targets should be based
concrete to produce a desired appearance and surface. on trial batches, or experience with the project materials
specific gravity-the ratio of weight of a volume of a and requirements.
material at a stated temperature to the weight of the same
volume of distilled water at that stated temperature (refer 3.2-Workability
to ASTM C l 25 for details). It is also known as "rela Workability is that property of freshly mixed concrete
tive density." In this guide, specific gravity is used as the that determines the ease with which it can be mixed, placed,
preferred term. consolidated, and finished to a homogeneous condition. It is
unit weight-the weight per unit volume of a material. It affected by water quantity, aggregate grading, particle shape,
is also known as "density." In this guide, density is used as and proportions of aggregate, as well as by the amounts and
the preferred term. qualities of cement and other cementitious materials, chem
weight-the amount or quantity of heaviness. It is also ical admixtures, amount of entrained air, and the consistency
known as "mass." In this guide, weight is used as the of the mixture.
preferred term.
3.3-Consistency
CHAPTER 3-CONCRETE PROPERTIES Consistency is the degree to which a freshly mixed concrete
The selection of concrete proportions involves matching resists deformation-that is, its ability to flow. It is measured
the requirements of the project with the materials and in terms of slump (ASTM C l 43/C l 43M); the higher the
methods available. In this chapter, some of the commonly slump, the more mobile the mixture will be. This ability to
encountered properties that go into specifying, designing, flow affects the ease with which the concrete can be placed.
and proportioning concrete will be discussed. Concrete In properly proportioned concrete, the unit water content
properties describe the way concrete behaves while being required to produce a given slump will depend on several
mixed, placed, cured, or in use. factors. The water requirement increases as aggregates
Concrete proportions usually consider workability, become more angular and rough-textured (but this disadvan
strength, and durability needed for the specific applica tage may be offset by improvements in other characteristics
tion. Other properties may need to be considered to ensure such as bond to cement paste). The required mixing water
meeting the expectations of the installed materials. These decreases as the maximum size of well-graded aggregate is
properties include pumpability, finishability, bleeding, increased, or the level of air entrainment increases. Mixing
density, heat generation, and permeability. For concrete water requirements usually are reduced by water-reducing
slabs, mortar content and admixtures used can significantly admixtures (ACI 2 1 2.3R). Slump characteristics are used
affect finishing and set characteristics of the concrete mate for developing special concretes such as self-consolidating
rials. A project can impose the need for a particular property concrete (ACI 237R), or other applications needing close
such as rapid strength gain, modulus of elasticity, filling of control of workability (ACI 238. I R).
a steel-congested space, color, and architectural finish. For
some of these properties, well-established relationships are 3.4-Strength
known. For others, the relationship between the specific Conventionally, the average of two 6 x 1 2 in. or three
property and the mixture design can generally be described, 4 x 8 in. cylinders fabricated, cured, and tested at the age
with the details worked out through trial batches. of 28 days is the value accepted as concrete's compressive
strength (ASTM C39/C39M). It is used as a controlling value
3.1-Water-cementitious materials ratio (w/cm) for structural design, concrete proportioning, and evaluation
It has long been known (Abrams 1 9 1 8) that for a given set of concrete. Concrete is commonly specified with compres
of materials and conditions, concrete strength and durability sive strengths from 2500 psi to greater than 1 0,000 psi. The
are directly related to the w/cm. This is the ratio of the weight variable nature of its constituents, the effects of the place
of water, excluding that absorbed by the aggregate, divided ment, and curing environment all affect concrete strength.
by the weight of cementitious materials in a mixture, stated Strength is affected by variations in mixture constituents,
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production processes, and curing conditions, and can be differential can lead to unacceptable cracks. Temperature
expected to vary an allowable amount around a central control measures including a thermal differential of 35°F
mean value (ACI 2 1 4R). For instance, some highway pave ( 1 9 .4 °C) or less should be considered to reduce the potential
ment mixtures require reaching target strength in 6 hours, for such thermally induced cracking. Concrete placements,
accomplished with high cementitious contents and multiple particularly when the minimum cross-sectional dimensions
admixtures. In mass and high-strength concretes (8000 psi), of a solid concrete member approach or exceed 2 to 3 ft, or
mixtures are often proportioned to provide the design when low w/cm are being used, may require that measures
strength at an age greater than 28 days. However, such be taken to control the generation of heat. It is possible for
concrete may require a minimum early-age strength, such as concrete temperature to exceed 1 60°F (70°C), and if the
3 days, to provide for adequate early strength for operations temperature rise of the concrete is not minimized, and the
such as form removal, form anchorage, or prestressing. The heat is not dissipated at a reasonable rate, or ifthe concrete is
choice of strength or w/cm can be affected by early-strength subjected to a severe temperature differential (35°F [ 1 9.4°C]
or durability requirements. or more) or thermal gradient, cracking is likely to occur. Such
cracking occurs at the surface of the concrete, typically first
3.5-Durability at the center of the large surfaces for concrete where restraint
Concrete is expected to have a long service life, is primarily internal (refer to ACI 207 . l R Section 4.3 .5).
and therefore durability is part of the specification for Temperature control measures can include a relatively low
concrete construction (ACI 3 0 1 ), and concrete building initial placement temperature, replacement of cement with
codes (ACI 3 1 8) (refer to ACI 2 0 1 .2R for further details). SCM, reduced quantities of cementitious materials, use of
Although meeting the specified compressive strength is an chemical admixtures, or circulation of chilled water. In some
essential and important characteristic of concrete, dura situations, insulation of concrete surfaces may be required to
bility considerations may require a lower w!cm, resulting adjust for these various concrete conditions and exposures.
in strength greater than specified. A low w/cm will prolong It should be emphasized that mass concrete is not necessarily
the life of concrete by reducing permeability. Resistance to large-aggregate concrete and that concern about generation
weathering, particularly freezing and thawing, and to salts of an excessive amount of heat in concrete is not confined to
used for ice removal is greatly improved by incorporation massive dam or foundation structures.
of an entrained air system. Entrained air is used in exterior
concrete where freezing occurs (ACI 20 1 .2R). The durability 3.8-Permeability
of concrete exposed to seawater or sulfate-bearing soils can Low permeability is an important factor for the produc
be enhanced with the use of sulfate-resisting cement, slag tion of durable concrete by minimizing ingress of harmful
cement, silica fume, or other SCMs. In some areas, aggre chemicals, which is often accomplished by the addition of
gates should be checked for alkali-aggregate reactivity an SCM or using low w/cm. Chemical admixtures can also
(AAR). IfAAR is detected, mitigating steps should be taken. be used if low permeability is required (refer to ACI 2 1 2.3R
Refer to ACI 20 1 .2R, ACI 22 1 . l R, and ASTM C l 778 for for permeability-reducing admixtures). This is of particular
more information on the mitigation of AAR. interest concerning highway bridges needing to prevent
chloride intrusion that ultimately corrodes the reinforcing
3.6-Density steel. At the other end of the permeability scale, pervious
For certain applications, concrete may be needed primarily concrete is used in areas where it is desirable to have water
for its density. Normal-density concrete is approximately pass through the concrete for hydrological, environmental,
140 to 1 50 lb/ft3 (with or without air entrainment). High or sustainability reasons. This is managed by the use of
density concrete is often used for counterweights on lift little or no fines with the help of chemical admixtures.
bridges, weights for sinking oil pipelines, a shield from radi Refer to ACI 522. 1 for additional information regarding
ation, and insulation from sound. Some applications of low pervious concrete.
density concrete are some bridge decks and elevated floors.
By using special aggregates, densities as high as 350 lb/ft3 3.9-Shrinkage
and as low as 50 lb/ft3 can be obtained. Reducing shrinkage is critical to mm1m1zmg concrete
cracking. Methods for reducing shrinkage include the reduc
3.7-Generation of heat tion of paste content, usage of shrinkage-reducing admix
The hydration of cement generates heat (refer to tures, usage of shrinkage-compensating concrete, adequate
ACI 207. l R and ACI 30 1 Section 8. 1 .3 for more informa curing, and control of water content (refer to ACI 209R
tion). Therefore, in many large structural elements where a and ACI 224R for further information). ACI 223R provides
high volume of concrete is placed, heat generation should information on shrinkage-compensating concrete.
be considered. A major concern in proportioning mass
concrete, or for any concrete element of sufficient size and 3.10-Modulus of elasticity
shape, is the accumulation of excessive heat and consequent The modulus of elasticity is sometimes of concern in appli
expansion of volume. There can be a high thermal differ cations where deflections are considered, such as bridges,
ential between the core and the relatively cool surface of floors, and the sway of tall buildings.
the concrete element. The stresses induced by the thermal
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CHAPTER 4-BACKGROUND INFORMATION Large nominal maximum sizes of well-graded aggre

gates have fewer voids than smaller sizes. Hence, concretes
4.1-Trial batching with the larger-sized aggregates require less mortar per unit
Trial batching is a process that demonstrates that a volume of concrete. Generally, the nominal maximum size
concrete mixture with required properties can be produced of aggregate should be the largest that is economically avail
with a given set of materials and tools by mixture propor able and consistent with dimensions of the structure. In no
tioners. Shortcomings identified in the trial batches are case should the nominal maximum size exceed 1 /5 of the
addressed through mixture design modifications to move narrowest dimension between sides of forms; 1/3 the depth
closer to the desired properties. The process continues until of slabs; or 3/4 of the minimum clear spacing between
all the requirements are satisfied. individual reinforcing bars, bundles of bars, or preten
sioning strands (refer to ACI 3 1 8 Section 26.4.2. l (a)(5)).
4.2-Slump These limitations are sometimes waived if workability and
Slump is the measure of consistency of freshly mixed methods of consolidation are such that the concrete can be
concrete, mortar, or stucco equal to the subsidence measured placed without honeycombing or voids. In areas congested
to the nearest 1 /4 in. of the specimen immediately after with reinforcing steel, post-tensioned ducts, or conduits,
removal of the slump cone (refer to ASTM C l 43/C 143M for the proportioner should select a nominal maximum size of
further information). The quantity of water per unit volume aggregate so concrete can be placed without excessive segre
of concrete required to produce a given slump is dependent gation, pockets, or voids. When high-strength concrete is
on the nominal maximum size, particle shape, and grading desired, best results may be obtained with reduced nominal
of the aggregates; the concrete temperature; the amount of maximum sizes of aggregate because these produce higher
entrained air; and use of chemical admixtures. Slump is not strengths at a given w!cm (ACI 363R; ACI 2 1 l .4R).
greatly affected by the quantity of cement or cementitious 4.3.3 Large aggregate sizes-In general, the largest aggre
materials within normal use levels. Depending on aggregate gate size practical for the specific job should be used. Some
texture and shape, mixing-water requirements may be some special considerations are needed when using these larger
what above or below the tabulated values, but they are suffi sizes (above 1 in.).
ciently accurate for the first estimate. The differences in water Less mortar per unit volume of concrete requires a
demand are not necessarily reflected in strength because reduction when proportioning water, cement, and sand for
other compensating factors may be involved. A rounded and a given mixture. Because there is less paste and generally
an angular coarse aggregate, both well and similarly graded lower slumps ( 1 to 2 in.), admixture dosages can be signifi
and of high quality, can be expected to produce concrete of cantly different to obtain the same results as a mixture with
approximately the same compressive strength for the same smaller aggregates. Air-entraining admixtures may require
cement factor despite differences in water-cement ratio (w/c) greater dosages.
or w!cm, resulting from the different mixing-water require Entrained air may be proportioned into the mixture to
ments. Particle shape is not necessarily an indicator that increase workability. When using large aggregate with low
an aggregate will be either above or below in its strength cement factors, air entrainment is not necessarily detrimental
producing capacity. Mixtures of the stiffest consistency that to strength. In most cases, the mixing-water requirement is
can be placed efficiently should be used. reduced sufficiently to improve the w!c and to thus compen
The slump values for concrete containing aggregate larger sate for the strength-reducing effect of air entrainment. For
than 1 - 1 12 in. are based on slump tests made after removal of concretes with large nominal maximum sizes of aggregate,
particles larger than 1 - 1/2 in. by wet screening. air contents recommended for extreme exposure should be
considered even though there may be little or no exposure to
4.3-Aggregates moisture or freezing.
4.3.1 Well-graded-A well-graded aggregate has a For some applications, aggregate sizes over 6 in. are avail
particle-size distribution that produces maximum density able. In the United States, projects using large aggregate
that is, minimum void space. Such an aggregate minimizes sizes have been typically proportioned and placed using 3 in.
the required paste needed to fill the aggregate voids (refer nominal maximum size aggregate.
to ACI 2 l l .6T for details on optimal grading and packing 4.3.4 Bulk volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume
density). The aggregate combinations for this guide are The volume of loose stone compacted to specifications of
assumed to be well-graded and meet ASTM C33/C3 3M ASTM C29/C29M that will be taken up in the unit volume
qualities or regionally available aggregates accepted by the of the concrete mixture.
local state agencies. 4.3.5 Fineness modulus-Used with the maximum aggre
4.3.2 Nominal maximum aggregate size Used for the
- gate size, the fineness modulus is used to estimate the bulk
estimation of the initial water content, the nominal maximum volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume ofconcrete. This
aggregate size is needed in conjunction with the slump. value results from an ASTM C 1 36/C l 36M sieve analysis. It
This is because, generally, the larger an aggregate is, the is a factor obtained by progressively adding the cumulative
less water is needed to mobilize it. The nominal maximum sums of the percentages retained on specified sieves, then
aggregate size is the smallest sieve opening through which dividing that sum by 1 00. The sieves, halving in opening
the entire amount of the aggregate is permitted to pass. size, are 6 in. ( 1 50 mm), 3 in. (75 mm), 1 - 1/2 in. (37.5 mm),
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3/4 in. ( 1 9 mm), 3/8 in. (9.5 mm), No. 4 (4.75 mm), No. 8 4.6-Air
(2.36 mm), No. 1 6 ( 1 . 1 8 mm), No. 30 (600 mm), No. 50 The volume of air needs to be known because it is
(300 mm), and No. 1 00 ( 1 50 mm). It is an estimate of the included in the sum of the volumes of the known ingredients
position in the sieve stack where the average size particle is when applying the absolute volume method to determine
located. In other words, it is a measure of the average particle the volume of fine aggregate. Air in concrete appears in two
size that affects the way the voids between the coarse aggre forms: entrapped and entrained. Entrapped air bubbles are
gate particles are filled. generally larger than entrained ones and irregularly shaped
4.3.6 Dry-rodded density-Used for determination of the and dispersed. Entrained bubbles are generally smaller than
weight of coarse aggregate after the bulk volume has been 0. 1 mm and are round under microscopic examination. The
calculated, it is the weight per unit volume of oven-dry distribution of the bubbles measured by the spacing factor
aggregate compacted by rodding as defined in ASTM C29/ is as important as the size. Entrained air is introduced into
C29M. concrete to enhance the concrete's freezing-and-thawing
4.3.7 Saturated surface-dry relative density (specific resistance. It is produced with the addition to the concrete
gravity)-Used for determining the absolute volume of mixture of air-entraining admixtures.
coarse aggregate, and used to determine the weight of the 4.6.1 Entrapped air-Entrapped air is the air voids in
fine aggregate, it is the ratio of the weight of a volume of a concrete that are not purposely entrained. They are larger,
material (including the weight of water within the voids, but irregular in shape, less useful than those of entrained air, and
not including the voids between particles) at a stated temper 0.04 in. ( 1 mm) or larger in size. Entrapped air is seen against
ature to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at the sides of the form and in broken concrete as visible voids
a stated temperature. Saturated surface-dry (SSD) specific under aggregate particles.
gravities are measured using the procedures of ASTM C l 27 Table 5.3.3 approximates the amount of entrapped air to
and C l 28 for coarse and fine aggregates, respectively. be expected in non-air-entrained concrete in the table.
4.6.2 Entrainedair-Entrained air takes the form of micro
4.4-Water scopic air bubbles intentionally incorporated in a cementi
Water used in m1xmg concrete should conform to tious paste during mixing, usually by use of a surface-active
ASTM C l 602/C l 602M. ASTM C l 602/C l 602M allows the agent. The air bubbles are typically between 0.0004 and
use of potable water without testing and includes methods 0.04 in. ( 1 0 and 1 000 µm) in diameter and spherical or nearly
for qualifying nonpotable sources of water with consider so. As important as the size of the bubbles is their dispersion
ation of effects on setting time and strength. Testing frequen throughout the cement paste. Some water-reducing admix
cies are established to ensure continued monitoring of water tures will unintentionally entrain air.
quality. The standard includes optional limits for chlorides, Table 5 .3 .3 indicates the approximate amount of entrapped
sulfates, alkalis, and solids in mixing water that can be air to be expected in non-air-entrained concrete and shows the
invoked when appropriate. recommended average air content for air-entrained concrete.
If air entrainment is needed or desired, the required total air
4.5-Chemical admixtures content levels are given for each aggregate size, depending
Chemical admixtures are used to modify the properties of on the purpose of the entrained air and the severity of expo
concrete to make it more workable, durable, or economical; sure if entrained air is needed for durability.
increase or decrease the time of set; accelerate strength gain; The use of normal amounts of air entrainment in concrete
or control temperature gain. Chemical admixtures should be with a specified strength of approximately 5000 psi may not
used only after an appropriate evaluation has been conducted be possible because each added percent of air lowers the
to show that the desired effects have been accomplished in maximum strength obtainable with a given combination of
the concrete under the conditions of intended use. Water materials. In these cases, the exposure to water, deicing salts,
reducing admixtures, set-controlling admixtures, or both, and freezing temperatures should be carefully evaluated. If
conforming to the requirements of ASTM C494/C494M, a member is not continually wet and will not be exposed to
when used singularly or in combination with other chemical deicing salts, lower air-content values, such as those given
admixtures, will significantly reduce the quantity of water in Table 5.3.3 for F 1 exposure class, are appropriate even
per unit volume of concrete. The use of some chemical though the concrete is exposed to freezing-and-thawing
admixtures, even at the same slump, will improve such qual temperatures. However, for an exposure condition where the
ities as workability, finishability, pumpability, durability, member may be saturated prior to freezing, the use of air
and compressive and flexural strength. When only used entrainment should not be sacrificed for strength. In certain
to increase slump, chemical admixtures may not improve applications, it may be found that the content of entrained
any other of the properties of the concrete. ASTM C 1 602/ air is lower than that specified, despite the use of usually
C l 602M requires liquid admixtures, used in quantities that satisfactory levels of air-entraining admixture. This happens
increase the w/cm by more than 0.0 1 , be counted as part of occasionally-for example, when very high cement contents
the mixing water. are involved. In such cases, the achievement of required
durability may be demonstrated by satisfactory results of
examination of air-void structure in the paste of the hardened
concrete (Ley et al. 20 1 2).
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When trial batches are used to establish strength rela the applicable cases, or the w/cm required to produce the
tionships or verify strength-producing capability of a required strength needs to be considered. Finally, to account
mixture, the least favorable combination of mixing water for the variability of concrete, the required average compres
and air content should be used. The air content should be sive strength, Jc,.', will dictate a particular w/cm. The w/cm
the maximum permitted or likely to occur, and the concrete selected for the design will be the lowest value selected from
should be designed to the highest permissible slump. This between those required by specification, exposure class, or
will avoid developing an over-optimistic estimate of strength required average compressive strength. The relationship
on the assumption that average, rather than extreme, condi between w/cm and strength can be evaluated through w/cm
tions will prevail in the field. If the concrete obtained in the curves that plot the strength produced by a particular set of
field has a lower slump, air content, or both, the proportions ingredients as the w/cm is changed. Without such an analysis,
of ingredients should be adjusted to maintain required yield. Table 5 . 3 .4 can be used to estimate w/cm.
For additional information on air content recommendations, 4.7.2 w/cm specified by contract-When a w/cm is speci
refer to ACI 20 1 .2R, 3 0 1 , and 302. l R. fied by contract, it should be compared to those needed for
4.6.3 Effect on strength-For normal concrete, the addi durability and strength. If another consideration produces
tion of each additional percentage point of air will reduce a lower w/cm, the specification is considered to have
the strength of the concrete approximately 5% (Yurdakul been exceeded.
et al. 20 14). 4.7.3 w/cm neededfor durability-The required w/cm and
strength for durability is dependent on the exposure.
4.7-Water-cementitious materials ratio (w/cm) ACI 3 1 8 Chapter 1 9 requires consideration of exposure to
The water-cementitious materials ratio (w/cm) is the the following four categories: sulfate exposure (S), freezing
major parameter controlling concrete strength. For a given and-thawing exposure (F), exposure when in contact with
mixture of concrete materials, a specific w/cm produces a water (W), and exposure to corrosion (C). ACI 30 I Chapter 4
unique strength. For the same mixture, achieving a specified also adopts these four exposure categories described in
strength requires a particular w/cm. ACI 3 1 8 Chapter 1 9.
Although it is primarily a determinant of concrete Table 4.7.3a shows the requirements for Exposure Cate
strength, w/cm affects other important properties such as gory S for sulfate exposure.
density, elastic modulus, durability, shrinkage and cracking, Table 4.7.3b shows the requirements for Exposure Cate
and permeability. Achieving one of these properties may call gory F for freezing-and-thawing exposure.
for a w/cm lower than one that might be dictated by strength. Table 4.7.3c shows the requirements for Exposure Cate
Once the w/cm is chosen, it is used to determine the weight gory W in contact with water.
of cementitious materials if the quantity of water is known, Table 4.7.3d shows the requirements for Exposure Cate
or vice versa. gory C for conditions requiring corrosion protection of
4.7.1 w/cm selection-The selection of w!cm is made reinforcement.
based on the strength required. However, there are several 4.7 .3.1 Freezing-and-thawing exposure-The freezing
possibilities and more than one w/cm may be indicated, and and-thawing exposure class has four categories: FO, F I ,
an orderly consideration is needed. First, w/cm may be spec F2, and F3. The FO category is not exposed to freezing
ified in contract documents. Next, the environmental condi and-thawing conditions, and Categories F l through F3 are
tions should be examined. ACI 3 1 8 Chapter 1 9 lists several exposed from a lesser to a greater extent. The air content for
exposure categories, with multiple classes, each calling for freezing-and-thawing resistance is specified in Table 4. 7 .3. l .
a particular strength and w/cm. The lowest w!cm for any of
Table 4.7.3a-Requirements for concrete by Exposure Category S for sulfate exposure (ACI 301-20
Table 4.2.2.G(b))
Maximum Required cementitious materialst-types Calcium chloride
Exposure class w/cm * Minimum.fc', psi ASTM C l SO/C l SOM ASTM C595/C595M ASTM C l l 57/C 1 1 57M admixture
so NA 2500 NA NA NA No restriction
SI 0.50 4000 III§ Types with (MS) designation MS No restriction
S2 0.45 4500 y§ Types with (HS) designation HS Not permitted
V plus pozzolan or Types with (HS) designation HS plus pozzolan or
Option I 0.45 4500 Not permitted
S3 slag cementll plus pozzolan or slag cementll slag cementll
Option 2 0.40 5000 yt' Types with (HS) designation HS Not permitted
'The maximum wlcm limits do not apply to lightweight concrete.
tAlternative combinations of cementitious materials of those listed in this table are acceptable if tested for sulfate resistance and meeting the criteria in Table 4.2.2.6(b) I .
lfor seawater exposure, other types of portland cements with tricalcium aluminate (C3A) contents up to 10% are acceptable ifthe wlcm does not exceed 0.40.
!Other available types of cement, such as Type Ill or Type I, are acceptable in Exposure Classes SI or S2 if the C3A contents are less than 8% or 5%, respectively.
llThe amount of the specific source of the pozzolan or slag cement to be used shall be at least the amount determined by test or service record to improve sulfate resistance when
used in concrete containing Type V cement. Alternatively, the amount of the specific source of the pozzolan or slag used shall not be less than the amount tested in accordance with
ASTM C I O l 2/C I O l 2M and meeting the requirements of Table 4.2.2.6(b) I .
'If Type V cement i s used as the sole cementitious material, the optional sulfate resistance requirement of0.040% maximum expansion i n ASTM C 1 50/C I 50M i s applicable.
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Table 4.7.3b-Requirements for concrete by Table 4.7.3.2-Limits on supplementary cementi

