Practical 2 Protista

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
Faculty of Applied Sciences

AS120 Diploma in Science
BIO 320
Laboratory Manual
INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
Practical 2: Protista
PRACTICAL 2 : PROTISTS
Objectives
At the end of this lab, students should be able to:

i. describe and explain characteristics of protists;
ii. identify and classify the protist organisms under study in this exercise;
iii. identify the structures in the protist organisms under study;
iv. define phytoplankton, phycobilin, fucoxanthin, algin, kelp, gametangium, oogonia,
antheridia;
v. identify selected member of the red algae, brown algae, diatom and green algae
vi. distinguish between structures associated with asexual and sexual reproduction
described;
vii. identify the structures of the algae;
viii. identify the structure and life cycle of fungus-like protists: slime molds and water
molds.
Experiment 1 : Animal-like Protist
Introduction
The protists are a diverse assemblage of organisms, both green (photoautotrophic) and
nongreen (heterotrophic). They are also diverse that different protists have previously been
classified as fungi, animals, and plants.
Animal-like Protists (Protozoans) are heterotrophic protists that ingest their food, as
do animals. Protozoans differ by their means of locomotion. Flagellates move by flagella,
amoeboids move by pseudopods, ciliates move by cilia and sporozoans are not motile.
Materials
• Compound microscope
• Prepared slide of :
iv) Phylum Sarcodina - Amoeba proteus

(amoeboid protozoans)
v) Phylum Ciliophora - Paramecium caudatum

(ciliated protozoans)
vi) Phylum Mastighophora - Trypanosoma cruzi, cultured, smear

(Flagellated protozoans) - Trypanosoma crusi, in blood smear
vii) Phylum Apicomplexa - Plasmodium falciparum, smear

(sporozoans)
Procedure
1. Examine a prepared slide with the high dry objectives.

2. Identify all the organism’s specific structures.
3. Draw and label all the macroscopic appearance of the organisms that you see in the
slide.
Experiment 2 : Plant-like Protists
Introduction
The organisms in this exercise make an enormous impact on the biosphere, both positively and
negatively. Among their greatest contribution is the production of oxygen, because these are
the photosynthetic protistans. Many are given the common name “algae”.
Pond scum, frog spittle, seaweed, the stuff that clogs your aquarium if it’s not cleaned
routinely, the debris on an ocean beach after a storm at sea, the nuisance organisms of a lake –
these are the images that pop into our mind when we first think about the organisms called
algae. But many algae are also phytoplankton, the weakly swimming or floating algae, are at
the base of the aquatic food chain.
Materials
• Prepared slide of :
i) Phylum Euglenophyta (Euglenoids) - Euglena
ii) Phylum Bacillariophyta (diatoms) - diatomaceous earth

- mixed diatoms
iii) Phylum Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates) - Gymnodinium

- Ceratium
-Peridinium
iv) Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae) - Porphyra
v) Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae) - Laminaria

- Fucus male and female
vi) Phylum Chlorophyta (green algae) - Chlamydomonas

- Volvox
- Oedogonium macrandrous
- Spirogyra
- Ulva
- Chara
Procedure

slide.
Experiment 3 : Fungus-like Protists.
Introduction
In forests and woodlands, slime molds phagocytize and therefore help dispose of bacteria and
dead plant materials. The two types of slime molds and the water molds are different in their
structure, behavior and nutrition from each other and from fungi.
Slime molds have been found all over the world and feed on microorganisms that live
in any type of dead plant material. For this reason, these organisms are usually found in soil,
lawns and on the forest floor. Most slime mold are smaller than a few centimeters, but some
species may reach sizes of up to several square meters. Many have striking colors such as
yellow, brown and white.
Materials
• Prepared slide of:
i) Phylum Oomycota (water mold) - Achlya

- Saprolegnia
ii) Phylum Gymnomycota (slime mold) - Physarum plasmodium
Procedure

slide.
Post lab Questions:
1. What features distinguish slime molds and water molds from fungi?
2. What are the features of a typical protist?
3. Why are protists so difficult to classify?

4. What are the three informal groups of protests? Describe and give at least three
examples from each group.
5. Briefly describe how amoeba’s obtain their foods?
6. How are ciliates like and different from amoeboids?
7. Describe the unique structure of euglenoids?
8. Describe the structure of diatoms and dinoflagellates. What is a red tide?
9. Describe the structure red and brown algae. Discuss their economic importance.
10. Describe the structure of Chlamydomononas and Volvox; contrast how they reproduce.
11. Describe the structure of Spirogyra and Oedogonium; contrast how they reproduce.
12. Describe the structure of Ulva and explain how its life cycle differs from that of plants.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

Faculty of Applied Sciences

INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

At the end of this lab, students should be able to:

Experiment 1 : Animal-like Protist

iv) Phylum Sarcodina - Amoeba proteus

v) Phylum Ciliophora - Paramecium caudatum

vi) Phylum Mastighophora - Trypanosoma cruzi, cultured, smear

vii) Phylum Apicomplexa - Plasmodium falciparum, smear

1. Examine a prepared slide with the high dry objectives.

Experiment 2 : Plant-like Protists

i) Phylum Euglenophyta (Euglenoids) - Euglena

ii) Phylum Bacillariophyta (diatoms) - diatomaceous earth

iii) Phylum Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates) - Gymnodinium

iv) Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae) - Porphyra

v) Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae) - Laminaria

vi) Phylum Chlorophyta (green algae) - Chlamydomonas

1. Examine a prepared slide with the high dry objectives.

Experiment 3 : Fungus-like Protists.

i) Phylum Oomycota (water mold) - Achlya

ii) Phylum Gymnomycota (slime mold) - Physarum plasmodium

1. Examine a prepared slide with the high dry objectives.

Post lab Questions:

2. What are the features of a typical protist?

3. Why are protists so difficult to classify?

5. Briefly describe how amoeba’s obtain their foods?

6. How are ciliates like and different from amoeboids?

7. Describe the unique structure of euglenoids?

8. Describe the structure of diatoms and dinoflagellates. What is a red tide?

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