Exposure Category F for freezing-and-thawing tious materials for concrete assigned to Exposure
exposure (ACI 301-20 Table 4.2.2.6(c)) Class F3 (ACI 301-20 Table 4.2.1.1(b))
Exposure Maximum Minimum Additional Maximum % of total
.
class wlcm fc', psi Air content requirements cementitious material
.
FO NA 2500 NA Supplementary cementitious material by mass
Fl 0.55 3500 Table 4.2.2.6(c) l NA Fly ash or natural pozzolans conforming to

25
F2 0.45 4500 Table 4.2.2.6(c) l NA ASTM C6 1 8
Table Slag cement conforming to ASTM C989/

F3 0.40 5000 Table 4.2.2.6(c) l 50
4.2 . 1 . l (b) C989M
F3 Silica fume conforming to ASTM C l 240 10

Table Total o ffl y ash or natural pozzolans, slag
plain 0.45 4500 Table 4.2.2.6(c) I sot
4.2. 1 . l (b) cement, and silica fume
concrete
•The maximum wlcm limits do not apply to lightweight concrete. Total of fly ash or natural pozzolans and
35 1
silica fume
Table 4.7.3c-Requirements for Exposure Category 'Total cementitious material also includes ASTM C 1 5 0/C I 50M, C595/C595M, and
W in contact with water (ACI 301-20 Table 4.2.2.6(d)) C l 1 57/C I I 57M cement. The maximum percentages above shall include:
(a) Fly ash or natural pozzolans present in ASTM Cl 1 57/CI 1 57M or C595/C595M
Maximum Minimum Additional minimum
Type IP blended cement.
Exposure class w/cm * fc', psi requirements
(b) Slag cement present in ASTM C 1 1 57/C I I 57M or C595/C595M Type IS blended
WO NA 2500 None
cement.
WI NA 2500 4.2.2.6(a)
(c) Silica fume conforming toASTM C l 240 present in ASTM C l 1 57/C I 1 57M or
W2 0.50 4000 4.2.2.6(a) C595/C595M Type IP blended cement.
"The maximum w/cm limits do not apply to lightweight concrete.
lFJy ash or natural pozzolans and silica fume shall constitute no more than 25% and
10%, respectively, of the total mass of the cementitious materials.
Table 4.7.3d-Requirements for Exposure Cate
gory C for conditions requiring corrosion protec Table 4.7.3.3-Sulfate concentration ranges
tion of reinforcement (ACI 301-20 Table 4.2.2.6(e)) for each sulfate exposure (ACI 201.2R-16
Maximum water-soluble Table 6.1.4.1 (a))
chloride ion (Ci-) content
Sulfate exposure Water-soluble sulfate (S04) in Sulfate (S04) in
Exposure Maximum Minimum in concrete, % by mass of
class soil (% by weight) water (ppm)
.
class w/cm fc', psi cementitious materials!
SO, Negligible' 0.00 to 0. 1 0 0 to 1 50
Non-prestressed concrete
S I , Moderate! 0. 1 0 to 0.20 1 50 to 1 500
co NA 2500 1 .00
S2, Severe 0.20 to 2.00 1 500 to 1 0,000
Cl NA 2500 0.30
S3, Very severe over 2.00 over 1 0,000
C2 0.40 5000 0. 1 5
'When sulfate can be replenished by flowing water or from another exterior source,
Prestressed concrete the presence of 0 to 1 50 ppm of sulfate should be considered moderate exposure.
co NA 2500 0.06 lJfthe concrete will be exposed to sulfates, a maximum wlcm of0.50 with a
Cl NA 2500 0.06 minimum Jc' of 4000 psi is needed for moderate exposure. For the severe and very
severe exposures, a wlcm of0.45 and a minimum strength of 4500 psi are needed.
C2 0.40 5000 0.06
"The maximum w/cm limits do not apply to lightweight concrete.
4.7.3.2 When SCMs are used for Exposure Class F3,
tThe maximum cementitious materials content used in determining chloride content
shall not exceed two times the mass of portland cement.
limits on their use are listed in Table 4.7.3.2.
4.7.3.3 Sulfate exposure-Table 4.7.3 .3 lists the sulfate
Table 4.7.3.1-Total air content for concrete concentration ranges for each sulfate exposure class. Expo
exposed to cycles of freezing and thawing sure to seawater can be considered an equivalent to moderate
(ACI 301-20 Table 4.2.2.6(c)1) sulfate exposure. Sulfate concentration ranges for the sulfate
Total air content, % •t exposure classes are in Table 4.7.3.3.
:
Nominal maximum Exposure Classes When sulfate exposure is anticipated, consult ACI 20 l .2R.
aggregate size, in. F2 and F3 Exposure Class Fl 4.7.3.4 Permeability-There are also Permeability Cate
:
: 3/8 7.5 6.0 gories WO and W I for structures in constant contact with
1/2 7.0 5.5 water. In the first case, permeability is not a consideration;
:
3/4 6.0 5.0 in the second case, it is.
I 6.0 4.5
In Table 4.7.3c, concrete exposed to water where perme
: 1 - 1 12 5.5 4.5
ability is not an issue has only a requirement of 2500 psi.
2 5.0 4.0
Concrete exposed to water where permeability is an issue
i 3 4.5 3.5
such as concrete used in a water barrier element-that is, the
'Tolerance on air content as delivered shall be ± 1 .5%.
wall of a water tank-can have a maximum w/cm of 0.50
lforj;' equal to or greater than 5000 psi, it is acceptable to reduce air content by 1 .0
percentage point.
and minimum compressive strength of 4000 psi.
4.7.3.5 Corrosion protection-Finally, there is the corro
sion class with Categories CO through C2. In the CO cate
gory, the structure is dry or protected from moisture. In the

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10 SELECTING PROPORTIONS FOR NORMAL-DENSITY A N D HIGH-DENSITY CONCRETE-GUIDE (ACI PRC-211.1-22)
Table 4.7.4.1-Required average compressive Table 4.7.4.4-Required average compressive

strength fer' if data are not available to establish strength fer' if data are available to establish
standard deviation (ACI 301-20 Table 4.2.3.3(b)) a sample standard deviation, psi (ACI 301-20
Specified compressive strength Required average Table 4.2.3.3(a)1)
fc', psi compressive strengthfc,', psi fc,', psi
Less than 3000 c ' + 1 000
l fc', psi Use the larger of:
3000 to 5000 lc' + 1 200 fc,' = lc ' + I .34ks,
5000 or less
Over 5000 l . lfc' + 700
fc,' =lc' + 2.3 3ks, - 500
fc,' = lc ' + I .34ks,
Table 4.7.4.3-k-factor for increasing sample Over 5000
Jc, '= 0.90/c' + 2.33ks.,
standard deviation for number of strength tests Note: fc/ is required average compressive strength;fc' is specified concrete strength; k
considered in calculating standard deviation is factor from Table 4.2.3 .3(a)2; and s,, is standard deviation calculated in accordance
with 4.2.3.2.
(ACI 301-20 Table 4.2.3.3(a)2)
k-factor for increasing sample used. When such a relationship is available, the w/cm for the
Total number of tests considered standard deviation
required average compressive strength can be chosen.
15 1.16
4.7.4.6 w/cm by table-Approximate and relatively
20 1 .08
conservative values ofw/cm for concrete containing portland
25 1 .03
cement can be taken from Table 5.3.4. With typical mate
30 or more 1 .00
rials, the tabulated w/cm should produce 28-day strengths
Note: Linear interpolation for intermediate number of tests is acceptable.
close to those shown, based on tests of specimens cured
C 1 category, there is no exposure to external chlorides, but under standard laboratory conditions.
in Category C2 there are external chlorides. In the CO and 4.7.5 Cement-Cement should meet the requirements
C l categories, a minimum compressive strength of 2500 psi of ASTM C l 50/C l 50M-AASHTO M 85, ASTM C595/
is the only requirement. In the C2 category, where there is C595M-AASHTO M 240M/M 240, or ASTM C l l 57/
exposure to external chlorides such as deicing salts, brackish C l l 57M. Specific gravity for cement is generally assumed
water, seawater, or spray from these sources, a maximum to be 3 . 1 5 for ASTM C l 50/C l 50M; all others may be
w/cm of0.40 and minimum compressive strength of5000 psi slightly lower.
are required, as shown in Table 4.7.3d. 4.7.6 Supplementary cementitious materials Supple -
4.7.4 w/cm from required strength-Because of the vari mentary cementitious materials (SCMs) are often used in
ability of concrete, a required average compressive strength concrete in combination with portland or blended cement
Jc,.' is often required. The required average compressive for economy, reduction of heat of hydration, improved
strength should exceed the specified compressive strength workability, and improved strength or durability under the
fc' by a sufficient margin to keep the number of noncom anticipated service environment. These benefits depend on
pliant test results below 1 % (ACI 2 l 4R; ACI 3 0 1 ). Several the amount and type of SCMs used such as fly ash, natural
methods are used to determine the required average pozzolans (ASTM C6 1 8), slag cement (ASTM C989/
strength, depending on the amount of strength test data that C989M), and silica fume (ASTM C l 240).
is available. As defined in ASTM C6 1 8, pozzolans are "siliceous or
4.7.4.1 When no data are available-When no data siliceous and aluminous materials which in themselves
are available for determining the standard deviation, possess little or no cementitious value, but will, in finely
Table 4. 7.4. 1 can be used to determine the required average divided form and in the presence of moisture, chemically
compressive strength. react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to
4.7.4.2 Standard deviation s determinedfrom 30 strength form compounds possessing cementitious properties."
tests-When the standard deviation is determined from more Fly ash is the "finely divided residue that results from the
than 30 strength tests, it is used without modification. combustion of ground or powdered coal..." Fly ash used in
4.7.4.3 Standard deviation determinedfrom fewer than 30 concrete is classified into two categories: Class F, which
strength tests-When s is based on 1 5 to 29 tests, the s of has pozzolanic properties, and Class C, which, in addition
those test results is multiplied by the appropriate modifica to having pozzolanic properties, also has some cementitious
tion factor obtained from Table 4.7.4.3. properties in that this material may be self-setting when
4.7.4.4 Required average strength when standard devia mixed with water. Class C fly ash may contain lime (CaO)
tion is determined With an applicable value of the standard
- amounts higher than 1 0%. The use of fly ash in concrete is
deviation s, the equations from Table 4.7.4.4 can be used to more fully described and discussed in ACI 232.2R.
calculate fc,.'. Blast-furnace slag is a by-product of the production of pig
4.7.4.5 w/cm through water-cement ratio curves-A good iron. When this slag is rapidly quenched and ground, it will
way to design a concrete mixture is based on experience possess latent cementitious properties. After processing, the
with the materials to be used and the results achieved in the material is known as slag cement, whose hydraulic proper
past. It is highly desirable to have or to develop the rela ties vary and can be separated into grades noted in ASTM
tionship between strength and w/cm for the materials to be C989/C989M. The grade classification gives guidance on
the relative strength potential of 50% slag cement mortars to
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the reference portland cement mortar at 7 and 28 days. Slag concrete mixtures containing some HRWRA, the admixture
cement grades are 80, 1 00, and 1 20, in order of increasing dosage may be reduced by approximately 25% compared to
strength potential. When slag cement is used in concrete mixtures containing only portland cement.
with portland cement, the levels and rate of strength devel Due to differences in their specific gravities, a given
opment will depend on the properties of the slag cement, the weight of an SCM will not occupy the same volume as an
properties of the portland cement, and the relative and total equal weight of portland cement. The specific gravity of
amounts of slag cement and portland cement. blended cements will be less than that of portland cement.
Silica fume, as used in concrete, is a by-product resulting Thus, when using either blended cements or SCMs, the yield
from the reduction of high-purity quartz with coal and wood of the concrete mixture should be adjusted using the actual
chips in an electric arc furnace during the production of specific gravities of the materials used.
silicon metal or ferrosilicon alloys (ASTM C l 240). Silica Class C fly ash, normally of extremely low carbon content,
fume, which condenses from the gases escaping from the usually has little or no effect on entrained air or on the air
furnaces, has a very high content of amorphous silicon entraining admixture dosage rate. Many Class F fly ashes may
dioxide and consists of very fine spherical particles. Other require a higher dosage of air-entraining admixture to obtain
names that have been used include silica dust, condensed or specified air contents; if carbon content is high, the dosage
precompacted silica fume, and microsilica; the most appro rate may be several times that of non-fly-ash concrete. The
priate is silica fume. dosage required may also be quite variable. The entrained air
Methods for proportioning and evaluating concrete content of concrete containing high-carbon-content fly ash
mixtures containing these SCMs should be based on trial may be difficult to obtain and maintain. Other cementitious
batches using a range of ingredient proportions. By evalu materials may be treated the same as cement in determining
ating their effect on strength, water requirement, time of the proper quantity of air-entraining admixtures per cubic
set, and other important properties, the optimum amount of yard of concrete or per 1 00 lb of cementitious material used.
cementitious materials can be determined. In the absence of Concrete containing a proposed blend of cement, other
prior information and in the interest of preparing estimated cementitious materials, and admixtures should be tested to
proportions for a first trial batch or a series of trial batches in determine the time required for setting at various tempera
accordance with ASTM C 1 92/C l 92M, the following typical tures. The use of most SCMs generally slows the time-of
ranges are given based on the percentage of the ingredients setting of the concrete, and this period may be prolonged
by the total weight of SCM used in the batch for structural by higher percentages of these materials in the cementitious
concrete: blend, cold weather, and the presence of chemical admix
Class F fly ash- 1 5 to 25% tures not formulated specifically for acceleration.
Class C fly ash- 1 5 to 35% Because of the possible adverse effects on finishing
Natural pozzolans-1 0 to 20% time and consequent labor costs, in some cold climates,
Slag cement-25 to 70% the proportion of other cementitious materials in the blend
Silica fume-5 to 1 0% may have to be reduced below the optimum amount for
When using SCMs, the quantity of the materials used per strength considerations. Some Class C fly ashes may affect
cubic yard of concrete may be different from that previ setting time whereas some other cementitious materials may
ously shown. Often, certain special required properties have little effect on setting time. Any reduction in cement
such as very high strength, modulus of elasticity, or self content will reduce heat generation and normally prolong
consolidation involve using ternary or quaternary blends the setting time.
using multiple SCMs. When natural pozzolans, fly ash, slag cement, and silica
In cases where high early strengths are required, the total fume are used in concrete, a water-cement-plus-SCM ratio
weight of SCM may be greater than would be needed if port or w/cm should be considered in place of the traditional w/c
land cement were the only cementitious material. Where by weight.
high early strength is not required, higher percentages of fly 4.7.7 Absolute volume method-In this procedure, the
ash are frequently used. weights of water, air, cementitious materials, and coarse
Often, it is found that with the use of fly ash and slag aggregate are determined either through specification, expe
cement, the amount of mixing water required to obtain the rience, or charts. Once these values are known, the absolute
desired slump and workability of concrete may be lower volumes of these materials are determined using the proper
than that used in a mixture using only portland cement. specific gravities. Then those volumes are summed along
When silica fume is used, additional mixing water is usually with the volume percentage of air. That sum is subtracted
required than when using only portland cement. In calcu from the unit volume to determine the required volume
lating the amount of chemical admixtures to dispense for of fine aggregate. The volume of fine aggregate is then
a given batch of concrete, the dosage should generally be converted to its equivalent weight using the specific gravity
applied to the total amount of cementitious material. Under and the weight-volume relationship.
these conditions, the reduction in mixing water for conven 4.7.7. 1 Unit volume-The unit volume for this procedure
tional water-reducing admixtures (Types A, D, and E) should is 1 yd3 . The sum or the absolute volumes of all the concrete
be at least 5%, and for high-range water-reducing admix mixture ingredients will be the unit volume.
tures (HRWRAs), at least 1 2%. When slag cement is used in
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4.7.7.2 Absolute volume-In the case of solids, the When the oven-dry weight is known, the SSD weight can
displacement volume of particles themselves, including be found using the following equation.
their permeable and impermeable voids, but excluding space
between particles; in the case of fluids, their volume.
A more exact procedure for calculating the required
A%
msso = moo 1 + --
( ) (4.7.8.2)
amount of fine aggregate involves the use of volumes 1 00
displaced by the ingredients. The absolute volume method
presented subtracts the sum of the absolute volumes of the 4.7.8.3 Total moisture content-The moisture content
determined constituents from the unit volume to determine is the amount of moisture that can be evaporated from
the required volume of the sand from which the weight of an aggregate under controlled conditions and computed
sand is determined. The design is checked by measuring the from ASTM C566. It contains both the absorbed and the
yield with procedures of ASTM C l 3 8/C l 38M, as well as surface moisture.
testing the mixture's other required properties. The total moisture content computation is
4.7.7.3 Specific gravity-weight-volume relationship-The m; - moo
volume occupied in concrete by any ingredient is equal to its %total = x 1 00 (4.7.8.3)
moo
weight divided by the density of that material.
The specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a
4.7.8.4 Absorption-Determined through the procedures
substance to the density of water at a specified temperature
ofASTM C l 27 and C l 28, absorption is the moisture content
and pressure. The density is the weight per unit volume of
when the aggregate is dried from its SSD condition to its
a substance. The weight-volume relationship defined by
oven-dry state. At the SSD state, the aggregate has absorbed
the specific gravity of a substance is used to determine the
as much water as possible, but there is no moisture on the
volume of a known substance if the weight is known, and
surface of the particles.
vice versa. The density of a substance will be the specific
gravity multiplied by the density of water. Once the density msso - moo
A% = x 1 00 (4.7.8.4)
is known, the weight of a given volume of the substance moo
can be found by dividing the volume by the density. If the
volume is known, the weight is found by multiplying it by 4.7.8.5 Free water-Free water is the total amount of
the density. water less the water absorbed into the aggregate. This water
4.7.7.4 Theoretical air-free density-The sum of the is on the surface of the aggregate particles and is available
weights of the constituents of a concrete mixture, divided to hydrate cement.
by the sum of the absolute volumes, less the volume of air.
4.7.8 Moisture adjustments Knowing the moisture
-
%free = %total - A% (4.7.8.5)
content of aggregate stockpiles is variable, the net water
batched to the mixture typically has to be adjusted to accom 4.7.8.6 Free water weight computation when oven-dry
modate that variability. Moisture adjustments are not part of weight is known-To compute the free water, the oven-dry
the design. They are adjustments to the design weights of the weight of the aggregate is multiplied by the free moisture
aggregates and water needed to achieve the concrete mixture content to determine the weight of water needed to adjust the
design with respect to water. The weight of the design water design water content.
should be adjusted for water on the aggregates that is free
to hydrate cement. The free water is the total amount of (4.7.8.6)
water minus the absorbed water. When aggregates are below
SSD, they will absorb water so additional water will need 4.7.8.7 Free water weight computation when SSD weight
to be added to the batch water. When aggregates are above is known-When the weight is given in terms of SSD
weight, it is converted into oven-dry weight by dividing by
SSD, there is free water on the aggregate so water will be
subtracted from the batch water. (l+
A% )
4.7.8.1 Oven dry-Oven dry is the moisture condition 1 00
achieved when an aggregate is dried to constant weight. In msso
this state, the aggregate contains no moisture at all. If an
SSD weight is known, the oven-dry weight can be found
mwfree -
- (l + -
A%)
x MCo/c0free (4.7.8.7)
1 00
using the following equation.
4. 7.8.8 Conventional methodfor computation offree water
(4.7. 8 . 1 )
weight-Because typical batch tickets give the weights of
the concrete constituents in SSD terms, it is convenient
to compute the free water based on these values without
4.7.8.2 Saturated swface-dry-SSD i s the moisture condi converting to oven-dry weight. The free water is computed
tion achieved after a fully saturated aggregate is dried until as the SSD weight multiplied by the moisture content.
all the surface moisture has been evaporated.
mwfi-ee mssD x MC%fi-ee (4.7.8.8)
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This method produces an insignificant difference Table 4.7.9.3-0verall batch tolerances for yield
compared to the theoretical method for hard aggregates. It Overall batch tolerances for yield
overestimates the free water because it overstates the oven Target 1% Ry 2% Ry
dry weight slightly, resulting in a little more aggregate and a 27.27 1 .0 1 27.54 1 .02 Over yield (+)
27 ft3
little less water in the mixture than called for by the design, 26.73 0.99 26.46 0.98 Under yield (-)
usually well within the weighing tolerances for water
given by ASTM C94/C94M. Care should be exercised, 4.7.9.4 Benefit of veri.fYing yield-Typically in batching
however, when using highly absorbent aggregates at high concrete materials, the weighing out of the cementitious
moisture contents where it is possible to shift the w!c to the materials is more constant than that of the aggregates due
nearest 0.0 1 . to compensation and adjustment of free moisture on the
4.7.9 Concrete yield aggregate. Also, the cost difference of cement compared to
4.7.9.1 Yield-Yield is the volume of freshly mixed aggregate puts a focus on correct tolerance for cement. For a
concrete produced from a known quantity of ingredients: given mixture design, the cementitious content is relatively
the total weight of ingredients divided by the density of the fixed to the accuracy of the scale, from batch to batch. This
freshly mixed concrete. It is computed based on the relation relatively constant cement factor has the following effect on
ship given in ASTM C l 3 8/C 1 3 8M. Concrete is produced on changing batch yields caused by a variety of factors.
a volumetric basis, either as a cubic yard or a cubic meter, If the concrete batch under-yields (produces less than
but it is batched on a weight basis according to a mixture the desired concrete volume), the following conditions
design or mixture proportions. If the mixture proportions are may occur:
not batched or determined properly, the combined materials (a) Cementitious materials are typically weighed on a sepa
may produce either more or less than the desired volume rate scale and are fairly constant for a given batched mixture
of concrete. design. When a load of concrete is batched and found to be in
It is the sum of the weight of the ingredients batched an under-yield condition, the percent of cement per volume
divided by the fresh density, also determined by ASTM C 1 3 8/ of material is greater than that of the design, thus causing a
C l 3 8M. The result is a volume that is compared to the lower w/cm (presuming original water content with similar
volume the ingredients were supposed to produce. The target slump) and leading to higher compressive strengths, and a
yield is 1 yd3 or 27 ft3 of concrete material in most cases. more costly concrete per cubic yard.
4.7.9.2 Relative yield-Relative yield (Ry) is the ratio of (b) If the batch size is smaller than expected, but the water
the actual volume of concrete obtained ( Y) to the volume as content is not changed, the concrete mixture may have a
designed (Yd) for the batch calculated as follows higher-than-acceptable slump.
(c) The contractor will receive less concrete than requested.
(4.7.9.2) If the concrete batch over-yields (produces more than
the desired concrete volume), the following conditions
A value for Ry greater than 1 .00 indicates an excess of may occur:
concrete being produced whereas a value less than 1 .00 indi (a) As stated previously, the same amount of cement is
cates the batch to be short of its designed volume. batched and the concrete is found to be in an over-yield
Even though the concrete batching process is designed to condition. This requires the same amount of cement to cover
produce 1 yd3 (27 ft3 ), variations in batch weights, specific a larger proportion of aggregates and results in less net
gravity of materials, aggregate moisture conditions, and air cement per yard, thus lower strengths.
content will result in fluctuations in the batch volume. There (b) The larger batch will require more water for a given
is no published yield tolerance in either ASTM or ACI docu slump, which will result in a higher w/cm and lower-than
ments, but a practical tolerance can be estimated. anticipated strength.
4.7.9.3 Batch tolerances-In the field, ASTM C94/C94M (c) If the water content is not changed, the concrete
batching tolerances allow the batch weights to vary ±1 % mixture may have lower-than-requested slump.
for cementitious materials, and up to a maximum ±2% for Relative yield for trial batches should be reported in the
aggregates when weighed in individual batchers. Entrained field or lab report.
air tolerances allow for as much as ± 1 .5% of the mixture
volume. If the producer decides to monitor the overall toler CHAPTER 5-PROPORTION SELECTION
ance of the yield of the batching process, a 1 or 2% yield PROCEDURE
would give the numbers detailed in Table 4.7.9.3 . The procedure for selection of mixture proportions given
A 1 % over batch on aggregates and a 2% additional (over in this section is applicable to normal-density and high
target) air content can result in a yield of 1 .03 on some density concretes. The same basic data and procedures can
mixtures. also be used in proportioning concretes using multiple aggre
As long as the Ry is within 0.98 to 1 .02, the yield is prob gate size fractions, multiple types of cementitious materials,
ably within acceptable tolerances; however, a contractor with or both. Sample computations for these types of concrete are
a 1 000 yd3 placement might object to having to purchase an given in the examples of Chapter 9.
extra 20 yd3 above what he anticipated.
CopyrightAmerican Concrete Institute

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5.1-Background Table 5.3.1-Typical slump ranges for concrete

Selection of concrete proportions should be based on test without water-reducing admixtures for various
data or experience with the materials to be used. Where types of construction
such background is limited or not available, estimates given Typical slump
Types of construction
herein may be employed. The intent is to produce a trial
.
ranges, in.
batch, which will be tested for the required fresh and hard I to 4 Slipfonned
ened properties and modified as necessary to produce the 2 to 4 Mass concrete
required properties. The following information for available Pavements and slabs, plain footings, caissons, substruc-
2 to 5
ture walls, reinforced foundation wall, and footings
materials is useful:
3 to 5 Beams, reinforced walls, and building columns
(a) Sieve analyses of fine and coarse aggregates
Slump may be increased when mid-range or high-range water-reducing admixtures
(b) Density of coarse aggregate are used, provided that the admixture-treated concrete has the same or lower wlcm
(c) Bulk specific gravities, density at SSD conditions, and and does not exhibit segregation or excessive bleeding.
absorptions of aggregates
idate the concrete. This table is provided as guidance for
(d) Mixing-water requirements of concrete developed
a starting point for trial batches, and slump values should
from experience with available aggregates
be adjusted based on various conditions. It should not be
(e) Relationships between strength and the ratio of w/c or
applied as a specification.
w/cm for available combinations of cements, other cementi
5.3.2 Step 2: Choice of nominal maximum size of aggre
tious materials if considered, and aggregates
gate-Generally, the nominal maximum size of aggregate
(f) Specific gravities of hydraulic cement and other
should be the largest that is economically available and
cementitious materials, if used
consistent with dimensions of the structure. The nominal
Estimates from Tables 5.3.3 and 5.3 .4, respectively,
maximum size should not exceed 1 /5 of the narrowest
may be used when information from Steps (d) and (e) are
dimension between sides of forms; 1 /3 the depth of slabs;
not available.
or 3/4 of the minimum clear spacing between individual
reinforcing bars, bundles of bars, or pretensioning strands
5.2-Selection process
(ACI 3 0 1 ; ACI 3 1 8).
The selection process begins by estimating the required
5.3.3 Step 3 : Estimation ofmixing water and air content
batch weights for the concrete. The estimation involves a
The quantity of water per cubic yard of concrete required
sequence of logical, straightforward steps that, in effect, fit
to produce a given slump is dependent on the nominal
the characteristics of the available materials into a mixture
maximum size, particle shape, surface texture, and grading
suitable for the work. The job specifications may dictate
of the aggregates; the concrete temperature; the entrained
some or all of the following:
air content; and use of chemical admixtures. Slump is
(a) Maximum w/cm
not significantly affected by the quantity of cementitious
(b) Minimum cementitious materials content
materials within normal use levels. An initial estimate for
(c) Air content
the mixing-water weight can be taken from Table 5.3.3. It
(d) Slump
provides approximate mixing-water weights per cubic yard
(e) Nominal maximum size of aggregate
of concrete made with various nominal maximum sizes
(f) Strength
of aggregates, with and without air entrainment. The air
(g) Other requirements relating to required average
requirements shown are those from ACI 3 1 8 Chapter 1 9
strength, admixtures, and special types of cement, other
durability requirements.
cementitious materials, or aggregate
5.3.3.1 After determining the approximate water and
air contents, adjust the values for the applicable condi
5.3-Estimation of batch weights
tions provided in Table 5.3.3. 1 . It is recommended to with
Regardless of whether the concrete characteristics are
hold approximately 1 0% of this water initially and then
prescribed by the specifications or are left to the individual
add slowly to obtain proper slump for an initial first trial.
selecting the proportions, estimation of batch weights per
The quantity of water can be further refined depending on
cubic yard of concrete can be best accomplished in the
numerous factors such as aggregate texture and shape, the
following sequence.
type and dosage of admixtures, temperature changes, and
5.3.1 Step I: Choice of slump-If slump is not speci
other various factors as listed in Table 5 . 3 .3 . 1 .
fied, a value appropriate for the work can be selected from
5.3.3.1.1 Chemical admixtures-Chemical admixtures
Table 5.3 . 1 . The values provided in Table 5.3 . 1 apply to
are used to modify various properties of concrete. Chemical
concrete produced without a water-reducing admixture
admixtures should be used only after an appropriate evalua
(WRA). Most structural concrete includes a WRA or high
tion has been conducted to show that the desired effects can
range water-reducing admixture (refer to Chapter 6 for more
be accomplished in the particular concrete under the condi
information). The slumps shown in Table 5.3 . 1 may increase
tions of intended use. If such admixtures are used, the slump
when chemical admixtures are used, providing the admixture
can be increased, the water content can be adjusted following
treated concrete has the same or lower w/cm and does not
Table 5 . 3 . 3 . 1 , or a combination of both. ASTM C94/C94M
exhibit segregation potential and excessive bleeding. The
and ASTM C 1 602/C l 602M require the weight of the water
slump ranges shown apply when vibration is used to consol-
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Table 5.3.3-Approximate mixing water and air content for different slumps for concrete without water
reducing admixtures and nominal maximum sizes of aggregates
Water of concrete for indicated nominal maximum sizes of aggregates, lb/yd3
31
.
Slump, in. 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1 - 1 /2 21
Non-air-entrained concrete
I to 2 350 335 315 300 275 260 220
3 to 4 385 365 340 325 300 285 245
5 to 6 400 375 350 330 305 290 255
6 to 7 410 385 360 340 315 300 270
More than 71 - - - - - - -
Approximate entrapped air content in non-air-entrained concrete, % 3 2.5 2 1 .5 I 0.5 0.3

Air-entrained concrete
1 to 2 305 295 280 270 250 240 205
3 to 4 340 325 305 295 275 265 225
5 to 6 355 335 315 300 280 270 240
6 to 7 365 345 325 310 290 280 260
More than 71 - - - - - - -
Required total air, %

ACI I Exposure Class F I 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.0 3.5
318 I Exposure Classes F2 and F3 7.5 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5
'Slumps are maximum amounts for angular aggregates graded within limits of accepted specifications.
1The slump values arc based on slump tests made after removal of particles larger than 1 - 1 /2 in. by wet screening.
!Slump values of more than 7 in. are usually obtained through the use of water-reducing admixtures. When using water-reducing admixtures, follow manufacturer's
recommendations.
Note: These quantities of mixing water are for use in computing cementitious contents for trial batches at 68 to 77°F.
Table 5.3.3.1-Adjustments to estimated water maximum size of aggregate. In the lower part of the table,
content for various conditions (adapted from the required total air content for Classes F 1 , F2, and F3 spec
Bureau of Reclamation Concrete Manual, A Water ified in ACI 3 1 8 Chapter 1 9 are also provided. Initial propor
Resources Technical Publication, Chapter Ill, tioning calculations should use the air content as a percent
Section 45) of the whole. Additional recommendations for air content
Adjustments" and tolerances for air content control in the field are given in
Changed condition Water content, % ACI 3 1 8. ASTM C94/C94M also provides air content limits.
Rounded aggregate -8 The requirements in other documents may not always match
Each I % increase in air content -3 exactly; therefore, in proportioning, consideration should be
Each I % decrease in air content +3 given to selecting an air content that will meet the needs of
Water-reducing admixture (WRA) used -5 the job as well as meet the applicable specifications.
High-range water-reducing admixture (HRWRA) used -12 5.3.4 Step 4: Selection of w/cm-The required w/cm is
Each slump increase o f I in. +3 determined not only by strength requirements but also by
Each slump decrease of I in. -3 factors such as durability. Because different aggregates and
Each I 0°F increase in concrete temperature +2
cementitious materials may produce different strengths at the
Each I 0°F decrease in concrete temperature -2
same w/cm, it is desirable to have or to develop the relation
Each I 0% increase in fly ash content as cement
-3 ship between strength and w/cm for the materials to be used.
replacement, by weight
In the absence of such data, approximate and relatively
Each 1 0% decrease in fly ash content as cement
replacement, by weight
+3 conservative values for concrete containing Type I portland
Each 1 0% increase in slag cement content as cement can be taken from Table 5.3.4.
-5
cement replacement, by weight The relationship in Table 5 . 3 .4 assumes a nominal
Each I 0% decrease in slag cement content as maximum size of aggregate of approximately 3/4 to 1 in.
+5
cement replacement, by weight For a given source of aggregate, strength produced at a
Manufactured sand is used +5 given w!cm will increase as nominal maximum size of
'These adj ustments assume the user is starting at standard laboratory temperatures of aggregate decreases.
68 to 77°F with concrete having a 3 to 4 in. slump and containing reasonably well
shaped aggregates graded within limits of accepted specifications and natural sand
With typical materials, the tabulated w/cm should produce
having a fineness modulus of2.75. The symbol "+" represents the addition of water strengths close to those shown, based on 28-day tests of
whereas the symbol "-" represents the reduction in water content. specimens cured under standard laboratory conditions.
in liquid admixtures be included as part of the total mixing Codes require that the average strength selected should
water when it causes a change of the w/cm of0.01 or more. exceed the specified strength by a sufficient margin to keep
5.3.3.1.2 Air content-The section of Table 5.3.3 for the number of low tests within specific limits (ACI 2 1 4R;
non-air-entrained concrete approximates the entrapped air ACI 3 0 l ; ACI 3 1 8).
content to be expected in mixtures based on the nominal
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Table 5.3.4-Relationship between w/cm and Table 5.3.6-Bulk volume of coarse aggregate per
compressive strength of concrete unit of volume of concrete
w!cm, by weight Volume of oven-dry-rodded coarse
Compressive strength Non-air-entrained aggregate• per unit volume of concrete for
at 28 days, psi' concrete Air-entrained concrete Nominal maximum different fineness moduli of fine aggregateI
7000 0.34 <0.331 size of aggregate, in. 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00
6000 0.41 0.33 3/8 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44

5000 0.48 0.40 1/2 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53
4000 0.57 0.48 3/4 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
3000 0.68 0.59 1 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65
2000 0.82 0.74 1 - 1 /2 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69
Values are estimated average strengths for concrete containing not more than 2% air 2 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72
for non-air-entrained concrete and 6% total air content for air-entrained concrete. For 3 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76
a constant wlcm , the strength of concrete is reduced as the air content is increased.
Volumes arc based on aggregates in oven-dry-rodded condition as described in
Twenty-eight-day strength values may be conservative and may change when various
ASTM C29/C29M. These volumes are selected from empirical relationships to
cemcntitious materials are used. The rate at which the 28-day strength is developed
produce concrete with a degree of workability suitable for usual reinforced construc
may also change.
tion. For less workable concrete, such as required for concrete pavement construc
Compressive strength is based on 6 x 12 in. or 4 x 8 in. cylinders moist cured in tion, they may be increased by approximately I 0%.
accordance with ASTM C3 l/C3 IM. These are cylinders moist cured at 73.4 ± 3°F
1Refer to ASTM C 1 3 6/C 136M for calculation of fineness modulus.
prior to testing.
1Concrcte with a wlcm that is less than 0.33 may require the addition of chemical
Table 5.3.8-Design weight summary*
admixtures, supplementary cementitious materials, and higher cementitious materials
content to achieve a 28-day compressive strength of 7000 psi. Design weight
Mixing water Step 3

For exposure classes of S l through S3, F l through F3, Cementitious materials Step 5
W2, and C2, the w!cm should be kept low even though Coarse aggregate (SSD) Step 6
strength requirements may be met with a higher value. Fine aggregate (SSD) Step 7
Refer to Table 4.7.3a through Table 4.7.3d for maximum Total weight -
w!cm and minimum strength requirements. Table 4.7.3 . 1 If chemical admixtures are used, record the admixture dosage (oz/yd3). Record the
additionally provides required air contents for Exposure target air content percentage according to the provided values in Table 5.3.3 (Step 3).
Classes F 1 through F3 as a function of nominal maximum

to an equivalent SSD weight by multiplying by 1 plus the
size of aggregate.
absorption ( 1 + A).
5.3.5 Step 5: Calculation of cementitious materials
5.3.7 Step 7 : Estimation of.fine aggregate content-At the
content-The quantity of cementitious materials per unit
completion of Step 6, the weights of all the ingredients of
volume of concrete is fixed by the determinations made in
the concrete mixture have been estimated, except the weight
Steps 3 and 4. The required quantity of cementitious mate
of fine aggregate. Calculating the required quantity of fine
rials is equal to the estimated mixing-water content from
aggregate involves the use of the volumes displaced by the
Step 3 divided by the w!cm from Step 4. If, however, the
ingredients. In concrete, the volume occupied by any ingre
specification includes a separate minimum limit on cementi
dient is equal to its weight divided by the density of that
tious materials in addition to requirements for strength and
material (the latter being the product of the density of water
durability, the mixture should be based on whichever crite
and the specific gravity of the material). For this calcula
rion leads to the larger quantity of cementitious materials.
tion, the total volume displaced by the known ingredients
SCMs or chemical admixtures are often used to
mixing water, air, cementitious materials, and coarse aggre
increase workability, strength, durability, appearance, and
gate (SSD)-is subtracted from the unit volume of concrete
other factors important to the performance of concrete.
27 ft3 , to obtain the required number of cubic feet of fin�
Refer to ACI 234R, 232.2R, 233R, and 2 1 2.3R for more
aggregate needed. To complete the design, that volume of
detailed information.
sand is then converted to an SSD weight based on its SSD
5.3.6 Step 6: Estimation of coarse aggregate content
density by multiplying the volume by the specific gravity of
Aggregates of essentially the same nominal maximum size
the aggregate times the density of water.
and grading will produce concrete of satisfactory work
5.3.8 Step 8: Design weight summary-Enter the
ability when a particular volume of coarse aggregate, on an
constituent weights obtained from the previous steps into
oven-dry-rodded basis, is used per unit volume of concrete.
Table 5.3.8.
Appropriate values for this aggregate volume are given in
5.3.9 Step 9 : Trial batch-Trial batches of a proposed
Table 5.3.6.
concrete mixture are made to confirm that the combination
The bulk volume of aggregate needed for a cubic yard of
of materials will produce the required fresh and hardened
concrete, in cubic feet on an oven-dry-rodded basis, is equal
properties. The mixture design weights of Table 5.3.8 typi
to the value from Table 5.3.6 multiplied by 27. This volume
cally need adjustments to account for changes in aggregate
is converted to the dry weight of coarse aggregate by multi
moisture contents prior to batching. These adjustments are
plying the bulk volume by the oven-dry-rodded density of
to accommodate changes in stockpile conditions and are not
the coarse aggregate. The oven-dry weight is then converted
adjustments to the design of the mixture.
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Table 5.3.9.1-Batch weight summary* 1 0 lb for each 1 in. required increase or decrease in slump.
Design weight Batch weight In cases where the addition of water is undesirable, the use
Water Step 3 -
of water-reducing admixtures can be considered.
5.3.10.2 Adjustment 2-If the desired air content (for
Cementitious materials Step 5 -
air-entrained concrete) was not achieved, re-estimate the

Coarse aggregate (SSD) Step 6 -
admixture dosage for the required air content, and reduce or

Fine aggregate (SSD) Step 7 -
increase the mixing-water content of Section 5.5 . 1 by 5 lb

Total weight
for each 1 % by which the air content is to be increased or
- -
'If chemical admixtures are used, record the admixture dosage (oz/yd3). Record the
decreased from that of the previous trial batch.
target air content percentage according to the provided values in Table 5 . 3 . 3 (Step 3).
5.3.10.3 Adjustment 3-If the desired strength was not
5.3.9.1 Moisture adjustments-Typically, aggregates will achieved, w/cm-versus-strength curves can be used to adjust
have greater moisture content than their SSD condition. The the value. An example is shown in Chapter 9.
amount batched will need to be increased from the design The measured cement efficiency can also be used to adjust
weight, expressed as SSD, by the free water on the aggre the strength. Cement efficiency is the strength gained from
gate so that the correct amount of aggregate is used. It can each pound of cement in a cubic yard. With units of psi/
happen that the aggregate is so dry the amount to be weighed lb/yd3 , it is computed by dividing the trial batch strength
out needs to be decreased, with additional water added to by the weight of cement for a cubic yard of the trial batch.
bring it to SSD. The instructions that follow will work for Dividing the difference between the intended strength and
both cases. the measured strength by the cement efficiency results in the
To determine the weight of aggregate to be batched, use weight of cement to be added to a cubic yard, to increase,
the following formula for each aggregate and then enter or subtracted to decrease the strength. To keep the w!cm
these values into the batch weight summary (Table 5.3 .9. 1 ) constant, a water adjustment will be needed. The net volume
change resulting from these changes is offset by an adjust
ment to the weight of sand to keep the yield constant at one
(l + MC%)
wbatched = x wSSD (5.3.9. l ) cubic yard. An example is shown in Chapter 9.
(l + A%) 5.3.10.4 Post-adjustments-Calculate new batch weights
starting with Step 5 (Section 5.3.5) and modify the volume
The difference between the batched water and the mixing of coarse aggregate from Table 5.3.6, if necessary, to provide
water weight from the mixture proportions is the weight of proper workability.
the free water. It is subtracted from the mixing-water weight
for the weight of water to be batched. Enter this value into CHAPTER 6-EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL
Table 5.3.9. 1 . The water added to the mixture plus the free A DMIXTURES
water should equal the mixing-water weight. The total batch
weight after moisture adjustments should match the total 6.1-Background
mixture weight. Chemical admixtures are defined as liquids, or dispers
The total amount of materials will be needed to compute ible powders, used as ingredients in cementitious mixtures
the yield. The procedure is illustrated in the examples of to improve their economy, properties, or both, in the plastic
Chapter 9. or hardened state.
5.3.10 Step 1 0: Post-trial batch adjustments-The calcu This chapter will provide basic information needed for
lated mixture proportions should be checked for required proportioning of concrete mixtures incorporating chemical
performance by means of trial batches prepared and tested admixtures. Although the design method presented in this
in accordance with ASTM C l 92/C l 92M, or full-sized field guide makes only passing mention ofthis, very little commer
batches. Only sufficient water should be used to produce cial concrete is produced without chemical admixtures.
the required slump regardless of the quantity assumed Chemical admixtures are used to tailor the properties of
in selecting the trial proportions. The concrete should be concrete mixtures to meet specific performance require
checked for density and yield (ASTM C l 3 8/C 1 38M) and ments of a given project such as workability, time of setting,
for air content (ASTM C l 3 8/C l 3 8M; ASTM C l 73/C l 73M; strength, shrinkage, durability, permeability, viscosity,
ASTM C23 l /C23 1M). It should also be carefully observed rheology, color, and other properties. The type and dosage
for workability, resistance to segregation, and finishing of chemical admixtures are selected based on the desired
properties. Appropriate adjustments should be made in the performance requirements. As water-reducing admixtures
proportions for subsequent batches to correct deficiencies in (WRAs) and air-entraining admixtures (AEAs) are among
accordance with the following suggestions. the most commonly used chemical admixtures in the
5.3.10.1 Adjustment I-Re-estimate the quantity of the concrete industry, this chapter will emphasize the effects
required mixing water per cubic yard of concrete by multi of these two admixture types on mixture proportioning.
plying the net mixing-water content of the trial batch by 27 However, admixtures other than WRA and AEA such as
and dividing the product by the yield of the trial batch in set retarders, accelerators, and shrinkage-reducing admix
cubic feet. If the slump of the trial batch was not correct, tures are also used to meet various performance targets. For
increase or decrease the re-estimated quantity of water by
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further details on admixture types and their use in concrete, the mixture can also have other benefits such as lowering the
refer to ACI 2 1 2.3R. w!cm, thereby increasing the strength. Reducing water can
also improve the durability, reduce shrinkage and cracking
6.2-Air-entraining admixtures potential, and reduce permeability. The use of a WRA permits
Air-entraining admixtures (AEAs) are used to purpose a reduction in cementitious content when proportioning
fully entrain a system of finely dispersed air bubbles concrete mixtures due to the reduction in water content for a
primarily to increase the resistance against freezing-and given w!cm . WRAs can also be used to increase slump while
thawing damage where critically saturated exterior concrete maintaining the original water content of the mixture.
is exposed to repeated freezing-and-thawing cycles in cold WRAs are grouped into three general categories based
weather climates. Concrete is severely damaged when on the expected amount of water reduction, although there
enough ice forms in the capillaries because ice creates a is no standard classification indicating the amount of water
pressure greater than the tensile strength of the cement reduction associated with each category. Normal-range
paste, which disrupts the capillary walls. The addition of WRAs reduce the amount of water by a minimum of 5%.
AEAs stabilizes microscopic air bubbles (entrained air) Mid-range water-reducing admixtures (MRWRAs) reduce
during mixing. These bubbles provide a reservoir for water water content by between 5 and 1 0%. High-range water
to migrate into during freezing, thereby reducing the tensile reducing admixtures (HRWRAs) can achieve water reduc
forces created in the cement paste caused by the expansion tions of between 1 2 and 40% (Kosmatka and Wilson 20 1 6).
of freezing water in the smaller capillary void spaces. When However, the water reduction may vary (above or below)
thawing occurs, the water is forced back into the capillaries from the typical amounts listed herein. Therefore, these
by compressed air in the voids, thereby freeing the voids limits should serve only as a generic starting point that may
for use again during the next freezing cycle. However, it be useful for water adjustment in mixture proportioning.
should be noted that the air bubbles entrained by the AEA WRAs are typically used to produce slumps in the
are different than the entrapped air in concrete. Entrapped following ranges:
air voids are incorporated into the concrete during mixing. (a) Normal-range WRA: 0 to 6 in.
These are mainly irregular in shape and usually 0.04 in. (b) MRWRA: 2 to 7 in.
( 1 mm) or larger in size. Entrained air bubbles are inten (c) HRWRA: 5 to 9 in. for conventional concrete and up
tionally added into concrete to stabilize randomly distrib to 30 in. of slump flow for self-consolidating concrete (SCC)
uted microscopic air bubbles that are typically spherical or WRAs are often formulated in combination with set
nearly so, ranging in size between 0.0004 and 0.04 in. (0.0 1 retarders or accelerators. Set retarders extend the time
and 1 mm) in diameter. Due to the large size, entrapped air concrete remains plastic (workable), which is useful during
bubbles do not provide the necessary protection against the hot weather or extended transportation time. Set accelerators
cycles of freezing and thawing of the critically saturated reduce the time of setting and accelerate strength gain. This
concrete. Air-entrained voids are needed for protection and can be useful in cold weather or anytime reduced time of
can be achieved through the use of an AEA. setting or accelerated strength gain is desired.
AEAs may also be used to improve workability as ASTM C494/C494M specifies the characteristics for seven
the entrained air bubbles have a lubrication effect on the water-reducing and set-controlling admixtures as follows:
mixture. Due to the size and shape of the air voids, air ( 1 ) Type A-Water-reducing
entrained concrete typically contains up to 1 0% less water (2) Type B-Retarding
than non-air-entrained concrete of equal workability. This (3) Type C-Accelerating
reduction in the volume of mixing water as well as the (4) Type D-Water-reducing and retarding
volume of entrained and entrapped air must be considered (5) Type E-Water-reducing and accelerating
in proportioning. In addition, the increase of air content may (6) Type F-Water-reducing, high-range
cause a reduction in strength. Therefore, mixture propor (7) Type G-Water-reducing, high-range, and retarding
tioning should be done with the consideration of the target ASTM C494/C494M has one additional admixture classi-
air content's impact on strength (refer to ACI 2 1 2.3R for fication, Type S-Specific Performance Admixtures. Type S
more information). admixtures are designed to affect specific performance char
The quantity of AEA required to achieve an appropriate acteristics of the concrete without substantially impacting
level of air entrainment in concrete is variable and depends the slump, time of setting, or strength gain of the concrete.
on many mixture design characteristics. Among these are There are many cases where more than one or two different
the characteristics of aggregates, type and proportions of the types of chemical admixtures are added to concrete. When the
concrete admixtures, type and duration of mixing, consis use of multiple admixtures is anticipated, especially in chal
tency, temperature, cement fineness and chemistry, and the lenging applications, chemical admixture suppliers should
use of other cementitious materials. be consulted while still in the concrete mixture proportioning
phase. In addition, the mixture proportioning phase should
6.3-Water-reducing admixtures include a discussion on the batch water adjustment needed to
Water-reducing admixtures (WRAs) are used to reduce the account for the water in the admixtures (especially if added
amount of water required to achieve and maintain the target at high dosage rates) and their expected water-reduction
slump of freshly mixed concrete. The reduction of water in levels. The compatibility of chemical admixtures with each
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other and cementitious materials as well as the combined of commonly used SCMs based on their pozzolanic versus
effects of using multiple chemical admixtures on concrete cementitious characteristics.
performance should be assessed during the trial batching Depending on the type and amount of SCMs being used,
phase. Full-scale trial batches and mockups of structural they generally:
elements will help identify any unexpected behaviors and (a) Improve the workability of concrete and decrease the
allow for mixture adjustments. tendency to bleed and segregate
(b) Reduce pore size and the porosity of both the cement
CHAPTER 7-EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTA RY matrix and the interfacial transition zone
CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS (c) Enhance durability and service life in terms of
decreasing permeability, increasing resistance to chemical
7.1-Background attack, decreasing shrinkage, and increasing resistance to
Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are used thermal cracking and alkali-aggregate expansion
to improve performance and cost-efficiency of concrete (d) Increase early or ultimate strength
mixtures while contributing to sustainability. Many of these SCMs are added to concrete as a percentage weight basis
materials are natural materials whereas others are industrial as part of the total cementitious system, where they may be
by-products, as shown in Table 7. 1 . used as a partial replacement of hydraulic cement where
the total cementitious materials content is increased, held
7.2-Pozzolanic versus cementitious constant, or decreased depending on the performance of the
Fly ash, silica fume, slag cement, metakaolin, and SCM, in the form of a hydraulic cement. The decision on
calcined clay are some of the most commonly used SCMs. the SCMs being added as a replacement or addition to the
When blended with portland cement, SCMs contribute to the overall cementitious system as well as the selection of the
properties of concrete through hydraulic activity, pozzolanic total cementitious materials content should be made based
activity, or both (Kosmatka and Wilson 20 1 6). Hydraulic on the overall performance requirements.
activity occurs when phases in the SCM chemically react
with water, thereby forming cementitious hydration prod 7.3-Types of supplementary cementitious
ucts similar to those formed through the hydration of port materials
land cement. Pozzolanic activity occurs when siliceous or A brief summary of the impact of some of the most
aluminosiliceous material in the SCM reacts with calcium commonly used SCMs on concrete properties, along with
hydroxide (portlandite), which in tum forms calcium sili the key consideration points while proportioning mixtures
cate hydrate (C-S-H). Furthermore, pozzolans do not have containing SCMs, is provided in the following.
any cementitious properties when used alone. However, 7.3 . 1 Fly ash-Fly ash is a by-product of the combustion
when used in conjunction with portland cement, they react of ground or powdered coal. Depending on the source of the
with calcium hydroxide. Considering calcium hydroxide coal, characteristics of fly ash may vary, thereby differing
is the most soluble of the hydration products (and thus is a their influence on concrete performance. There are two types
weak link in concrete from porosity and durability perspec of fly ash that are commonly used in concrete: Class C and
tives, as opposed to C-S-H, which contributes to strength Class F fly ashes (ASTM C6 1 8 also recognizes Class N
and permeability enhancement of concrete), pozzolanic natural pozzolans). Fly ash should conform to the require
activity is highly desired. Table 7.2 shows the comparison ments of ASTM C6 l 8.
Class F fly ashes generally contain a low amount of lime
Table 7.1-Supplementary cementitious materials (usually less than 1 8% CaO), whereas it is typical for Class C
that are classified as by-products versus natural fly ashes to have higher lime contents (typically more than
products 1 8% CaO). Depending on the performance requirement, fly
By-products Natural products ash is typically used within 1 5 to 35% of the total cementi
Class C fly ash Metakaolin tious materials content (ACI 232.2R). However, higher
Class F fly ash Calcined clay and lower amounts than the typical values listed have been
Slag cement Calcined shale successfully used and can be selected depending on the
Silica fume
project requirements.
-
Rice husk ash -
Although the impact of fly ash on concrete properties

depends on the type and amount of fly ash, the following
Table 7.2-Supplementary cementitious materials statements are applicable for most mixtures. Fly ash tends
that are classified as pozzolanic versus cementitious to improve workability due to its spherical morphology that
Pozzolanic Pozzolanic + Cementitious leads to the reduction of the interparticle friction. There
Class F fly ash Class C fly ash fore, while proportioning a mixture incorporating fly ash,
Silica fume Slag cement depending on the selected amount and type offly ash, slightly
Metakaolin -
lower water content (up to 1 0%) may be needed compared
Calcined clay
to a plain concrete mixture containing portland cement only
-
Calcined shale
to achieve the same slump. Due to its slow pozzolanic reac
-
Rice husk ash -
tivity, fly ash can increase the setting time and decrease the
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heat of hydration. Considering this retarding effect, the type the permeability; hence, it is often used in mixtures where
and amount of fly ash should be carefully selected for proj exposure to deleterious substances such as chloride penetra
ects that require early time of setting or are exposed to cold tion is a concern. More information on silica fume can be
weather conditions. found in ACI 234R.
Mixtures incorporating fly ash, especially when used 7.3.4 Metakaolin-Metakaolin is a natural pozzolan
higher than 20% of the total cementitious content, can reduce that conforms to the requirements of ASTM C6 1 8 Type N.
shrinkage, thereby reducing the potential for shrinkage Metakaolin is typically used within 5 to 1 5% of the total
related cracks. Depending on the physical and chemical cementitious materials content. However, higher and
properties of fly ash, it also decreases permeability, enhances lower amounts than the typical values listed have been
durability, and may increase the ultimate strength of the successfully used and can be selected depending on the
mixtures. However, at early ages (especially up to 3 days), project requirements.
mixtures with fly ash may show lower strength gain than Metakaolin is used in applications where high strength
mixtures with portland cement only. For more information and low permeability are required. For more information on
on fly ash, refer to ACI 232.2R and 232.3R. metakaolin and other natural pozzolans, refer to ACI 232. l R.
7.3.2 Slag cement-Slag cement is a by-product of iron
production in a blast furnace. ASTM C989/C989M classifies 7.4-Mixture proportioning with supplementary
slag cement into the following three grades based on its reac cementitious materials
tivity level: 1 ) Grade 80; 2) Grade 1 00; and 3) Grade 1 20. In the design method recommended by this guide, unless
Depending on the performance requirement, slag cement is a preblended cement is being used, each SCM added is
typically used to replace 20 to 50% of the total cementitious treated as an additional mixture component with its partic
materials content. However, higher and lower amounts than ular specific gravity occupying whatever volume is dictated
the typical values listed have been successfully used and can by the quantity used (just like cement) and included in the
be selected depending on the project requirements and, in volume calculations. Pozzolans are typically referenced in
some applications, up to 80% of slag cement may be used terms of percent by weight of total cementitious materials,
(ACI 233R). although some locations reference them in terms of percent
Depending on the fineness and amount used, slag cement by volume. Where no specific reference to the contrary
may increase or decrease the water demand. Mixtures is included, the default reference should be as a percent
containing slag cement may require slightly lower water by weight.
contents (up to 5%) compared to a plain concrete mixture When proportioning concrete mixtures containing SCMs,
containing portland cement only to achieve the same the following factors should be considered while deter
slump. Slag cement typically decreases the heat of hydra mining the desired type and amount:
tion; however, it has a minor impact on the time of setting (a) Pozzolanic reactivity of the SCM and its effect on
depending on the amount and ambient temperature. It concrete strength at both early and later ages
enhances durability and ultimate strength. For more infor (b) Impact on the setting time and retardation
mation on slag cement, refer to ACI 233R. (c) Effect on the water demand needed for the desired
7.3.3 Silica fume-Silica fume is the by-product of workability and placeability
the production of elemental silicon or alloys containing (d) Specific gravity of the SCM and its effect on the
silicon. Silica fume should conform to the requirements volume of concrete produced in the batch
of ASTM C l 240. Depending on the performance require (e) Effect on the dosage rate of chemical admixtures used
ment, silica fume is typically used within 5 to 1 0% of the in the mixture
total cementitious materials content. However, higher and (f) Effect of SCMs on heat of hydration, permeability,
lower amounts than the typical values listed have been and shrinkage
successfully used and can be selected depending on the (g) Amount of SCM and cement needed to meet the
project requirements. performance requirements
Silica fume has a very fine particle size that is, on average, (h) Impact on bleeding rate and the need for additional
1 00 times smaller than the particle size of portland cement. curing
Due to its particles having a high specific surface area, Table 7.4 is provided as guidance for the proportioning
silica fume often increases the water demand and may of mixtures containing SCMs. The relationship established
promote stickiness of a concrete mixture. Therefore, when in this table for a given SCM type and their corresponding
all other conditions are kept the same, when proportioning impact on concrete properties is applicable only when all
a mixture containing silica fume, the use of a high-range the other parameters are kept constant (for example, total
water-reducing admixture (HRWRA), an increase in water cementitious materials content, w/cm, and chemical admix
content, or the combination of both will be needed to match ture dosage rate). It should be noted that there may be cases
the slump of a mixture containing portland cement only. where the relationship may fall outside of the ones shown
Unlike most of the other SCM types, silica fume does not here, depending on the selected source and amount of SCM.
have a retardation effect on time of setting. In addition, it is In the body of the table are arrows up, down, sideways,
used to increase both early-age and ultimate strength due to and up and down, meaning that increasing the amount
its very high pozzolanic reactivity. It significantly reduces of a constituent will cause the measure of the property
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Table 7.4-Effects of SCM types on concrete properties (Taylor et al. 2006)

Property Class F fly ash Class C fly ash Slag cement Silica fume Metakaolin
Workability i i t t 1
Heat of hydration 1 t 1 <-->
1
Time of setting i t i 1 <-->
Air content 1 1 1 1 1
Early strength 1 <-->
1 i i
Long-term strength i i i i i
Permeability 1 1 1 1 1
Chloride ingress 1 1 1 1 1
Alkali-silica reaction 1 t 1 1 1
Sulfate resistance i t i i i
Freezing-and-thawing resistance <--> <--> <--> <--> <-->
Drying shrinkage 1 1 1 1 1
Note: l lncrcascs; ! Decreases; ! Increases or decreases; � Neutral.
to go up, down, stay the same, or change could go either slump and air content tolerances. Only then can it be said
way, respectively. that the purpose of this guide has been met.
Often, the requisite properties are not achieved on the first
7.5-Ternary systems trial. When this happens, the mixture proportions are adjusted
Depending on the selected type and amount of SCM, to move the performance of the mixture in the desired direc
incorporating excessive amounts of a single type of SCM tion. Sometimes, that adjustment works to improve one
(binary mixtures) may have negative side effects such as property, but causes another to become deficient. Another
extended setting time. In such cases, a possible solution is adjustment is then made, another trial batch is run, and so on
to use a ternary mixture, which is a combination of three until all the requirements have been met. Once the mixture
cementitious materials that are blended to balance fresh produces desired results in the lab, it is recommended that it
properties, durability, and strength. For example, depending be batched at production-level amounts, using the materials,
on the selected amount, combining SCMs such as fly ash and means, and methods to be used for the project to be sure the
silica fume may be able to offset the adverse effects of fly mixture works the same way when scaled up.
ash on setting time, whereas fly ash may offset the increased Trial batching is executed following the procedures of
water demand associated with silica fume. ASTM C l 92/C l 92M. This standard is used for mixture
proportioning, evaluation of different mixtures and materials,
7.6-lmpact of SCMs on sustainability correlation with nondestructive tests, and research purposes.
Cement production emits approximately 5% of global It specifies the standard conditions, equipment, and proce
carbon dioxide and consumes 5% of global energy dures needed to test proposed mixtures for their fresh prop
consumption (Hendriks et al. 2004). Therefore, the replace erties. Tests such as ASTM C l 064/C 1 064M for temperature,
ment of cement with SCMs improves sustainability by using ASTM C l 43/C 1 43M for slump, ASTM C l 38/C 1 38M for
natural pozzolans, consuming by-products, and reducing the density and yield, and ASTM C23 l /C23 1 M or ASTM C 1 73/
demand on cement clinker production considering the direct C l 73M for air content are listed among the procedures.
relation between the amounts of cement clinker produced Following proper curing procedures is very important for
and the carbon dioxide generated. In addition, the increased producing reproducible results, and for comparing with the
durability achieved with SCMs reduces the need for repair results coming from the field. To assure reliable results, tests
and replacement, resulting in greater sustainability. should be performed by an appropriately certified person.
The method of the three-point curve can be used to
CHAPTER 8-TRIAL BATCHING discover the relationship between w!cm and strength for a
Once the properties required of a concrete have been family of mixtures with similar properties but differing in
determined, the next step is to determine the mixture mate strength. Such a curve can be used for the design of mixtures
rials and proportions that will achieve those properties. within the strength range of the curve, as well as strength
Those proportions can be based on previous experience or adjustment of the mixture if needed.
can be developed using an assortment of design methods. Once the results of the trial batch have been gathered,
Lacking those, the method recommended in this guide can Table 8 may help guide the necessary adjustments.
be used to establish proportions for the first trial batch. Once
those proportions have been determined, trial batches are CHAPTER 9-SAMPLE COMPUTATIONS
conducted to demonstrate that the needed properties are
indeed produced. This notion is fundamental to this guide. 9.1-Background
By whatever method the proportions are established, the The following four example problems will be used to
trial batching should show that all the required properties are demonstrate the proportioning procedure. The conditions
within applicable tolerances for the test. If none are given listed in the following apply to all examples.
in the specification, ASTM C94/C94M gives guidance on
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Table 8-Effect of additional constituents on various fresh properties (Kosmatka and Wilson 2016)
Property Cement w/cm Water Air Fly ash Slag cement Silica fume
Water demand i l N/A l l l i

Workability i i i i i i l
Air content l l l N/A l <-->
l
Bleeding and segregation l i i l l ! l
Finishability ! ! ! i i i l
Time of setting l i i <-->
i i <-->
Heat of hydration i l l <-->

l <-->
i
Strength i l l l i i i
Permeability l i i <-->
l l l
Cracking i i i l l i i
Note: j Increases; L Decreases; ! Increases or decreases; <--+ Neutral.
(a) ASTM C l 50/C 1 50M Type I portland cement will be 9.2.5 Step 5: Calculate cement content-From the infor
used. Its specific gravity is assumed to be 3 . 1 5. mation developed in Steps 3 and 4, the required cement
(b) Coarse and fine aggregates in each case meet the content is calculated as : 300 lb/yd3/0.62 = 484 lb/yd3 .
requirements of ASTM C33/C33M. 9.2.6 Step 6: Calculate coarse aggregate content-The bulk
volume of coarse aggregate is estimated from Table 5.3.6.
9.2-Example 1: Mixture proportioning using With the fine aggregate having a fineness modulus of 2 .80
portland cement only and the 1 .5 in. nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate,
Concrete is required for a portion of a structure that will the table indicates that 0. 7 1 ft3 of coarse aggregate, on a dry
be below ground level in a location where it will not be rodded basis, is a good estimate for a cubic foot of concrete.
exposed to severe weathering, constant wetting, or sulfate Because its dry-rodded density is 1 00 lb/ft3 , each bulk cubic
attack. It is in Class FO. A strength of 2500 psi at 28 days is foot of coarse aggregate would weigh 0. 7 1 ft3 x 1 00 lb/
specified. A locally available rounded coarse aggregate with ft3 = 7 1 lb. Because a cubic yard (27 ft3 ) is being propor
a nominal maximum size of 1 .5 in. is suitable. This coarse tioned, the amount will be adjusted as the following: 7 1 lb/
aggregate has a saturated surface-dry (SSD) specific gravity ft3 x 27 ft3/yd3 = 1 9 1 7 lb/yd3 . Absorption (A%) will be taken
of 2.68, absorption (A%) of 0.5%, and a dry-rodded density into account to convert the dry-rodded density to the corre
of 1 00 lb/ft3 . The fine aggregate has a fineness modulus of sponding SSD weight, as shown in the following
2.80, an SSD specific gravity of 2.64, and an absorption
(A%) of 0.7%. The quantities of mixture constituents per 1 9 1 7 lb/yd3 x ( 1 + 0.5%) = 1 927 lb/yd3
cubic yard (yd3 ) of concrete are determined as outlined in
the following steps. 9.2.7 Step 7: Calculate.fine aggregate content-Concrete
9.2.1 Step 1 : Estimate slump-On the basis of the informa consists of water, air, cement, coarse aggregate, and fine
tion in Table 5 .3 . 1 as well as previous experience, a slump of aggregate. For the cubic yard being proportioned, the weights
3 to 4 in. will be targeted for the selected placement method. of all these except the fine aggregate have been determined.
9.2.2 Step 2: Select nominal maximum size of aggre The first step necessary to determine the weight of the fine
gate-The locally available rounded coarse aggregate with aggregate is by first calculating the absolute volumes of each
a nominal maximum aggregate size of 1 .5 in. is used in this of the known mixture constituents. The absolute volumes
application. are calculated through their weight-volume relationships
9;2.3 Step 3: Estimate mixing-water content-Because determined by their corresponding specific gravities (rela
the :structure is in Class FO exposure class, non-air-entrained tive densities). The volume of the fine aggregate sought is
concrete will be used. From the top portion of Table 5.3.3, determined by adding the total volume of all other mixture
the approximate amount of mixing water needed to produce constituents subtracted from the total volume of one cubic
a 3 to 4 in. slump in non-air-entrained concrete using 1 .5 in. yard. The weight of the fine aggregate is then calculated
nominal maximum size aggregate is 300 lb/yd3 , and the based on its weight-volume relationship using the known
approximate amount of entrapped air 1 %. parameters-namely, its volume and specific gravity.
9.2.4 Step 4: Estimate w/cm-The application specifies 9.2.7.1 Absolute volume computations
an average 28-day compressive strength (fc') of 2500 psi. Volume of water = 300 lb/62.4 lb/ft3 = 4.8 1 ft3
For proportioning without a standard deviation, the strength Volume of cement = 484 lb/(3 . 1 5 x 62.4 lb/ft3) = 2 .46 ft3
overdesign for concretes with a specified strength less than Volume of coarse aggregate = 1 927 lb/(2.68 x 62.4 lb/ft3 )
3000 psi as required by Table 4.7.4. 1 is 1 000 psi. There = 1 1 .52 ft3
fore, the required average compressive strength (fc,.') for this Volume of air = 1 % x 27.00 ft3 = 0.27 ft3
mixture proportion becomes 3500 psi. Because no dura Total volume except for fine aggregate = 1 9.06 ft3
bility issues are indicated, strength alone can dictate the Volume of fine aggregate = 27.00 ft3 - 1 9.06 ft3 = 7.94 ft3
w/cm. Based on Table 5.3.4, the w/cm estimated to produce Total volume of ingredients = 27.00 ft3
a strength of 3500 psi in non-air-entrained concrete is inter Required SSD weight of fine aggregate = 7.94 ft3 x 2.64 x
polated to be 0.62. 62.4 lb/ft3 = 1 308 lb
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Table 9.2.7.2-Constituent weights Table 9.2.8-Constituent weights

Mixture constituents lb/yd3 lb/ft3 Mixture constituents lb/yd3 lb/ft3
Mixing water 300 11.11 Mixing water 202 7.48

Cementitious materials 484 1 7.93 Cementitious materials 484 1 7.93
Coarse aggregate (SSD) 1 927 7 1 .3 7 Coarse aggregate (SSD) 1 956 72.44
Fine aggregate (SSD) 1 308 48.44 Fine aggregate (SSD) 1 377 5 1 .00
Total weight 40 1 9 1 48.85 Total weight 40 1 9 148.85
Fresh density at 1 % air -
1 48.9 Fresh density -
148.9
Air-free density -
1 50.4 Air-free density -
1 50.4
w!cm =300 lb/484 lb = 0.62 Table 9.2.9-Constituent weights

9.2.7.2 For the first laboratory trial batch, the constituent Mixture constituents Original lb/ft3 Batched lb/ft3
weights, as well as the expected fresh density and the air Mixing water 7.48 8.50
free density (needed for computation of yield and air content Cementitious materials 1 7.93 1 7.93
per ASTM C l 3 8/C l 3 8M), are calculated as shown in
Coarse aggregate (SSD) 72.44 72.44
Table 9.2.7.2 prior to the moisture adjustments.
Fine aggregate (SSD) 5 1 .00 5 1 .00
9.2.8 Step 8: Moisture adjustment-The constituent Total weight 148.85 149.87
weights for this mixture have been established. However, Fresh density 148.9 147.5
moisture adjustments may be necessary at the time of Air-free density 1 50.4 -
batching to properly manage the amount of water required to

achieve the target performance requirements. This is usually Therefore, the water required for batching is
due to the presence of water on the surface of aggregates that
is available to hydrate cement as opposed to water absorbed 300 lb/yd3 - 98 lb/yd3 = 202 lb/yd3
by aggregates. Free water is the difference between the
total amount of water subtracted by the absorbed water. If With aggregates adjusted to their current moisture condi
the aggregate moisture is above SSD, an adjustment should tion, the constituent weights are shown in Table 9.2.8.
be made to the aggregate weights with the excess moisture Note that after the moisture adjustments, the sum of the
above SSD being subtracted from the mixture water. This weights of the constituents per cubic yard (yd3 ) and per
assures that the total amount of water in the batch equals the cubic foot (ft3 ) do not change from the original proportions.
amount required as stated in Table 5.3.3. These adjustments 9.2.9 Step 9: Post-trial batch-An initial 1 ft3 trial batch
are not apparent in the initial mixture proportioning phase of this mixture was prepared. Although the quantity of water
and can only be determined after the trial batch is completed. for the trial batch was proportioned to be 7.48/ft3 , the amount
For the materials available, tests indicate a total mois of water added to reach the desired 3 to 4 in. slump resulted
ture content (MC%) of 2% for the coarse aggregate and 6% in a slump of 2 in. Therefore, to increase the slump to reach
for the fine aggregate. Recalling that the absorptions of the the design values of3 to 4 in., an additional water content of
coarse and fine aggregates were 0.5% and 0.7%, respec 1 .02 lb/ft3 was added that increased the total water content
tively, moisture-adjusted weights become to 8.50 lb/ft3 . The batched weights are shown in Table 9.2.9. ,
'
9.2.9.1 The trial batch produced concrete with a 2 in.
1 + 2%
Coarse aggregate: 1 927 x = 1 956 lb/yd3 slump that is below the 3 to 4 in. selected at Step 1 . Even
1 + 0.5% :
with extra water of 1 .02 lb/ft3 added, slump was too low;
1 + 6% therefore, additional water was needed. The mixing water in
Fine aggregate: 1 308 x = 1 377 lb/yd3 the batch was not just the 7.48 lb/ft3 that was weighed out,
1 + 0.7%
but also included the free water on the aggregates. The free
water weights are found by reversing the computations for
The free water contributed by the coarse aggregate is the '.
determining the moist weights from the SSD proportioning
difference between the moisture-adjusted aggregate weight weights. The aggregate batched weight is first divided by 1 +
Uust computed) and the SSD weight from Step 6. For coarse MC% to return to oven-dry condition, and then multiplied by
aggregate, free water is determined as 1 + A% to bring the aggregate to SSD. The resulting equiva
lent S SD weight is subtracted from the batched weights to
1 956 lb/yd3 - 1 927 lb/yd3 = 29 lb/yd3 determine the amount of free water on the aggregates in the
For fine aggregate, free water is trial batch.
Coarse aggregate
1 3 77 lb/yd3 - 1 308 lb/yd3 = 69 lb/yd3 1 + 0.5%
72.44 (moist) x = 7 1 .37 lb/ft3 (SSD)
1 + 2%
The total free water is the sum of the two amounts
Free water = 72.44 lb/ft3 - 7 1 .3 7 lb/ft3 = 1 .07 lb/ft3

29 lb/yd3 + 69 lb/yd3 = 98 lb/yd3

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Fine aggregate Table 9.2.9.6-Constituent weights

Mixture constituents lb/yd3 lb/ft3
l + 0.7%
5 1 .00 (moist) x = 48.45 lb/ft3 (SSD) Mixing water 342 1 2.67
1 + 6% Cementitious materials 552 20.44
Coarse aggregate (SSD) 1 927 7 1 .37
Free water = 5 1 .00 lb/ft3 - 48.45 lb/ft3 = 2.55 lb/ft3 Fine aggregate (SSD) 1 1 00 40.74
Total weight 3921 145 .22
Therefore, the mixing water in the trial batch was
Fresh density -
145.2
Air-free density 148.0
8.50 lb/ft3 batched + 1 .07 lb/ft3 free on coarse aggregate +
-
2.55 lb/ft3 free on fine aggregate = 1 2 . 1 2 lb/ft3

The w/cm is maintained to be 0.62 (342 lb/552 lb).
To produce a cubic yard of concrete with the same 2 in. 9.2.9.7 The results of the next trial batch will be evaluated
slump as the trial batch would use for its properties, and if found deficient again, further adjust
ments to the proportioning will be made until the desired
1 2. 1 2 lb/ft3 x 27.00 ft3 = 327 lb/yd3 of water properties are achieved. However, it should be noted that
an adjustment to correct one property may adversely affect
To increase the slump from the measured 2 in. to the 3 another property. The process continues until all the required
to 4 in. range selected in Step 1 , the amount of water might properties of the mixture are achieved.
be increased by another 15 lb for 1 .5 in. additional slump,
bringing the mixture water for the next trial to 342 lb/yd3 . 9.3-Example 2: Mixture proportioning of binary
9.2.9.2 The density was measured to be 1 47.5 lb/ft3 , and mixture containing fly ash
the yield was A concrete mixture is needed for several ponds on a lobster
farm located in Northern Maine. The ponds will be operated
1 47.5 lb/ft3 x 27.00 ft3/ 1 48.9 lb/ft3 = 26.75 ft3 in such a way as to be fully influenced by the tides, but not
the direct impact of the waves. For durability, this applica
Knowing the air-free density to be 1 50.4 lb/ft3 , the gravi tion is classed as S l , F3, and W l . For additional durability,
metric air content was computed to be fly ash at 20% by weight as cement replacement is specified.
A local rounded coarse aggregate with nominal maximum
(1 50.4 lb/ft 3 - 1 47.5 lb/ft 3 ) size of 1 .5 in. with suitable gradation, SSD specific gravity
Air% = x 1 00 = 1 .9% of 2.66, a dry-rodded density of 1 0 1 lb/ft3 , and absorption
1 50.4 lb/ft 3
(A%) of 0.8% is available. A local natural sand, having a
fineness modulus of 2.80, an SSD specific gravity of 2.65,
9.2.9.3 With the increased mixing water, additional cement
and an absorption (A%) of 1 .0% will be used. A sample
is needed to maintain the w!cm of 0.62. The cement content
standard deviation (Ss) of 300 psi has been determined from
for the next trial becomes
similar mixtures.
9.3.1 Step 1: Estimate slump-A slump of 5 to 6 in. is
342 lb/yd3/0.62 = 552 lb/yd3
specified.
9.2.9.4 As workability was found to be satisfactory, 9.3.2 Step 2: Select nominal maximum size of aggre
the weight of coarse aggregate will remain as originally gate-The locally available rounded coarse aggregate with
proportioned. a nominal maximum aggregate size of 1 .5 in. is used in this
9.2.9.5 With these changes made, Step 6 is reapplied to application.
determine the amount of fine aggregate needed for the next 9.3.3 Step 3: Estimate water content-Severe saltwater
trial batch. and freezing-and-thawing exposures place this application
Volume of water = 342 lb/62.4 lb/ft3 = 5.48 ft3 into Exposure Class F3. The level of air entrainment for F3
Volume of cement = 552 lb/(3 . 1 5 x 62.4 lb/ft3) = 2.8 1 ft3 is found in Table 5.3.3. Given the nominal maximum aggre
Volume of SSD coarse aggregate = 1 927 lb/(2.68 x gate size of 1 .5 in., a total air content of 5.5% is required. To
62.4 lb/ft3 ) = 1 1 .52 ft3 entrain 5.5% air, an air-entraining agent (AEA) will be used.
Volume of air (using measured air from trial) = 1 .9% x For these exposure considerations, along with the 5 to 6 in.
27.00 ft3 = 0.5 1 ft3 slump and the 1 .5 in. nominal maximum size of aggregate,
Total volume of ingredients except fine aggregate = an approximate mixing-water weight of 280 lb is recom
20.32 ft3 mended for concrete without a water-reducing admixture
Volume of SSD fine aggregate required = 27.00 ft3 - (WRA) based on Table 5.3.3. However, a WRA within the
20.32 ft3 = 6.68 ft3 manufacturer's recommended dose will be used. Therefore,
Required weight of SSD fine aggregate = 6.68 ft3 x 2.64 x Table 5 .3 . 3 . 1 suggests water reduction of 5% when using a
62.4 lb/ft3 = 1 1 00 lb WRA, which yields a 1 4 lb water reduction.
9.2.9.6 Prior to trial batch moisture adjustments, the The use of 20% fly ash replacement allows for a further
constituent weights for the next trial batch per cubic yard water reduction of 6%, which yields to 1 7 lb based on
and per cubic foot are determined, as shown in Table 9.2.9.6. Table 5 . 3 . 3 . 1 .
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Furthermore, Table 5.3.3. l suggests a water reduction of Table 9.3.7.2-Constituent weights

8% for the use of rounded aggregates, which yields to an Mixture constituents lb/yd3 lb/ft3
additional 22 lb. Mixing water 227 8.4 1
The estimated mixing water then becomes Cement 49 1 1 8. 1 9
Fly ash 1 23 4.56
280 lb - 14 lb (due to WRA) - 1 7 lb (due to fly ash) - 22 lb Coarse aggregate (SSD) 1951 72.26
(due to rounded aggregates) = 227 lb Fine aggregate (SSD) 1 1 24 4 1 .63
Total weight 3916 145 .04
These water reductions are estimates and should be evalu Fresh density at 5 . 5% air -
145.0
ated with a trial batch. Air-free density -
1 53.4
9.3.4 Step 4: Estimate w/cm-The selection of w/cm
requires consideration of both the durability and strength coarse aggregate to be 7 1 . 7 lb. The corresponding weight per
requirements. Based on Table 4.7.3a through Table 4.7.3d, yard is calculated by multiplying 7 1 .7 lb x 27.00 ft3 , which
F3 freezing-and-thawing exposure allows only a maximum produces an oven-dry coarse aggregate weight of 1 936 lb/
w/cm of0.40 and minimumfc' of5000 psi. In the tidal splash yd3 • Absorption (A%) will be taken into account to convert
zone for seawater exposure, S I permits only a maximum w/ the dry-rodded density to the corresponding SSD weight, as
cm of 0.50 and minimum fc' of 4000 psi. For water tight shown in the following
ness, W I has a minimum fc' of 2500 psi. Based on this, the
F3 requirements for freezing-and-thawing exposure governs 1 936 lb/yd3 x ( 1 + 0.8%) = 1 95 1 lb/yd3
durability considerations.
The strength needs to comply with specifications for 9.3.7 Step 7: Calculate.fine aggregate content Using the -
the required average compressive strength (fc,.'). The local calculated volume of each mixture constituent, the weight of
supplier anticipated fc' in the 5000 psi range. For these fine aggregate is calculated as shown in 9 .3. 7. I .
mixtures, a sample standard deviation (s) of 300 psi was 9.3.7.1 Absolute volume computations:
computed. Applying the formula from Table 4.7.4.4, the Volume of water = 227 lb/62.4 lb/ft3 = 3.64 ft3
required average strength will need to be the larger of Volume of cement = 49 1 lb/(3 . 1 5 x 62.4 lb/ft3 ) = 2.50 ft3
Volume of fty ash = 1 23 lb/(2.40 x 62.4 lb/ft3) = 0.82 ft3
fc,.' = fc' + l .34s = 5000 psi + ( 1 .34 x 300 psi) = 5400 psi Volume of coarse aggregate = 1 95 1 lb/(2.66 x 62.4 lb/ft3 )
= 1 1 .75 ft3
or Volume of air = 5.5% x 27.00 ft3 = 1 .49 ft3
Total volume of ingredients except fine aggregate =
fc,.' = fc' + 2.33s - 500 = 5000 psi + (2.33 x 300 psi) - 500 20.20 ft3
= 5200 psi Volume of fine aggregate required = 27 .00 ft3 - 20.20 ft3
= 6.80 ft3
As it is higher, 5400 psi is selected for fc,.1• From
Required weight of SSD fine aggregate = 6.80 ft3 x 2.65 x
Table 5 . 3 .4, interpolating between 5000 and 6000 psi values 62.4 lb/ft3 = 1 1 24 lb
for air-entrained concrete, a w/cm of0.37 is chosen. Because
Air-free volume = 25.5 1 ft3
0.37 is lower than the w/cm of 0.40 required for resistance
w/cm = 227 lb/(49 1 lb + 123 lb) = 0.37
to freezing and thawing, 0.37 is the w/cm selected for
9.3.7.2 For the first laboratory trial batch, the constituent
proportioning.
weights, as well as the expected fresh density and the air
9.3.5 Step 5: Calculate cementitious materials content
free density (needed for computation of yield and air content
Because the w/cm selected for proportioning is 0.37, the
per ASTM C l 38/C 1 38M), are calculated as shown in
cementitious materials content is the water content divided
Table 9.3 .7.2 prior to the moisture adjustments.
by 0.37. Mixing-water weight of 227 lb is divided by the
9.3.8 Step 8: Moisture adjustment-For the materials
selected w/cm of0.37 to calculate the cementitious materials available, tests indicate a total moisture content (MC%) of
content, which is 6 1 4 lb. Fly ash at 20% replacement level 1 % for the coarse aggregate and 3% for the fine aggregate.
will yield 1 23 lb while the remaining amount (49 1 lb) will
Recalling that the absorptions of the coarse and fine aggre
constitute portland cement. The local fly ash, with specific
gates were 0.8% and 1 .0%, respectively, moisture-adjusted
gravity of 2.40, will have a volume of 0.82 ft3 . The cement
weights become
volume will be 2.50 ft3 • When fly ash is used, Table 5.3.3 . 1
suggests a water reduction o f 3 % for each additional 1 0% 1 + 1%
Coarse aggregate: 1 95 1 x = 1 955 lb/yd3
fly ash replacement. This water adjustment was already l + 0.8%
accounted for in Step 3 .
. 1 + 3%
9.3.6 Step 6: Calculate coarse aggregate content-Based F me aggregate: 1 1 24 x --- --l 1 46 lb/yd3
on Table 5 . 3 .6, a dry-rodded volume of 0.7 1 ft3 per unit 1 + 1 .0%
volume is recommended for a nominal maximum size of
aggregate of 1 .5 in. and a fineness modulus of sand of 2.80. The free water contributed by the coarse aggregate is the
Considering the dry-rodded density being 1 0 1 lb/ft3 , a dry difference between the moisture-adjusted aggregate weight
rodded volume of 0.7 1 ft3 results in the oven-dry weight of
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Table 9.3.8-Constituent weights the strength of a concrete mixture is by using the cementi
Mixture constituents lb/yd3 lb/ft3 tious efficiency factor. It can be used to either increase or
Mixing water 20 1 7.44 decrease the strength of a mixture by several hundred psi.
Cement 49 1 18.19 Because strength is affected by w!cm, when the cementitious
Fly ash 123 4.56 efficiency factor is used to adjust the strength of a mixture,
Coarse aggregate (SSD) 1 955 72.41 it is important to ensure the w/cm is not kept the same to see
Fine aggregate (SSD) 1 1 46 42.44 an impact on the strength. This can be achieved by keeping
Total weight 3916 145 .04 the water content the same while adjusting the cementitious
Fresh density - -
material content.
Air-free density - -
9.4.1 Step 1: Calculate cementitious efficiency factor
The use of this factor for strength adjustment will be
(just computed) and the S SD weight from Step 6. For coarse demonstrated starting with the following mixture propor
aggregate, free water is determined as tions for a cubic yard targeting 4500 psi that, when trial
batched, only reached 4200 psi. In this mixture, a coarse
1 955 lb/yd3 - 1 95 1 lb/yd3 = 4 lb/yd3 aggregate with nominal maximum size of 1 in. with suitable
gradation, saturated surface-dry (SSD) specific gravity of
and for fine aggregate, free water is 2 .73 and absorption (A%) of 0.7% was used. The fine aggre
gate having an SSD specific gravity of 2.64 and an absorp
1 1 46 lb/yd3 - 1 1 24 lb/yd3 = 22 lb/yd3 tion (A%) of 0.6% will be used.
Weight, per yd1
The total free water is the sum of the two amounts
Cement: 564 lb
4 lb/yd3 + 22 lb/yd3 = 26 lb/yd3 Fine aggregate: 1 550 lb
Coarse aggregate: 1 600 lb
Therefore, the water required for batching is Water: 300 lb
Total weight: 40 1 4 lb
22 7 lb/yd3 - 26 lb/yd3 = 20 1 lb/yd3 Density: 148.7 lb/ft3
The w/cm was calculated to be 300 lb/564 lb = 0.53.
With aggregates adjusted to their current moisture condi The cementitious material efficiency factor was calculated
tion, the constituent weights are shown in Table 9.3.8. as 4200 psi/564 lb = 7.45 psi/lb.
Note that after the moisture adjustments, the sum of the 9.4.2 Step 2: Adjust mixture constituents based on the
weights of the constituents per cubic yard (yd3 ) and per desired strength gain-The slump was found to be satisfac
cubic foot (ft3 ) do not change from the original proportions. tory. However, because 300 psi of strength gain is needed,
9.3.9 Step 9: Post-trial batch The trial batch produced
-
the w/cm was reduced by increasing the cementitious mate
the following results: rial content while keeping the water content the same.
The slump was measured to be 5.5 in. Therefore, no ( 1 ) The cementitious material efficiency factor is 7.45 psi/lb.
adjustment on the WRA dose is needed. However, the fresh (2) The strength gain needed is 4500 psi - 4200 psi =
density was measured to be 1 46.0 lb/ft3 , and the yield was 300 psi.
1 46.0 lb/ft3 x 27.00 ft3/ 1 45.0 lb/ft3 27. 1 9 ft3 . Knowing the
=
(3) The additional cementitious weight needed to be added
air-free density to be 1 53 .4 lb/ft3 , the gravimetric air content is determined by dividing the strength increase needed by the
was computed as follows cementitious efficiency factor: 300 psi/7.45 psi/lb = 40 lb.
. _ (1 53 .4 - 1 46.0) (4) The new cementitious weight is 564 lb + 40 lb = 604 lb .
A ir% - x 1 00 - 4 . 80/
10 (5) The water content is kept constant as 300 lb. There
1 53 .4
fore, the new w/cm is 300 lb/604 lb = 0.50.
The air content was 0.7% lower than the target air content (6) Because the w/cm is reduced from 0.53 to 0.50, a WRA
of 5 .5%, and the mixture over-yielded slightly. The results within the manufacturer's recommended dose is used to
are generally good. A slight increase in AEA dosage will maintain the target slump.
slightly increase the air content into the acceptable range (7) The yield is kept constant by removing a volume of
and increase the slump slightly as well. Consider doing fine aggregate equal to the volume of the additional cementi
the next trial batch of a couple yards in a mixer of the type tious material.
(for example, central-mixed, truck-mixed) to be used on (8) The volume of additional cementitious material is
the project. 40 lb/(3 . 1 5 x 62.4 lb/ft3 ) = 0.20 ft3 •
(9) The volume of fine aggregate is reduced by 0.20 ft3 .
9.4-Example 3: Mixture proportioning using
The corresponding fine aggregate weight is calculated as
cementitious efficiency factor
0.20 ft3 x (2.64 x 62.4 lb/ft3 ) 33 lb. Hence, the fine aggre
=
The cementitious efficiency factor is the compressive gate weight is reduced by 33 lb.
strength achieved divided by the amount of cementitious ( 1 0) The new fine aggregate weight is 1 550 lb - 33 lb =
material used (psi/lb). This factor is often used to compare the 1 5 1 7 lb.
performance of different mixtures. A rational way to adjust
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9.4.3 Step 3: Calculate the new mixture proportions strength and resistance to chloride penetrability) will lead to
The proportions for the next trial batch are shown in the a lower paste volume.
following: 25% paste volume in 1 yd3 of concrete is 25% x 27.00 ft3
Weight.per ydl = 6.75 ft3 , which will be the new paste volume.
Cement: 604 lb The new cement weight is calculated as follows
Fine aggregate: 1 5 1 7 lb
(PV x 62.4 x (1 - %SCM))
Coarse aggregate: 1 600 lb C ement = ��-
Water: 300 lb l( wIcm + (1 - %SCM) + %SCM l
Total weight: 402 1 lb 3.15 --)
SCMRD
Density: 1 48.9 lb/ft3
Inserting the appropriate values, the new cement weight is
9.5-Example 4: Mixture proportioning using determined as shown in the following
target paste volume (6.75 x 62.4 x ( l - 50%))
50%)
C ement = = 288 1b
The paste volume (PV) is defined as the sum of volumes of
the cementitious materials and water expressed as a percent ( 0.40 + (1 -3 .50%)
15
+
2.9
of the total concrete volume. A lower paste volume can lead
to lower concrete shrinkage, lower concrete temperature due Cement x %SCM 288 x 50%
Siag = = =
288 lb
to lower heat of hydration, lower materials cost, and lower (1 - %SCM) (1 - 50%)
carbon footprint of concrete. AASHTO PP 84 lists a paste
volume of25% as one of the approaches to reduce unwanted Therefore, total cementitious material content is calcu
slab warping and cracking due to shrinkage (if cracking is lated as 288 lb + 288 lb = 576 lb.
a concern). Because the w/cm is kept constant as 0.40, water content is
9.5.1 Step 1: Calculate paste volume-A concrete mixture calculated as 0.40 x 576 = 230 lb.
has been designed for concrete piles exposed to aggressive 9.5.3 Step 3 : Calculate the new paste volume for
seawater in Florida. The exposure class for the concrete is verification
FO, C2, S l , and W l . According to Tables 4.7.3a through New paste volume
4.7.3d, the concrete needs to have a w/cm of 0.40 and
have a minimum compressive strength of 5000 psi. Due (230 lb/62.4 lb/ft3 + 288 lb/3 . 1 5/62.4 lb/ft3 +
to the desired resistance to chloride penetration, a mixture 288 lb/2.90/62.4 lb/ft3) = 6.75 ft3
containing slag cement at 50% replacement level (by weight)
is used. The following mixture, which has been found to New percent paste volume
attain the strength, resistance to chloride penetration, and
workability levels, is designed. 6.75 ft3/27.00 ft3 = 25%
Cement = 350 lb/yd3 with a specific gravity of 3 . 1 5
Slag cement = 350 lb/yd3 with a specific gravity of 2.90 Reduction in paste volume compared to original mixture
Total cementitious materials content = 350 lb/yd3 + 350 lb/
yd3 = 700 lb/yd3 (8.20 ft3 - 6.75 ft3) = 1 .45 ft3
Water = 280 lb/yd3
This reduction will need an increase in total aggregate
w/cm = 280 lb/yd3/700 lb/yd3 = 0.40
volume to produce the cubic yard. Dividing this aggregate
Coarse aggregate = 1 800 lb/yd3 with a specific gravity of
volume by the fine-to-coarse aggregate ratio of 40%/60%
2 .80
yields the following adjustments
Fine aggregate = 1 200 lb/yd3 with a specific gravity of
2.60
Increase in coarse aggregate = 60% x 1 .45 ft3 x 2.80 x
Fine-to-coarse aggregate ratio is 40%/60%
62.4 lb/ft3 = 1 52 lb
The percent paste volume of the above mixture is shown
in the following:
Cement = 350 lb/(3 . 1 5 x 62.4 lb/ft3 ) = 1 .78 ft3 Increase in fine aggregate = 40% x 1 .45 ft3 x 2.60 x
Slag cement = 350 lb/(2.90 x 62.4 lb/ft3) = 1 .93 ft3 62.4 lb/ft3 = 94 lb
Water = 280 lb/( 1 x 62.4 lb/ft3 ) = 4.49 ft3
Total paste volume = 8.20 ft3 9.5.4 Step 4: Calculate the new mixture proportions
Percent paste volume = 8.20 ft3/27.00 ft3 = 30.4% Cement = 288 lb
9.5.2 Step 2: Adjust mixture constituents to achieve the Slag cement = 288 lb
target paste volume of 259-"'o--Because the mixture already Water = 230 lb
attains the target strength and resistance to chloride pene Coarse aggregate = ( 1 800 lb + 1 52 lb) = 1 952 lb
tration, it was decided to maintain the same w/cm of 0.40 Fine aggregate = ( 1 200 lb + 94 lb) = 1 294 lb
and 50% replacement level of slag cement. A lower water Because the new mixing-water content is 230 lb, which
content along with the target w/cm (for attaining target is 1 8% lower than before (280 lb), the mixture should be
designed with a high-range water-reducing admixture
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(HRWRA) to attain the target workability. It should be noted ACI 238. l R-08-Report on Measurements of Workability
that very low mixing-water contents (particularly below and Rheology of Fresh Concrete
200 lb/yd3) will result in difficulty in finishing in the field. ACI 30 1 -20-Specifications for Concrete Construction
The equations provided in this example can be used for any ACI 302. l R- 1 5-Guide to Concrete Floor and Slab
target paste volume, w/cm, SCM%, and specific gravity. Construction
ACI 304.3R-20-Heavyweight Concrete: Measuring,
CHAPTER 10�REFERENCES Mixing, Transporting, and Placing
Committee documents are listed first by document number ACI 3 1 8- 1 9-Building Code Requirements for Structural
and year of publication followed by authored documents Concrete and Commentary
listed alphabetically. ACI 363R- 1 0-Report on High-Strength Concrete
ACI 522. 1 -20-Specification for Construction of Pervious
American Association ofState Highway and Transportation Concrete Pavement
Officials (AASHTO) ACI 5 55R-O I -Removal and Reuse of Hardened Concrete
AASHTO M 85-2020-Standard Specification for Port
land Cement ASTM International
AASHTO M 240M/M 240-2020-Standard Specification ASTM C29/C29M- 1 7a-Standard Test Method for Bulk
fdr Blended Hydraulic Cement Density ("Unit Weight") and Voids in Aggregate
: AASHTO PP 84-2020-Standard Practice for Developing ASTM C3 1 /C3 1 M-2 l a-Standard Practice for Making
Performance Engineered Concrete Pavement Mixtures and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
ASTM C33/C33M- l 8-Standard Specification for
American Concrete Institute (A C!) Concrete Aggregates
:
, ACI 20 1 .2R- 1 6-Guide to Durable Concrete ASTM C39/C39M-2 1-Standard Test Method for
ACI 207. l R-05 ( 1 2)-Guide to Mass Concrete Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
i ACI 209R-92(08)-Prediction of Creep, Shrinkage, and ASTM C70-20-Standard Test Method for Surface Mois
Temperature Effects in Concrete Structures ture in Fine Aggregate
ACI 2 l l .4R-08-Guide for Selecting Proportions for ASTM C78/C78M-2 1-Standard Test Method for Flex
High-Strength Concrete Using Portland Cement and Other ural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third
Cementitious Materials Point Loading)
ACI 2 l l .6T- l 4-Aggregate Suspension Mixture Propor ASTM C88/C88M- l 8-Standard Test Method for Sound
tioning Method ness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium
ACI 2 1 l .7R-20-Guide for Proportioning Concrete Sulfate
Mixtures with Ground Calcium Carbonate and Other ASTM C94/C94M-20-Standard Specification for
Mineral Fillers Ready-Mixed Concrete
ACI 2 1 2.3R- 1 6-Report on Chemical Admixtures for ASTM C l 25-2 l a-Standard Terminology Relating to
Concrete Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
ACI 2 1 3R- 14-Guide for Structural Lightweight ASTM C l 27-1 5-Standard Test Method for Rela
Aggregate Concrete tive Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Coarse
ACI 2 1 4R- 1 1 ( 1 9)-Guide to Evaluation of Strength Test Aggregate
Results of Concrete ASTM C l 28 - 1 5-Standard Test Method for Relative
ACI 22 1 . I R-9 1 (08)-Report on Alkali-Aggregate Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine Aggregate
Reactivity ASTM C l 36/C 1 36M- 1 9-Standard Test Method for
ACI 223R- 1 0-Guide for the Use of Shrinkage Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
Compensating Concrete ASTM C l 38/C 1 3 8M- 1 7-Standard Test Method for
ACI 224R-0 1 (08)-Control of Cracking in Concrete Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric)
Structures of Concrete
ACI 225R- 1 9-Guide to the Selection and Use of ASTM C l 43/C l 43M-20-Standard Test Method for
Hydraulic Cements Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete
ACI 232. l R- 1 2-Report on the Use of Raw or Processed ASTM C l 50/C l 50M-20-Standard Specification for
Natural Pozzolans in Concrete Portland Cement
ACI 232.2R- 1 8-Report on the Use ofFly Ash in Concrete ASTM C l 73/C l 73M- 1 6-Standard Test Method for
ACI 232.3R- 1 4-Report on High-Volume Fly Ash Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric
Concrete for Structural Applications Method
ACI 233R-Guide to the Use of Slag Cement in Concrete ASTM C l 88-1 7-Standard Test Method for Density of
and Mortar Hydraulic Cement
ACI 234R-06(1 2)-Guide for the Use of Silica Fume in ASTM C l 92/C l 92M- 1 9-Standard Practice for Making
Concrete and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory
ACI 237R-07( 1 9)-Self-Consolidating Concrete ASTM C23 l /C23 1 M- l 7-Standard Test Method for Air
Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method
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ASTM C293/C293M- 1 6-Standard Test Method for ASTM C l 778-20-Standard Guide for Reducing the Risk
Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with of Deleterious Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete
Center-Point Loading) ASTM D75/D75M- 1 9-Standard Practice for Sampling
ASTM C295/C295M- 1 9-Standard Guide for Petro Aggregates
graphic Examination ofAggregates for Concrete ASTM D4944- 1 8-Standard Test Method for Field
ASTM C3 1 1 /C3 1 1 M- 1 8-Standard Test Methods for Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil by the
Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use Calcium Carbide Gas Pressure Tester
in Portland-Cement Concrete
ASTM C330/C3 30M- l 7a-Standard Specification for Authored documents
Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete Abrams, D. A., 1 9 1 8, "Design of Concrete Mixtures,"
ASTM C494/C494M- 1 9-Standard Specification for Bulletin 1 , Structural Materials Research Laboratory, Lewis
Chemical Admixtures for Concrete Institute, Chicago, IL.
ASTM C496/C496M- 1 7-Standard Test Method for Bureau of Reclamation, 1 988, Concrete Manual, A Water
Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens Resources Technical Publication, Chapter III, Section 45,
ASTM C535-1 6-Standard Test Method for Resistance U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Washington, DC.
to Degradation of Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion de Larrard, F., and Sedran, T., 2002, "Mixture
and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine Proportioning of High-Performance Concrete," Cement
ASTM C566- l 9-Standard Test Method for Total Evapo and Concrete Research, V. 32, No. 1 1 , pp. 1 699- 1 704. doi:
rable Moisture Content of Aggregate by Drying 1 0. 1 0 1 6/S0008-8846(02)0086 1 -X.
ASTM C595/C595M-20-Standard Specification for Hendriks, C. A.; Worrell, E.; de Jager, D.; Blok, K.; and
Blended Hydraulic Cements Riemer, P., 2004, "Emission Reduction of Greenhouse Gases
ASTM C6 l 7/C6 l 7M- l 5-Standard Practice for Capping from the Cement Industry," Greenhouse Gas Control Tech
Cylindrical Concrete Specimens nologies Conference, UK.
ASTM C6 l 8- l 9-Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash Kosmatka, S. H., and Wilson, M. L., 20 1 6, Design and
and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete Control ofConcrete Mixtures, 1 6th edition, Portland Cement
ASTM C637-20-Standard Specification for Aggregates Association, Skokie, IL.
for Radiation-Shielding Concrete Ley, T. ; Felice, R.; and Freeman, J. M., 20 12, "Concrete
ASTM C63 8-20-Standard Descriptive Nomenclature Pavement Mixture Design and Analysis (MDA): Assessment
of Constituents of Aggregates for Radiation-Shielding of Air Void System Requirements for Durable Concrete,"
Concrete Technical Report, National Concrete Pavement Technology
ASTM C702/C702M- l 8-Standard Practice for Reducing Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 32 pp.
Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size Shilstone, J. M. Sr., 1 990, "Concrete Mixture Optimiza
ASTM C9 1 7/C9 1 7M- 1 8-Standard Test Method for tion," Concrete International, V. 1 2, No, 6, June, pp. 33-39.
Evaluation of Variability of Cement from a Single Source Taylor, P. C.; Kosmatka, S. H.; and Voight, G. F., 2006,
Based on Strength "Integrated Materials and Construction Practices for
ASTM C989/C989M- 1 8a-Standard Specification for Concrete Pavement: A State-of-the-Practice Manual,"
Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars FHWA-HIF-07-004, Federal Highway Administration,
ASTM C l 064/C 1 064M- 1 7-Standard Test Method for Washington, DC.
Temperature of Freshly Mixed Hydraulic-Cement Concrete Yurdakul, E.; Taylor, P. C.; Ceylan, H.; and Bektas,
ASTM C l 1 57/C l l 57M-20a-Standard Performance F., 20 1 4, "Effect of Water-to-Binder Ratio, Air Content,
Specification for Hydraulic Cement and Type of Cementitious Materials on Fresh and Hard
ASTM C l 23 l /C l 23 1 M- 1 5-Standard Practice for Use of ened Properties of Binary and Ternary Blended Concrete,"
Unbonded Caps in Determination of Compressive Strength Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 26,
of Hardened Cylindrical Concrete Specimens No. 6, p. 040 1 4002.
ASTM C l 240-20-Standard Specification for Silica
Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures APPENDIX A-LABORATORY TESTS
ASTM C l 252- l 7-Standard Test Methods for Uncom
pacted Void Content of Fine Aggregate (as Influenced by A .1-Need for laboratory testing
Particle Shape, Surface Texture, and Grading) Several basic physical properties of ingredient materials
ASTM C l 260-2 1 -Standard Test Method for Potential used for concrete need to be known or determined from
Alkali Reactivity of Aggregates (Mortar-Bar Method) laboratory tests prior to the selection of concrete mixture
ASTM C l 293-2 1 -Standard Test Method for Determi proportions. The physical properties of the ingredient mate
nation of Length Change of Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica rials are used in the proportioning calculations to determine
Reaction and report the w/cm; air content; quantities of coarse, fine,
ASTM C l 602/C l 602M- 1 8-Standard Specification for and intermediate aggregates; and quantities of cementitious
Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement materials and admixtures. The mixture proportioning proce
Concrete dure is used to establish initial proportions for trial batches
and then fine-tune and optimize the proportions to provide
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the desired workability, w/cm, air content, cement content, mance. These tests may be nonstandard tests (such as those
strength, and durability requirements for the specific mate for monitoring color or foam generation), or standard tests
rials that will be used in the proposed concrete mixture. The (such as making mortar cubes with concrete sand or full
extent of laboratory testing for any given job will depend fledged laboratory concrete mixtures in accordance with
on the project size and importance and on the service ASTM C l 92/C l 92M where setting characteristics, slump,
conditions involved. entrained air content, strength, and other properties are
monitored). The concrete producer should retain material
A.2-Prequalification of materials certifications for all shipments of cementitious materials
Tests on concrete materials and mixtures can serve the and uniformity reports of the predominant cement from a
purpose of prequalification of ingredient materials and source (ASTM C9 1 7/C9 1 7M) and monitor changes in the
desired concrete performance properties for the purpose of reported characteristics such as compressive strength and
establishing data required for a mixture submittal. Many of material fineness.
these tests may only need to be conducted annually, or less
often when their purpose is for prequalification of materials A.4-Properties of aggregates
and mixtures. These prequalification data can then be used A.4.1 Sieve analyses, specific gravity, absorption,
for several j obs. For example, test data that establishes the and moisture content of both fine and coarse aggregates
potential of alkali-silica reactivity of an aggregate does not (ASTM C l 27; ASTM C l 28) and bulk density by rodding
need to be tested for every job if the sources of materials and (ASTM C29/C29M) of coarse aggregate are physical prop
the mixture proportions do not change significantly. erties necessary for mixture proportioning computations.
Other tests that may be desirable for large or special types
A.3-Properties of cementitious materials of work include petrographic examination (ASTM C295/
A.3.1 Physical and chemical characteristics of cementi C295M) and tests for chemical reactivity (ASTM C l 260;
tious materials influence the properties of freshly mixed and ASTM C l 293), soundness (ASTM C88/C88M), durability,
hardened concrete. The laboratory should obtain records of resistance to abrasion (ASTM C535), and various delete
material certifications from the supplier and other data on rious substances. Such tests yield information of value in
the uniformity of material characteristics from that source, judging the serviceability of concrete.
such as reports for portland cement (ASTM C9 l 7/C9 l 7M). A.4.2 Aggregate grading determined by sieve analysis
The only property of cementitious materials used directly (ASTM C l 3 6/C l 3 6M) can influence water requirements,
in computation of concrete mixture proportions is specific proportions of coarse and fine aggregate, and quantity
gravity. The specific gravity ofportland cements of the types of cementitious materials for satisfactory workability.
covered by ASTM C l 50/C l 50M may usually be assumed to Numerous aggregate grading curves have been proposed,
be 3 . 1 5 without introducing appreciable error in computa and these, tempered by practical considerations, can be used
tions of mixture proportions. For other types such as blended as a tool for mixture proportioning optimization. ASTM C33/
hydraulic cements (ASTM C595/C595M; ASTM C l 1 57/ C33M provides a selection of sizes and gradings suitable
C l 1 57M), slag cement (ASTM C989/C989M), fly ash or for most concrete. Additional workability realized by use
natural pozzolan (ASTM C6 1 8), or silica fume (ASTM of air entrainment or supplementary cementitious materials
C l 240), the specific gravity for use in volume calculations (SCMs) such as fly ash and slag cement may permit, to some
can be obtained from the material certification provided by extent, the use of less-restrictive aggregate gradings and
the supplier of the material or should be determined by test may accommodate the use of locally available material.
(ASTM C l 88; ASTM C3 l l /C3 l 1 M; ASTM C989/C989M). A.4.3 Aggregate samples for tests to determine character
A.3.2 Samples of cementitious materials should be istics for proportioning concrete mixtures should be repre
obtained from the concrete producer or the materials sentative of aggregate available for use in the work. For
supplier who will supply materials for the job. The sample laboratory tests, the coarse aggregates should be separated
should be of sufficient quantity for tests contemplated with a into size fractions and recombined at the time of mixing
liberal margin for additional tests that might later be consid to assure representative grading for the small test batches.
ered desirable. Samples of cementitious materials should be Under some conditions, for work of important magnitude,
shipped in airtight and moisture-proof containers. Depending laboratory investigations may involve efforts to overcome
on the nature of the job and specifications, samples of the grading deficiencies of the available aggregates.
cementitious materials used for determining mixture propor Undesirable sand grading may be corrected by:
tions and from subsequent shipments may be saved in air (a) Separation of the sand into two or more size fractions
tight containers for a reasonable period after the job has been and recombining in suitable proportions
completed to verify mixture characteristics if necessary. (b) Increasing or decreasing the quantity of certain sizes to
A.3.3 The concrete producer might choose to conduct a balance the grading
variety of tests of cementitious materials for quality-control (c) Reducing excess coarse material by grinding or
purposes. The intent of these tests may be for the purpose crushing
of optimizing mixtures for specific applications and season Undesirable coarse-aggregate gradings may be
ality and for ensuring compatibility of material ingredients corrected by:
for producing consistent concrete with predictable perfor- (a) Crushing excess coarser fractions
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Table A.5 . 1 -Typical test program to establish concrete-maki ng properties of local materials
Batch quantities, lb/yd3 Concrete characteristics
Coarse Est. Used Total Slump, Density, Yield, 28-day compressive Work-
Mixture No. Cement Sand aggreate water water weight wlc in. pcf ft3 strength, psi ability
I 500 1 375 1810 325 350 4035 0.70 4 147.0 27.45 -

Oversanded
2 500 1 250 1 875 345 340 3965 0.68 3 1 47.0 26.97 3350 OK
3 400 1 33 5 1 875 345 345 3955 0.86 4.5 1 45.5 27. 1 8 2 1 30 OK
4 450 1 290 1 875 345 345 3960 0.77 4 1 46.2 27.09 26 1 0 OK
5 550 1210 1 875 345 345 3980 0.63 3 1 47.5 26.98 3800 OK
6 600 1 1 65 1 875 345 345 3985 0.58 3.5 1 48.3 26.87 4360 OK
(b) Wasting sizes that occur in excess information derived so far can now be used to select propor
(c) Supplementing deficient sizes with another interme tions for a series of additional mixtures-No. 3 through
diate aggregate 6-with cement contents above and below that of Mixture
(d) A combination of these methods No. 2, encompassing the range likely to be needed.
Whatever grading adjustments are made in the labora A.5.4 Mixture No. 2 through 6 provide the background,
tory should be practical and economically justified from including the relationship of strength to w/c for the particular
the standpoint of full-size production and job operation. combination of ingredients needed to select proportions for a
Aggregate grading requirements in specifications should be range of specified requirements.
consistent with that of economically available materials. A.5.5 In laboratory tests, it seldom will be found, even
Besides the aggregate grading, the particle shape and by experienced operators, that desired adjustments will
texture, particularly of manufactured fine aggregate, will develop as smoothly as indicated in Table A.5. 1 . Further
have an important effect on the mixing-water requirements more, it should not be expected that full-size production
for target slump. Testing a graded sand to quantify changes batches and field results will compare exactly with labora
in the particle shape and texture and relate these back to tory results. Concrete producers will have a general idea,
changes in mixing-water requirements for a target slump of based on experience, on the difference in strength level
a concrete mixture may prove useful (ASTM C l 252). and other characteristics between mixtures from laboratory
batches and full-size production batches of similar mixture
A.5-Trial batch series proportions. An adjustment of the selected laboratory trial
A.5.1 The tabulated and graphical relationships in the batch, when moving to full-size production, is usually neces
body of this document may be used to make preliminary sary. Another important aspect is to make adjustments for
estimates of batch quantities for trial batches. Optional steps anticipated delivery time and jobsite adj ustments, which are
to obtain a quick estimate of preliminary mixture propor not generally simulated in laboratory batches. Closer agree
tions may be skipped, thereby proceeding more rapidly to ment between laboratory and field results is more likely if
trial batch evaluation, or the optional steps may be used to machine mixing is employed in the laboratory. This is espe
implement a more detailed procedure that incorporates more cially desirable for air-entrained concrete because the type
principles of concrete technology and potentially reduces of mixer, type of air-entraining admixture, and duration of
the number of trial batches required. However, even when mixing influence the amount of air entrained in the mixture.
using the more detailed approach, the mathematical calcula Before mixing the first batch, the laboratory mixer should be
tions that provide mixture proportions are still too general "buttered" or the mixture "over-mortared," as described in
ized to apply with a high degree of accuracy to a specific ASTM C l 92/C l 92M. Similarly, any processing of materials
set of materials. It is therefore necessary to make a series of in the laboratory should simulate as closely as practicable
concrete tests to establish quantitative relationships for the corresponding treatment in the field, such as the moisture
materials to be used. An illustration of such a test program is conditioning of the aggregates.
shown in Table A.5 . 1 . A.5.6 The series of tests illustrated in Table A.5 . 1 may be
A.5.2 In the test program o fTable A.5 . 1 , a batch o fmedium expanded as the size and special requirements of the work
cement content and usable consistency is proportioned by the warrant. Variables that may require investigation include
described methods. In preparing Mixture No. 1 , an amount alternative aggregate sources; maximum sizes and grad
of water is used that will produce the desired slump even if ings; different types and brands of cement; the use of other
this differs from the targeted requirement. The freshly mixed cementitious materials; admixtures; and considerations
concrete is tested for slump and density and observed closely of concrete durability, volume change, temperature rise,
for workability and finishing characteristics. In the example, thermal properties, and time of set.
the yield is too high, and the concrete is judged to contain an
excess of fine aggregate. A.6-Test methods
A.5.3 Mixture No. 2 is prepared, adjusted to correct the A.6.1 In conducting laboratory tests to provide informa
material proportions in Mixture No. 1 , and the testing and tion for selecting concrete proportions, the latest revisions of
evaluation repeated. In this case, the desired fresh concrete the following methods should be used.
properties are achieved within acceptable tolerances and A.6.1 . 1 For tests of ingredients:
cylinders are molded to check the compressive strength. The (a) Density of hydraulic cement-ASTM C l 88
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(b) Sampling stone, slag, gravel, and sand-ASTM D75/ (h) Flexural strength of concrete (simple beam with third
D75M point loading)-ASTM C78/C78M
(c) Reducing samples of aggregate to testing (i) Flexural strength of concrete (simple beam with center
size-ASTM C702/C702M point loading)-ASTM C293/C293M
(d) Sieve analysis and fineness modulus of fine and coarse U) Splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete speci
aggregates-ASTM C l 3 6/C 1 3 6M mens-ASTM C496/C496M
(e) Relative density (specific gravity) and absorption of (k) Capping cylindrical concrete specimens-ASTM C6 l 7I
coarse aggregates-ASTM C l 27 C6 1 7M
(f) Relative density (specific gravity) and absorption of (I) Use of unbonded caps in determination of compressive
fine aggregates-ASTM C l 28 strength of hardened concrete cylinders-ASTM C l 23 1 /
(g) Surface moisture in fine aggregate-ASTM C70 C l 23 1 M
(h) Total moisture content of aggregate by drying
ASTM C566 or a nonstandardized test such as the speedy A.7-Mixtures for small jobs
moisture meter-ASTM D4944 A.7. 1 For small jobs where time and personnel are not
(i) Bulk density (unit weight) and voids in aggregate available to determine proportions in accordance with the
ASTM C29/C29M recommended procedure, mixtures in Table A.7. 1 will
U) Uncompacted void content of fine aggregate (as influ usually provide concrete that is of adequate strength and
enced by particle shape, surface texture, and grading) durability if the amount of water added at the mixer is not
ASTM C l 252 large enough to make the concrete with an excessively high
A.6.1.2 For tests of concrete: slump. These mixtures have been predetermined in confor
(a) Air content of freshly mixed concrete by the volu mity with the recommended procedure by assuming condi
metric method-ASTM C l 73/C l 73M tions applicable to the average small job, and for aggregate of
(b) Air content of freshly mixed concrete by the pressure medium density. Three mixtures are given for each nominal
method-ASTM C23 l /C23 1 M maximum size of coarse aggregate. For the selected size of
(c) Slump o f hydraulic cement concrete-ASTM C l 43/ coarse aggregate, Mixture B is intended for initial use. If this
C l 43M mixture proves to be oversanded, change to Mixture C; ifit is
(d) Density (unit weight), yield, and air content (gravi undersanded, change to Mixure A. It should be noted that the
metric) of concrete-ASTM C 1 3 8/C l 3 8M mixtures listed in the table are based on surface-dry sand. If
(e) Temperature of freshly mixed portland-cement the fine aggregate is moist or wet, make appropriate correc
concrete-AS TM C 1 064/C 1 064M tions in batch weights. Unless the lightweight aggregate is
( f) Making and curing concrete test specimens in the labo in fully saturated surface-dry (SSD) condition, consideration
ratory-ASTM C l 92/C l 92M should be taken that lightweight aggregate might absorb
(g) Compressive strength of cylindrical concrete speci water and water should be adjusted accordingly.
mens-ASTM C39/C39M
Table A.7.1 -Concrete mixtures for small jobs

Procedure: Select the proper nominal maximum size of aggregate. Use Mixture B, adding just enough water to produce a workable consistency. If the
concrete appears to be undersanded, change to Mixture A, and if it appears oversanded, change to Mixture C.
Approximate weights of solid ingredients per ft3 of concrete, lb
Sand (SSD)* Coarse aggregate (SSD)
Nominal maximum Mixture Air-entrained Concrete without Gravel or

size of aggregate, in. designation Cement concrete! air entrainment crushed stone Lightweight aggregate
A 25 48 51 54 47
112 B 25 46 49 56 49
c 25 44 47 58 51
A 23 45 49 62 54
314 B 23 43 47 64 56
c 23 41 45 66 58
A 22 41 45 70 61
I B 22 39 43 72 63
c 22 37 41 74 65
A 20 41 45 75 65
1 - 112 B 20 39 43 77 67
c 20 37 41 79 69
A 19 40 45 79 69
2 B 19 38 43 81 71
c 19 36 41 83 72
'If damp sand is used, increase tabulated weights o f sand 2 lb, and i f very wet sand i s used, 4 lb.
tAir-entrained concrete should be used in all structures exposed to alternate cycles of freezing and thawing. Air entrainment can be obtained by the use of an air-entraining cement
or by adding an air-entraining admixture. I fan admixture is used, the amount recommended by the manufacturer will, in most cases, produce the desired air content.
Copyright Am� can Col •te Institute
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A.7.2 The approximate cement content of concrete listed required density by the amount of the anticipated density
in the table will be helpful in estimating cement require loss due to drying. A conservative estimate of this density
ments for the job. These estimates apply to the use of port loss may be obtained by measuring the wet density and the
land cement only. These requirements are based on concrete oven-dry density of concrete cylinders as follows.
that has just enough water to allow for a consistency that Cast three cylinders and determine the wet density in
facilitates working into forms without objectionable segre accordance with ASTM C l 38/C 1 38M. After 72 hours of
gation. An index of a good consistency is when the concrete standard curing, dry the cylinders to a constant weight in
slides, not runs, off a shovel. an oven at 2 1 1 to 230°F and measure the average density.
Calculate the density loss due to drying by subtracting the
APPENDIX B-HIGH-DENSITY CONCRETE oven-dry density from the wet density.
MIXTURE PROPORTIONING Add this difference to the required dry density when
calculating mixture proportions to allow for this loss. Less
B.1-General conservative methods of determining density loss may be
Concrete of normal placeability and workability can be appropriate depending on the application. Normally, a
proportioned for densities as high as 350 lb/ft3 by using high freshly mixed density (wet density) is 8 to 1 0 lb/ft3 higher
density aggregates such as iron ore, iron shot, steel shot, than the oven-dry density.
barite, iron punchings, and steel punchings. Although each
of the materials has its own special characteristics, they can B.4-Adjustment for entrained air
be processed to meet the standard requirements for grading, If entrained air is required to resist conditions of exposure,
soundness, cleanliness, and other relevant aggregate proper allowance should be made for the loss in weight due to the
ties. ACI 304.3R addresses high-density concrete in detail volume occupied by the air. To compensate for the loss of
and should be consulted before attempting to proportion entrained air as a result of vibration, the concrete mixture
high-density concrete. should be proportioned with higher air content.
B.2-Aggregate selection B.5-Handling of high-density aggregates

The selection of the aggregate should depend on the Handling of high-density aggregates should be in accor
intended use of the concrete. For example, in the case of dance with ACI 304.3R (ASTM C637 and ASTM C63 8).
radiation shielding, trace elements within the material that Typical proportions are shown in ACI 304.3R.
may become reactive when subjected to radiation should be
avoided. In the selection of materials and proportioning of B.6-Preplaced aggregate
high-density concrete, the data needed and procedures used High-density preplaced aggregate concrete should
are similar to those required for normal-density concrete. be proportioned in the same manner as normal-density
Aggregate density and composition for high-density concrete preplaced aggregate concrete. Example mixture proportions
should meet requirements of ASTM C637 and ASTM C638. for the preplaced aggregate method and for typical grout
Typical materials used as high-density aggregates are listed proportions can be found in ACI 304.3R.
in Table B.2. B.6.1 Example-Concrete is required for counterweights
on a lift bridge that will not be subjected to freezing-and
B.3-Adjustment in anticipation of drying thawing conditions. An average 28-day compressive
If the concrete will be exposed to an environment that strength of 3500 psi will be required. Placement conditions
causes a significant loss of weight due to drying, it should permit a slump of 2 to 3 in. and a nominal maximum size
be proportioned so that the fresh density is higher than the aggregate of 1 in. The design of the counterweight requires
Table B.2-Typical high-density aggregates

Material Description Specific gravity Resulting concrete density, lb/ft3
Limonite and goethite Hydrous iron ores 3.4 to 3.8 1 80 to 1 95

Barite Barium sulfate 4.0 to 4.4 205 to 225
Ilmenite, hematite, and magnetite Iron ores 4.2 to 5.0 2 1 5 to 240
Steel and iron Shot, pellets, and punchings 6.5 to 7.5 3 1 0 to 3 50
Table B.6.1-Properties of selected aggregates

Property Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate
Material Ilmenite Specular hematite

Fineness modulus N/A 2.30
Specific gravity 4.61 4.95
Absorption 0.08% 0.05%
Bulk density 165 lb/ft3 N/A
Nominal maximum size I in. N/A
Gradation Well-graded -
Particle shape Cubical crushed -
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an oven-dry density of 225 lb/ft3 (the oven-dried condition B.6. 1.4 Step 4-The volume of air:
is specified and is a more conservative value than that of the The estimated entrapped air from Table 5 . 3 .3 is 1 .5%.
air-dried condition). An investigation of economically avail V,,;r = 27 ft3/yd3 x % air in mixture
able materials has indicated the following: The cubic feet of air entrainment is 27.0 ft3/yd3 x 1 . 5% =
(a) Cement: ASTM C l 50/C l 50M Type I 0.41 ft3 /yd3
(b) Fine aggregate: specular hematite B.6. 1.5 Step 5-The volume of aggregate to be provided
(c) Coarse aggregate: ilmenite is
(d) A high-range water-reducing admixture (HRWRA)
27 ft3
will be used V,,ggregate = --3- - ( Vwater + Vcement + V,,;,.) =
Table B.2 indicates that this combination of materials may yd
result in an oven-dry density of 2 1 5 to 240 lb/ft3 . As shown 27 - (3.78 + 2.50 + 0.4 1 ) = 20.3 1 ft3/yd3
in Table B.6. 1 , the following properties of the aggregates
have been obtained from laboratory tests. The fractional volume of coarse aggregate is estimated
The quantities of ingredients are calculated as follows. from Table 5.3.6 for a fine aggregate having a fineness
B.6.1 . 1 Step I-The detailed approach will be used. modulus of 2.30 and found to be 0.72. Therefore, the oven
B.6.1.2 Step 2-From Table 5.3.3, a concrete with a 2 to dry weight of coarse aggregate will be
3 in. slump and a 1 in. nominal maximum size aggregate
requires a water content of approximately 3 1 5 lb/yd3 . As the Fractional volume of coarse aggregate x bulk density x
aggregate is of normal particle shape and expected bulk densi 27 ft3/yd3 = 0.72 x 1 65 x 27 = 3208 lb/yd3
ties, no adjustment in water content is made. No pozzolans are
The SSD weight of the coarse aggregate will be
to be used, so no adjustment is made for their effects. Non
(l + A% ) x m = ( l + 0· 08 ) x 3208 = 32 l l lb/yd3
air-entrained concrete will be used because the concrete will
not be exposed to severe weather and high air content would
OD
reduce the dry density of the concrete. Therefore, no reduction 1 00% 1 00%
in water demand for air entrainment is made. After consulting
the manufacturer of the HRWRA, a reduction of25% in water The volume fraction of the coarse aggregate will be
demand is expected, so the water content is adjusted
32 1 1 =
1 1 . 1 6 ft3 /yd3
w
= ( 1 00% - 25%) x 3 1 5 =
236 lb/yd3
4.61 x 62.4
1 00% The volume fraction of the fine aggregate will be:
and the volume of water is estimated as V,,ggregate - Vcoarse aggregate = 20.3 1 - 1 1 . 1 6 = 9. 1 5 ft3/yd3
236
V,,ater � 3.78 ft3 /yd3 The SSD weight of the fine aggregate will be
= = =
Pw 62.4
Msso = Vfine aggregate x RDsso x 62.4 lb/ft3 = 9. 1 5 x 4.95 x
B.6.1.3 Step 3-Because neither freezing-and-thawing 62.4 = 2826 lb/yd3
exposure or sulfate exposure is anticipated, there are no recom
mended maximum values on wlcm for this concrete. There are The anticipated wet density of the concrete will then be
no production records relevant to the concrete being propor the weight of water, cement, coarse aggregate, and fine
tioned; therefore, Table 4.7.4. 1 is used to determineJc,.' aggregate divided by the unit volume or
fcr' = fc' + 1 200 psi = 3500 + 1 200 = 4700 psi W + C + MSSD ,coarse aggregate + MSSD , fine aggregate
From Table 5 . 3 .4, interpolating between the aggregate 27 ft3/yd3

size lines, wlc needed to produce this fcr' in non-air-entrained 236 + 492 + 32 1 1 + 2826
= = 25 1 lb/ft3
concrete is found to be approximately 0.48. Thus, the 27
required cement content is calculated to be
The actual test results indicated the concrete possessed the
Cement content (c) = 236/0.48 = 492 lb/yd3 following properties:
(a) Density (freshly mixed): 249 lb/ft3
and the volume of cement is estimated to be (b) Oven-dry density: 242 lb/ft3
cement content (c) Air content: 2.2%
V
=
cm
specific gravity of cement x density of water (d) Slump: 2.5 in.
(e) Strength: 5000 psi at 28 days
492
= 2.50 ft3 /yd3 Note: Oven-dry density of the concrete having a combi
3 . 1 5 x 62.4 nation of hematite and ilmenite aggregates was 7 lb/ft3 less
than the freshly mixed density.
�e Institute
Copyright Am
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What is the purpose of the American Concrete Institute?

What is the purpose of the American Concrete Institute?

What activities does ACI support?

What activities does ACI support?

Inch-Pound Units

International System of Units

Selecting Proportions for Normal-Density and High-Density Concrete-Guide

American Concrete Institute

Copyright American Concrete Institute

Selecting Proportions for Normal-Density and

Reported by ACI Committee 211

Ezgi Wilson, Chair Michael A. Whisonant, Secretary

Kamran Amini John F. Cook David L. Hollingsworth Allyn C. Luke

Donald E. Dixon Royce J. Rhoads Woodward L. Vogt

This guide to concrete proportioning provides background infor­ CONTENTS

Keywords: absolute volume; admixtures; air content; durability; mixture

3 .9-Shrinkage, p. 5 A. 7-Mixtures for small jobs, p. 32

2.2-Definitions as a decimal. The abbreviation of "cm" represents cement

CHAPTER 4-BACKGROUND INFORMATION Large nominal maximum sizes of well-graded aggre­

Table 4.7.3b-Requirements for concrete by Table 4.7.3.2-Limits on supplementary cementi­

Fl 0.55 3500 Table 4.2.2.6(c) l NA Fly ash or natural pozzolans conforming to

Table Slag cement conforming to ASTM C989/

F3 Silica fume conforming to ASTM C l 240 10

Copyright American Concrete Institute

Table 4.7.4.1-Required average compressive Table 4.7.4.4-Required average compressive

CopyrightAmerican Concrete Institute

5.1-Background Table 5.3.1-Typical slump ranges for concrete

Approximate entrapped air content in non-air-entrained concrete, % 3 2.5 2 1 .5 I 0.5 0.3

Required total air, %

Compressive strength Non-air-entrained aggregate• per unit volume of concrete for

6000 0.41 0.33 3/8 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44

Mixing water Step 3

Classes F 1 through F3 as a function of nominal maximum

air-entrained concrete) was not achieved, re-estimate the

admixture dosage for the required air content, and reduce or

increase the mixing-water content of Section 5.5 . 1 by 5 lb

Rice husk ash -

Although the impact of fly ash on concrete properties

Rice husk ash -

Table 7.4-Effects of SCM types on concrete properties (Taylor et al. 2006)

Water demand i l N/A l l l i

Heat of hydration i l l <-->

Table 9.2.7.2-Constituent weights Table 9.2.8-Constituent weights

Mixing water 300 11.11 Mixing water 202 7.48

w!cm =300 lb/484 lb = 0.62 Table 9.2.9-Constituent weights

batching to properly manage the amount of water required to

Free water = 72.44 lb/ft3 - 7 1 .3 7 lb/ft3 = 1 .07 lb/ft3

Copyright American Concrete Institute

Fine aggregate Table 9.2.9.6-Constituent weights

2.55 lb/ft3 free on fine aggregate = 1 2 . 1 2 lb/ft3

Furthermore, Table 5.3.3. l suggests a water reduction of Table 9.3.7.2-Constituent weights

I 500 1 375 1810 325 350 4035 0.70 4 147.0 27.45 -

Table A.7.1 -Concrete mixtures for small jobs

Sand (SSD)* Coarse aggregate (SSD)

Nominal maximum Mixture Air-entrained Concrete without Gravel or

B.2-Aggregate selection B.5-Handling of high-density aggregates

Table B.2-Typical high-density aggregates

Limonite and goethite Hydrous iron ores 3.4 to 3.8 1 80 to 1 95

Table B.6.1-Properties of selected aggregates

This guide to concrete proportioning provides background infor CONTENTS

CHAPTER 4-BACKGROUND INFORMATION Large nominal maximum sizes of well-graded aggre

Table 4.7.3b-Requirements for concrete by Table 4.7.3.2-Limits on supplementary cementi